1. There are three main types of biodiversity indices: species richness indices, evenness indices, and taxonomic indices. 2. Biodiversity can be measured at different scales: alpha diversity looks at diversity within an area, beta diversity compares diversity between areas, and gamma diversity measures overall diversity across multiple areas in a region. 3. Biodiversity measurements make some key assumptions - that all species are equal, all individuals are equal, and species abundance has been accurately recorded using consistent units.

1. K.G. ARTS & SCIENCE COLLEGE RAIGARH (C.G.)
Year - 2019-20
Deparment of zoology & research center
Subject :- Wildlife ecology & Conservation biology
Seminar topic:- Measurment of biodiversity
Guided by:- Submitted by:-
Proff. Vinita Pandey mam. Surendra Patel
M.Sc sem I zoology

2. SYNOPSIS :-
1. Introduction
2. Types of indices can be distinguished
• Species richness indices
• Evenness indices
• Texonomic indices
3. Types of measurment of biodiversity
• Alpha biodiversity
• Beta biodiversity
• Gama biodiversity
4. Diversity measurment based on assumption
5. Conclusion
6. References

3. 1. INTRODUCTION :-
A variety of objective measures have been
created in order to empirically measure biodiversity. The basic
idea of a diversity index is to obtain a quantitative estimate of
biological variability that can be used to compare biological
entities, composed of direct components, in space or in time. It is
important to distinguish ‘richness’ from ‘diversity’. Diversity
usually implies a measure of both species number and
‘equitability’ (or ‘evenness’). Three types of indices can be
distinguished.
The idea of measurement of biodiversity is
firstly segested by whittaker in 1972.

4. ● Species Richness :- Species richness is the number of different
species represented in an ecological community, landscape or region.
Species richness is simply a count of species.
● Species Evenness :- Species evenness refers to how close
in numbers each species in an environment is. Mathematically
it is defined as a diversity index, a measure of
biodiversity which quantifies how equal the community is
numerically. So if there are 40 foxes and 1000 dogs, the
community is not very even. But if there are 40 foxes and 42
dogs, the community is quite even.

5. 2. Types of indices can be distinguished :-
(A)Species richness indices:- Species richness is a measure for the
total number of the species in a community. However, complete
inventories of all species present at a certain location, is an
almost unattainable goal in practical applications.

6. (B) Evenness indices :-
Evenness expresses how evenly
the individuals in a community are distributed among the
different species.

7. (C) Taxonomic indices :-
These indices take into account the
taxonomic relation between different organisms in a
community. Taxonomic diversity, for example, reflects the
average taxonomic distance between any two organisms,
chosen at random from a sample. The distance can be seen
as the length of the path connecting these two organisms
along the branches of a phylogenetic tree.

8. 3. Types of measurment of biodiversity :-
(A)Alpha biodiversity :-
Also called local diversity. It indicates
total number of species found in a particular area.
OR
Alpha diversity refers to diversity within a particular area,
community or ecosystem, and is usually measured by counting the
number of taxa within the ecosystem (usually species level).

10. (B) Beta biodiversity :-
Beta diversity is species diversity between
ecosystems; this involves comparing the number of taxa that are
unique to each of the ecosystems.
(C) Gama biodiversity :-
Gamma diversity is a measure of the
overall diversity for different ecosystems within a region. For
example, the diversity of the coastal region of Gazi Bay in Kenia.

11. Formula for Gamma diversity :-
= S1 + S2 – C
S1 = species in first community.
S2 = species in second community.
C = Common.

12. 4. Diversity measurement is based on 3 assumption
(A). All species are equal: this means that richness measurement
makes no distinctions amongst species and threat the species that are
exceptionally abundant in the same way as those that are extremely
rare species.
(B) All individuals are equal: this means that there is no distinction
between the largest and the smallest individual, in practice however
the smallest animals can often escape for example by sampling with
nets.
Taxonomic and functional diversity measures,
however, do not necessarily treat all species and individuals as equal.

13. (C) Species abundance has been recorded in using appropriate and
comparable units. It is clearly unwise to use different types of
abundance measure, such as the number of individuals and the
biomass, in the same investigation. Diversity estimates based on
different units are not directly comparable.

14. 5. Conclusion :-
Measurment of biodiversity is very important
because by measuring any biodiversity we can know how many
species found in that particular area also can understand the
species richness and evenness of that area. Mainly three type we
can measure any biodiversity they are following :- Alpha
biodiversity, Beta biodiversity & Gama biodiversity.
6. References :-
1. P. D. Sharma :- Ecology & environment
2. M. C. Das :- Fundamental of ecology