Global patterns of insect diiversity, distribution and evolutionary distinctnessAlison Specht
The presentation of the CESAB group ACTIAS at the 2016 french ecology conference in the FRB-CESAB session "Using a treasury of knowledge to tackle complex ecological questions." Presenter: Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde
Global patterns of insect diiversity, distribution and evolutionary distinctnessAlison Specht
The presentation of the CESAB group ACTIAS at the 2016 french ecology conference in the FRB-CESAB session "Using a treasury of knowledge to tackle complex ecological questions." Presenter: Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde
Exploring the Temperate Leaf Microbiome: From Natural Forests to Controlled E...QIAGEN
The aerial surfaces of plants, the phyllosphere, harbors a diverse community of microorganisms. The increasing awareness of the potential roles of phyllosphere microbial communities calls for a greater understanding of their structure and dynamics in natural and urban ecosystems. To do so, we characterized the community structure and assembly dynamics of leaf bacterial communities in natural temperate forests of Quebec by comparing the relative influence of host species identity, site, and time on phyllosphere bacterial community structure. Second, we tested the value of characterizing a tree’s complete phyllosphere microbial community through a single sample by measuring the intra-individual, inter-individual and interspecific variation in leaf bacterial communities. Third, we quantified the relationships among phyllosphere bacterial diversity, plant species richness, plant functional diversity and identity, and plant community productivity in a biodiversity-ecosystem function experiment with trees. Finally, we compared tree leaf bacterial communities in natural and urban environments, as well as along a gradient of increasing anthropogenic pressures. The work presented here thus offers an original assessment of the dynamics at play in the tree phyllosphere.
Effects of diflubenzuron on shrimp population dynamics: from lab experiments ...Jannicke Moe
The continued growth of marine aquaculture production has presented the industry with environmental and production concerns, of which the ectoparastic salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) has gradually become a major problem. A commonly used pesticide against this crustacean is diflubenzuron (DFB), which acts as a chitin synthesis inhibitor and thereby interfere with the moulting stages during sea lice development. However, DFB from medicine feed may also affect non-target crustaceans such as the Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis), which is an economically and ecologically important species in Norwegian fjords. Laboratory experiments have demonstrated that shrimp exposed to DFB through fish feed have reduced survival (ca. 60%) compared to control, in both the larval and the adult stages. Moreover, the effects of DFB exposure is more severe under future climate conditions (higher temperature). The aim of this study is to make the information on these mechanistic effects more relevant for risk assessment at the population level. We have developed an age-structured population model representing a Northern shrimp population located in a hypothetical Norwegian fjord containing a fish farm, under both ambient and future climates. Our model is based on thorough knowledge of shrimp biology and clear results on toxicological effects from the laboratory experiments. Nevertheless, extrapolating the individual-level effects to the population level poses several challenges. Relevant information on shrimp populations in fjords is sparse (such as abundances, survival and reproductive rates, and density-dependent processes). The degree of exposure to medicine feed at different distances from aquaculture farms is also uncertain. We have therefore developed a set model scenarios representing different medicine application schemes and different degrees of exposure for the shrimp populations. The purpose of the model is to predict effects of DFB exposure on population-level endpoints such as long-term abundance and age structure, and to assess the risk of population decline below threshold abundances.
Bactriophage history and their uses in environment Jayan Eranga
this is to describe what is bacteriophage is and what is their use as indicator organisms and important in treating for wastewater treatment systems. also it describes their replication cycles as well as their historic milestones too.
Lecture note on Biodiversity conservationTalemos Seta
Describes about the concept, scope, definition of Biodiversity, threats of biodiversity, centre of Origin/diversity, Biodiversity hotspots, strartegies of BD conservation
Exploring the Temperate Leaf Microbiome: From Natural Forests to Controlled E...QIAGEN
The aerial surfaces of plants, the phyllosphere, harbors a diverse community of microorganisms. The increasing awareness of the potential roles of phyllosphere microbial communities calls for a greater understanding of their structure and dynamics in natural and urban ecosystems. To do so, we characterized the community structure and assembly dynamics of leaf bacterial communities in natural temperate forests of Quebec by comparing the relative influence of host species identity, site, and time on phyllosphere bacterial community structure. Second, we tested the value of characterizing a tree’s complete phyllosphere microbial community through a single sample by measuring the intra-individual, inter-individual and interspecific variation in leaf bacterial communities. Third, we quantified the relationships among phyllosphere bacterial diversity, plant species richness, plant functional diversity and identity, and plant community productivity in a biodiversity-ecosystem function experiment with trees. Finally, we compared tree leaf bacterial communities in natural and urban environments, as well as along a gradient of increasing anthropogenic pressures. The work presented here thus offers an original assessment of the dynamics at play in the tree phyllosphere.
Effects of diflubenzuron on shrimp population dynamics: from lab experiments ...Jannicke Moe
The continued growth of marine aquaculture production has presented the industry with environmental and production concerns, of which the ectoparastic salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) has gradually become a major problem. A commonly used pesticide against this crustacean is diflubenzuron (DFB), which acts as a chitin synthesis inhibitor and thereby interfere with the moulting stages during sea lice development. However, DFB from medicine feed may also affect non-target crustaceans such as the Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis), which is an economically and ecologically important species in Norwegian fjords. Laboratory experiments have demonstrated that shrimp exposed to DFB through fish feed have reduced survival (ca. 60%) compared to control, in both the larval and the adult stages. Moreover, the effects of DFB exposure is more severe under future climate conditions (higher temperature). The aim of this study is to make the information on these mechanistic effects more relevant for risk assessment at the population level. We have developed an age-structured population model representing a Northern shrimp population located in a hypothetical Norwegian fjord containing a fish farm, under both ambient and future climates. Our model is based on thorough knowledge of shrimp biology and clear results on toxicological effects from the laboratory experiments. Nevertheless, extrapolating the individual-level effects to the population level poses several challenges. Relevant information on shrimp populations in fjords is sparse (such as abundances, survival and reproductive rates, and density-dependent processes). The degree of exposure to medicine feed at different distances from aquaculture farms is also uncertain. We have therefore developed a set model scenarios representing different medicine application schemes and different degrees of exposure for the shrimp populations. The purpose of the model is to predict effects of DFB exposure on population-level endpoints such as long-term abundance and age structure, and to assess the risk of population decline below threshold abundances.
Bactriophage history and their uses in environment Jayan Eranga
this is to describe what is bacteriophage is and what is their use as indicator organisms and important in treating for wastewater treatment systems. also it describes their replication cycles as well as their historic milestones too.
Lecture note on Biodiversity conservationTalemos Seta
Describes about the concept, scope, definition of Biodiversity, threats of biodiversity, centre of Origin/diversity, Biodiversity hotspots, strartegies of BD conservation
Whittaker (1972)
Alpha, Beta and gamma diversity
Status of Global Biodiversity
Ecological Diversity
Species Diversity
Genetic Diversity
Global Food Security
Medicinal Resources
Gene Resources
Supporting Services
Soil formation &
protection
Nutrient cycling
Primary production
Regulating Services
Water regulation
Climate regulation
Disease regulation
Water purification
Pollination
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
1. Banaras hindu university
BIODIVERSITY QUANTIFICATION
Department Of Genetics And Plant Breeding
Presented by
EAMANI SIVASURYA TEJA
I.D- 18430PLB008
M.Sc.(Ag) P.B.T 1st year
Submitted to
Dr. Ravindra Prasad,
Asst. Professor,
M.Sc.(Ag) Plant Biotechnology.
Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Barkachha .
2. CONTENT
1. Definition of Biodiversity
2. Methods to measure Biodiversity
3. Measuring Biodiversity
4. Biodiversity and Genetics
5. Species Richness
6. Species Evenness
7. Simpson’s Index
8. Taxonomic methods used in quantifying biodiversity
9. Phylogenic Species Concept
10. Biological Species Concept
11. Evolutionary Species Concept
12. Problems
Conclusion and references………
3. Definition of Biodiversity
The sum of all biotic variation from the level of
genes to ecosystems
The number, variety, and variability of living
organisms in a quantified area.
4. Criteria to measure Biodiversity:
Species Richness
Species Evenness
Disparity
Species Rarity
Genetic Variability
5. Measuring Biodiversity:
Species Richness:
The total number of given species in
a quantified area. This is a simple count of the species in
Community. Each species contributes One count to the
total regardless of whether the species population is
one (or) one million.
Species Evenness:
Evenness is a measure of the relative
abundance of the different species making up the richness
of the area.
Evenness can be calculated as:
Relative abundance = Number of individuals of a species
total number of individuals
6. Biodiversity and Genetics:
Genetic Variability:
Each population of a species contributes to
additional biodiversity due to variations between genes.
Source : https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact
8. Taxonomic methods used in relation to quantifying
biodiversity:
Phylogenic Species Concept
Biological Species Concept
Evolutionary Species Concept
9. Phylogenic Species Concept:
Taxa are separate species if they can be diagnosed as distinct
either by phenotypic or genotypic information.
Leads to an increase in the number of species.
Does not allow for natural variations within populations to be
listed as separate species.
Evolutionary Species Concept:
Groups organisms together using an ancestral/descendant
relationship that is traceable in the fossil record
Focuses on studying the morphological features of closely
related organisms.
10. Biological Species Concept:
Groups of organisms that can interbreed freely under natural
conditions.
Most commonly used of the three.
Evolutionary Species Concept:
Groups organisms together using an ancestral/descendant
relationship that is traceable in the fossil record.
Focuses on studying the morphological features of
closely related organisms.
11. Simpson’s Index
Simpson’s Index is a calculation done by ecologists
that is a measure of diversity which takes into account
both richness and evenness of species.
n = the total number of organisms of a particular
species
N = the total number of organisms of all species
12. Simpson’s Index of Diversity
The value of D ranges between 0 and 1.
With this index, 0 represents infinite
diversity and 1 represents no diversity.
– The greater the value of D, the lower the
diversity.
– The less the value of D, the higher the
diversity.
13. Using Simpson’s index to measure biodiversity – a worked example
It may be easier to understand the use of Simpson’s index with the following example. Consider
three communities, each made up of a total of 100 organisms, drawn from combinations of ten
species, Ato J.
Community 1 has the highest diversity. It has the joint highest species richness (10) and each species has
a similar relative abundance. Community 2 has the same species richness as community 1, but is
dominated by one species (A) so that the diversity of this community is lower than in community 1.
Community 3 has a lower diversity than community 1, due to its lower species richness.
Table 1 Species composition of three different communities.
Species Community
1
Community
2
Community
3
A 10 72 35
B 9 6 34
C 11 3 31
D 10 3 0
E 8 1 0
F 12 3 0
G 10 4 0
H 11 3 0
I 10 2 0
J 9 3 0
Total 100 100 100
14. The formula for calculating Simpson’s index is:
D
nini 1
NN1
Where ,
N = the total number of all organisms
ni = the numbers of individuals of each individual species
The lower the value of D, the greater is the species diversity. Take
for example community 1 in the table 1 above. The values of (n-1) and ni(n-1) in the computation
of D are shown in table 2 opposite.
15.
16.
17. 1 no diversity
0.9 extremely low diversity
0.8 very low diversity
0.7 low diversity
0.6 moderate-low diversity
0.5 moderate diversity
0.4 moderate-high diversity
0.3 high diversity
0.2 very high diversity
0.1 extremely high diversity
0 infinite diversity
18. Measuring biodiversity is ultimately a complex process involving
many facets.
Various applications of speciesconcepts
either divide and/or group organisms together.
Biodiversity can’t be reduced to asingle number.
Studying biodiversity using allecosystem processes at all scales.
In attempting to preserve biodiversitywe often are ‘speciesists’
favoring the cute and popular species.
Problems:
19. Generally, areas of higher productivity correlate
with increases in biodiversity.
Biodiversity is also measured using the
genetic variability of different populations
of a single species.
Biodiversity can’t be reduced to a single
number, thus creating complications
when comparing biodiversity in different ecosystems.
The importance of biodiversity is
accepted by some and disregarded by many
others.
Conclusion:
20.
Purvis, Andy. Hector, Andy. May 2000. Getting the Measure of Biodiversity. Nature
Magazine. Vol.405 pgs 212-219. Berkshire, United Kingdom.www.nature.com/cgi-taf
Wildland Invasive Species Team. July 2002.Vernal, UT. Retrieved on 10-26-02
http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/photos
Macdonald, Glen. 2003. Biogeography; Introduction to Space, Time, and Life. New York.
John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Sartore, Joel. 2002. National Geographic Society. Retreived
10-20-02 http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/bestwildlife/ wallpaper13.html
Dr. Robert Rothman: Darwin’s Finches. Retrieved on 10-18-02.
http://www.rit.edu/~rhrsbi/GalapagosPages/DarwinFinch
Paul Walker. Balam Na Project. Rainforest Preserve. 8-28-02
http://www.rainforest.org/projects/balamna/balamna.html
Paul Williams, 2002 ”Biodiversity: Measuring the variety of nature and selecting the priority
areas for conservation.” London, 10/23/02, http://www.nhm.ac.uk/science/projects/worldmap/
Bryant,PeterJ.,2001, “Biodiversity and Conservation: A Hypertext book”. Irvine,10/23/02,
http://darwin.bio.uci.edu/~sustain/bio65/Titlpage.htm#Table%20of%20contents
Dooley, Laura Lee S., 1982-2002, “Biodiversity and Protected Areas”, Washington D.C.,
10/23/03, http://www.wri.org/biodiv/
Wikipedia.
