22. 3 ways of sterilisation Use of heat Use of chemical Use of radiation
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24. Use of heat By using steam and heated air Leave no foreign matter on the sterilised object ( tidakmeninggalkanbahanasingpadaobjek yang telahdisteril.)
28. 2 types of chemical used for sterilisation…. Antiseptic Disinfectant
29. Antiseptics Destroy (memusnahkan) or stops the growth of germs on living thing. Applied to skin and mucous membrane Must be strong enough to kill germ and not to the tissues
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32. Most are powerful chemicals to sanitise clothes, rooms, utensil in hospital.
36. immunisation : ) Immunity is the ability of human body to fight against foreign substances such as patogens Imunitiadalahkemampuanbadanuntukmelawanbahanasingsepertipatogen
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38. IMMUNITY Is due to the presence of white blood cells White blood cells produce antibody to fight pathogens in our body
39. Immune system The immune system is the body’s main defence against pathogens. - It recognizes, attacks, destroys and “remembers” each type of pathogen that enters the body.
40. There are two types of immunity Active immunity (body produces antibodies) Passive immunity (body received antibodies)
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42. Active immunity is divided into Natural active immunity Artificial active immunity
43. Natural Active Immunity i. - Develops naturally after a person is infected with a pathogen. - Very effective and may last for life. - Examples: recovery from diseases such as chicken pox and mumps.
44. ii. Artificial active immunity - acquired through immunization - Involves the use of vaccine that contains weakened pathogen. Vaccination or immunisationis a process in which vaccine containing dead or weakend pathogens is given to stimulate body to produce antibodies. - Examples: injection of vaccines to agains tuberculosis (BCG), poliomelitis and hepatitis B
45. Passive immunity is divided into Natural passive immunity Artificial passive immunity
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51. Importance of Immunity • Helps to prevent the spread of diseases. • Vaccination is used to fight infection and prevent epidemic outbreaks of disease or deaths.