This ppt presentation discusses about the various models of mental illness. I found it useful to download as it gives a fair idea about various models which are generally not found in books.
Classificatory systems - Advantages & DisadvantagesHemangi Narvekar
Classification of Diseases/Disorders are important to improve treatment and prevention efforts. Two important classification system used in the field of Mental Disorders are DSM -V and ICD -10. Here we will discuss Strengths and Weaknesses of both.
Identify the distinction of DSM 5 vs ICD.
Explain the significant change in the fifth edition .
Discuss and differentiate the purposes of mental illness classification.
The document discusses psychopathology and its treatments. It defines psychopathology as the study of abnormal behavior and psychological dysfunction. There are four main perspectives on the causes of psychopathologies: biomedical (physical factors), psychodynamic (unconscious psychological conflicts), behavioral (maladaptive learning), and diathesis-stress (genetic predisposition and stress). Treatments include biological therapies like medication administered by psychiatrists, and psychotherapies including psychoanalysis, cognitive behavioral therapy, and others. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) provides a standardized classification system for mental disorders.
The document provides an overview of psychiatric classification systems. It discusses the definition and advantages of classification, as well as key terms and historical approaches including etiological, descriptive, categorical, and dimensional.
It then describes the development of major classification systems including the DSM and ICD. The DSM is the diagnostic manual published by the American Psychiatric Association while the ICD is published by the World Health Organization. The document outlines the various editions of the DSM from DSM-I to the current DSM-5. It also discusses other classification systems and tools used in psychiatry such as the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders and the Research Domain Criteria.
The document provides an overview of the changes between editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). It discusses the evolution of the DSM from earlier editions to the current DSM-5, which was approved in 2013. Some key changes in the DSM-5 include combining and splitting certain diagnoses, adding several new disorders, removing the multiaxial system, and including emerging measures and models for further study. The document outlines these changes in detail and provides background on the development process of the DSM-5.
The document provides an overview of the history of psychiatry from ancient times through the 20th century. It covers developments in various eras, including ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome; the Middle Ages and Arab/Islamic influence; the Renaissance and concepts of witchcraft; the 17th-18th centuries involving incarceration of the insane and new theories; the 19th century and early 20th century bringing classifications of mental disorders and new treatment approaches; and the mid-late 20th century with developments like psychopharmacology and antipsychiatry. Key figures and their contributions are mentioned for each historical period.
Psychological Factors Affecting Medical ConditionAdil Mehmood
This document discusses psychological factors that can affect various medical conditions. It begins with an introduction on mind-body interactions and how psychological and social factors can influence medical illnesses. It then provides several examples of how psychological factors like depression, anxiety, stress, and maladaptive behaviors can negatively impact conditions like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, pulmonary disease, and end-stage renal disease. The document emphasizes that considering psychological influences is important for understanding disease mechanisms, improving health outcomes, and the physician-patient relationship. It also notes the complexity of differentiating psychological versus medical causes.
Classificatory systems - Advantages & DisadvantagesHemangi Narvekar
Classification of Diseases/Disorders are important to improve treatment and prevention efforts. Two important classification system used in the field of Mental Disorders are DSM -V and ICD -10. Here we will discuss Strengths and Weaknesses of both.
Identify the distinction of DSM 5 vs ICD.
Explain the significant change in the fifth edition .
Discuss and differentiate the purposes of mental illness classification.
The document discusses psychopathology and its treatments. It defines psychopathology as the study of abnormal behavior and psychological dysfunction. There are four main perspectives on the causes of psychopathologies: biomedical (physical factors), psychodynamic (unconscious psychological conflicts), behavioral (maladaptive learning), and diathesis-stress (genetic predisposition and stress). Treatments include biological therapies like medication administered by psychiatrists, and psychotherapies including psychoanalysis, cognitive behavioral therapy, and others. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) provides a standardized classification system for mental disorders.
The document provides an overview of psychiatric classification systems. It discusses the definition and advantages of classification, as well as key terms and historical approaches including etiological, descriptive, categorical, and dimensional.
It then describes the development of major classification systems including the DSM and ICD. The DSM is the diagnostic manual published by the American Psychiatric Association while the ICD is published by the World Health Organization. The document outlines the various editions of the DSM from DSM-I to the current DSM-5. It also discusses other classification systems and tools used in psychiatry such as the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders and the Research Domain Criteria.
The document provides an overview of the changes between editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). It discusses the evolution of the DSM from earlier editions to the current DSM-5, which was approved in 2013. Some key changes in the DSM-5 include combining and splitting certain diagnoses, adding several new disorders, removing the multiaxial system, and including emerging measures and models for further study. The document outlines these changes in detail and provides background on the development process of the DSM-5.
The document provides an overview of the history of psychiatry from ancient times through the 20th century. It covers developments in various eras, including ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome; the Middle Ages and Arab/Islamic influence; the Renaissance and concepts of witchcraft; the 17th-18th centuries involving incarceration of the insane and new theories; the 19th century and early 20th century bringing classifications of mental disorders and new treatment approaches; and the mid-late 20th century with developments like psychopharmacology and antipsychiatry. Key figures and their contributions are mentioned for each historical period.
Psychological Factors Affecting Medical ConditionAdil Mehmood
This document discusses psychological factors that can affect various medical conditions. It begins with an introduction on mind-body interactions and how psychological and social factors can influence medical illnesses. It then provides several examples of how psychological factors like depression, anxiety, stress, and maladaptive behaviors can negatively impact conditions like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, pulmonary disease, and end-stage renal disease. The document emphasizes that considering psychological influences is important for understanding disease mechanisms, improving health outcomes, and the physician-patient relationship. It also notes the complexity of differentiating psychological versus medical causes.
This document defines concepts of mental health and mental illness. It provides definitions of mental health from experts like Meninger and the American Psychiatric Association. Mental illness is defined as clinically significant dysfunction causing distress or disability. Mental health and illness can be conceptualized based on criteria, models, and characteristics. Criteria include statistical norms, social conformity, and adjustment to environment. Models include the medical, statistical, utopian, and social models. Characteristics of mental health include adjustment abilities and satisfaction in life, while characteristics of mental illness include deviation from norms and maladaptive behaviors.
The biomedical model views mental disorders as biological diseases caused by abnormalities in the brain. It assumes that diseases can be fully explained by deviations from biological norms, leaving no room for social, psychological or behavioral factors. The core tenets are that mental disorders are caused by biological abnormalities in the brain, there is no distinction between mental and physical diseases, and biological treatment is emphasized. Critics argue that this model is too reductionistic and neglects the influence of other important factors like social, cultural and environmental influences on mental health.
This document provides an overview of psychosocial rehabilitation. It defines rehabilitation as enabling individuals to return to their highest possible level of functioning. Psychosocial or psychiatric rehabilitation specifically aims to restore community functioning for those with mental health disorders. It discusses the history of deinstitutionalization and increased focus on community support. Key aspects of psychosocial rehabilitation covered include definitions, approaches, rehabilitation teams, steps, principles, facilities like day care centers, halfway homes, sheltered workshops, and the roles of nurses.
This document discusses the difference between normality and abnormality. It defines normality as the absence of illness and presence of well-being, adopting to situations according to rules. Abnormality is defined as significant deviation from accepted behaviors, emotions, or thoughts. Abnormality can be defined statistically, by violation of social norms, personal distress, or legal violations. Causes of abnormal behavior include biological factors like genetics or physiology, psychological factors like learning or coping, and sociocultural factors like discrimination. The DSM provides criteria for classifying mental disorders and considers behaviors abnormal if associated with disability, distress, social norm violations, or dysfunction. The GAF scale measures functioning on a 0 to 100 scale to assess normality and
This document provides an overview of psychiatry and psychiatric disorders. It discusses that psychiatry deals with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders manifested by disorders of perception, thinking, emotions, decision making and motor behavior. It notes that psychiatric disorders are widely prevalent and can impact physical health, functioning, and be an economic burden. Common disorders include depression, alcohol use disorder, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. The etiology of psychiatric disorders involves complex interactions between biological, psychological and social factors that can predispose, precipitate, or perpetuate conditions. Advances in neuroscience have provided insights into the brain changes associated with psychiatric conditions.
Concept of normality and abnormality is importent to known by every students related to psychology, psychiatry, social work, and other mental health related field.
Mental health is defined as a state of balance and harmony between an individual and their environment where one can effectively meet human needs and function in their culture. Key aspects of mental health include adequate contact with reality, emotional maturity, social acceptance, and the ability to solve problems and make decisions independently. Mental illness is a maladjustment that causes disharmony and the inability to meet needs or societal expectations, characterized by distress, suffering, and disturbances in daily life and relationships.
This document provides an overview of motivational interviewing (MI). It discusses key concepts in MI including developing motivation for change, the stages of change model, and strategies used in MI. The strategies focus on expressing empathy, developing discrepancy, avoiding argumentation, rolling with resistance, and supporting self-efficacy. MI is a collaborative, goal-oriented style of communication designed to strengthen personal motivation for change.
The document discusses psychopathology, which is defined as the scientific study of mental conditions involving significant pain, suffering, or distress that damages a person's sense of self. It summarizes different models that have been used to understand the origins and nature of mental illness, including biological, psychological, psychosocial, and biopsychosocial models. The biological model emphasizes genetic and neurological factors while psychological models focus on unconscious conflicts, learned behaviors, distorted cognitions, and fulfillment of needs. Psychosocial models examine family and social influences as well as person-environment interactions.
The document provides information on two major classification systems for mental disorders:
1. The ICD (International Classification of Diseases) published by the WHO is used globally to classify all diseases and injuries. Chapter V covers mental disorders. ICD-10 is currently in use.
2. The DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) published by the APA is used primarily in the US to classify mental disorders. The latest version is DSM-5.
While both systems aim to standardize diagnosis, the ICD has broader scope and global use while the DSM is used more by US psychiatrists. Recent editions have increased alignment between the two classifications.
The document discusses the classification of mental disorders according to two major systems - ICD-10 and DSM-IV. ICD-10 is the World Health Organization's classification system that codes psychiatric disorders from F00 to F99. DSM-IV is the diagnostic manual published by the American Psychiatric Association that uses a multi-axial system with five axes to evaluate patients. Some key differences between the two systems are that ICD-10 is intended for clinical work, research, and primary care globally while DSM-IV is in English only and includes social consequences in its diagnostic criteria.
Psychophysiological disorders are mental and behavioral disorders associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors. They include eating disorders like anorexia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and bulimia nervosa which are characterized by harmful eating behaviors and issues with body image. They also include non-organic sleep disorders like insomnia and hypersomnia which involve disturbances in sleep patterns, as well as sexual dysfunctions and perinatal mental disorders. The document provides details on the characteristics, causes, and treatment of these conditions.
This document discusses various systems for classifying mental disorders. It describes the ICD-10 classification system from the WHO which organizes disorders into categories. It also describes the DSM-5 system used in the US which previously used a multi-axial system but now combines the axes. The purposes of classification are to aid in diagnosis, communication, research and treatment. The document also briefly outlines an Indian system which broadly divides disorders into categories like psychosis, neurosis and special disorders.
The document aims to provide a comprehensive view of psycho-dynamic model, its assumptions, historical background, Freud's contribution, causes of abnormality, and role and contribution of other contributors
Systematic desensitization is a type of behavior therapy used to treat phobias and anxieties. It involves three steps: 1) creating a hierarchy of anxiety-inducing stimuli from least to most severe, 2) teaching relaxation techniques, and 3) gradually exposing the individual to items on the hierarchy while using relaxation to reduce anxiety until all items can be encountered without fear. Developed by Joseph Wolpe in the 1950s, it was widely used but has declined as other therapies have increased in popularity since the 1970s.
This document provides an overview of family therapy. It begins by defining family therapy as a therapeutic modality focused on interactions within a nuclear or extended family system with the goal of alleviating problems initially presented by individual members or the family as a whole. It then discusses key aspects of family therapy including that it typically involves 10-20 sessions, can be conducted in various settings, and works to change family interactions and structure. The document also summarizes different types of family therapy models including family systems therapy, structural family therapy, and functional family therapy. It provides details on functional family therapy including its goals, techniques, phases of intervention, and focus on risk and protective factors. Finally, it outlines the key concepts and goals of structural family therapy
Culture bound syndrome, culture related specific disorders, culture specific disorders/ syndromes, exotic psychiatric syndromes or Rare atypical unclassifiable disorders.
Supportive psychotherapy, family and marital therapydivya2709
This document provides an overview of supportive therapy. Supportive therapy helps patients relieve emotional distress and symptoms without delving into past issues or personality changes. It is used to treat conditions like schizophrenia, personality disorders, anxiety, PTSD, eating disorders, substance abuse, and psychosis. The therapist establishes a relationship with the patient and uses techniques like ventilation, environmental manipulation, persuasion, and reassurance. Supportive therapy involves assessment, relationship building, working through problems, and preparing the patient to end treatment. Family and marital therapy views individual symptoms as related to family issues and aims to treat the family system. It uses assessment, skills training, and various models like individual, conjoint, couples, group, and network therapy.
This document provides a detailed history of psychiatry in India from ancient times through the colonial and post-independence eras. It describes how concepts of mental illness evolved in ancient Indian texts like the Vedas and epics. It then outlines the establishment of early asylums and hospitals under British rule in the 18th-19th centuries, as well as developments in the mid-late colonial period including new facilities and adoption of moral treatment approaches. The post-independence period saw a shift toward community-based care with the growth of psychiatric units in general hospitals and emphasis on deinstitutionalization. Key committees and developments that shaped modern Indian psychiatry are also summarized.
Clinical Psychology. By Theresa Lowry-Lehnen. Lecturer of Psychology.Theresa Lowry-Lehnen
The document provides information about the field of clinical psychology. It discusses several key points:
- Clinical psychology involves the study and application of psychology to understand, prevent, and relieve psychologically-based distress. Central to its practice are psychological assessment and psychotherapy.
- Clinical psychologists work within various therapy models to form a therapeutic alliance with clients and encourage new ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. The major therapeutic perspectives are psychoanalytic, cognitive behavioral, existential-humanistic, and family systems therapy.
- Clinical psychologists are trained in psychological assessment, different therapy approaches, and analyzing psychometric tests. They draw from multiple approaches in their work with clients.
This summarizes the main ideas about the field
This document provides information about a Mental Health and Office Administration course taught by Dr. George Boghozian. It includes his education background and teaching experience. The document then summarizes key topics from the course, including definitions of mental health, models of psychopathology, and strategies for promoting positive mental health. Mental health is defined as emotional well-being and the ability to cope with life's stresses. The document discusses biological, environmental, and social factors that influence mental illnesses and notes that many such illnesses can be effectively treated.
This document defines concepts of mental health and mental illness. It provides definitions of mental health from experts like Meninger and the American Psychiatric Association. Mental illness is defined as clinically significant dysfunction causing distress or disability. Mental health and illness can be conceptualized based on criteria, models, and characteristics. Criteria include statistical norms, social conformity, and adjustment to environment. Models include the medical, statistical, utopian, and social models. Characteristics of mental health include adjustment abilities and satisfaction in life, while characteristics of mental illness include deviation from norms and maladaptive behaviors.
The biomedical model views mental disorders as biological diseases caused by abnormalities in the brain. It assumes that diseases can be fully explained by deviations from biological norms, leaving no room for social, psychological or behavioral factors. The core tenets are that mental disorders are caused by biological abnormalities in the brain, there is no distinction between mental and physical diseases, and biological treatment is emphasized. Critics argue that this model is too reductionistic and neglects the influence of other important factors like social, cultural and environmental influences on mental health.
This document provides an overview of psychosocial rehabilitation. It defines rehabilitation as enabling individuals to return to their highest possible level of functioning. Psychosocial or psychiatric rehabilitation specifically aims to restore community functioning for those with mental health disorders. It discusses the history of deinstitutionalization and increased focus on community support. Key aspects of psychosocial rehabilitation covered include definitions, approaches, rehabilitation teams, steps, principles, facilities like day care centers, halfway homes, sheltered workshops, and the roles of nurses.
This document discusses the difference between normality and abnormality. It defines normality as the absence of illness and presence of well-being, adopting to situations according to rules. Abnormality is defined as significant deviation from accepted behaviors, emotions, or thoughts. Abnormality can be defined statistically, by violation of social norms, personal distress, or legal violations. Causes of abnormal behavior include biological factors like genetics or physiology, psychological factors like learning or coping, and sociocultural factors like discrimination. The DSM provides criteria for classifying mental disorders and considers behaviors abnormal if associated with disability, distress, social norm violations, or dysfunction. The GAF scale measures functioning on a 0 to 100 scale to assess normality and
This document provides an overview of psychiatry and psychiatric disorders. It discusses that psychiatry deals with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders manifested by disorders of perception, thinking, emotions, decision making and motor behavior. It notes that psychiatric disorders are widely prevalent and can impact physical health, functioning, and be an economic burden. Common disorders include depression, alcohol use disorder, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. The etiology of psychiatric disorders involves complex interactions between biological, psychological and social factors that can predispose, precipitate, or perpetuate conditions. Advances in neuroscience have provided insights into the brain changes associated with psychiatric conditions.
Concept of normality and abnormality is importent to known by every students related to psychology, psychiatry, social work, and other mental health related field.
Mental health is defined as a state of balance and harmony between an individual and their environment where one can effectively meet human needs and function in their culture. Key aspects of mental health include adequate contact with reality, emotional maturity, social acceptance, and the ability to solve problems and make decisions independently. Mental illness is a maladjustment that causes disharmony and the inability to meet needs or societal expectations, characterized by distress, suffering, and disturbances in daily life and relationships.
This document provides an overview of motivational interviewing (MI). It discusses key concepts in MI including developing motivation for change, the stages of change model, and strategies used in MI. The strategies focus on expressing empathy, developing discrepancy, avoiding argumentation, rolling with resistance, and supporting self-efficacy. MI is a collaborative, goal-oriented style of communication designed to strengthen personal motivation for change.
The document discusses psychopathology, which is defined as the scientific study of mental conditions involving significant pain, suffering, or distress that damages a person's sense of self. It summarizes different models that have been used to understand the origins and nature of mental illness, including biological, psychological, psychosocial, and biopsychosocial models. The biological model emphasizes genetic and neurological factors while psychological models focus on unconscious conflicts, learned behaviors, distorted cognitions, and fulfillment of needs. Psychosocial models examine family and social influences as well as person-environment interactions.
The document provides information on two major classification systems for mental disorders:
1. The ICD (International Classification of Diseases) published by the WHO is used globally to classify all diseases and injuries. Chapter V covers mental disorders. ICD-10 is currently in use.
2. The DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) published by the APA is used primarily in the US to classify mental disorders. The latest version is DSM-5.
While both systems aim to standardize diagnosis, the ICD has broader scope and global use while the DSM is used more by US psychiatrists. Recent editions have increased alignment between the two classifications.
The document discusses the classification of mental disorders according to two major systems - ICD-10 and DSM-IV. ICD-10 is the World Health Organization's classification system that codes psychiatric disorders from F00 to F99. DSM-IV is the diagnostic manual published by the American Psychiatric Association that uses a multi-axial system with five axes to evaluate patients. Some key differences between the two systems are that ICD-10 is intended for clinical work, research, and primary care globally while DSM-IV is in English only and includes social consequences in its diagnostic criteria.
Psychophysiological disorders are mental and behavioral disorders associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors. They include eating disorders like anorexia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and bulimia nervosa which are characterized by harmful eating behaviors and issues with body image. They also include non-organic sleep disorders like insomnia and hypersomnia which involve disturbances in sleep patterns, as well as sexual dysfunctions and perinatal mental disorders. The document provides details on the characteristics, causes, and treatment of these conditions.
This document discusses various systems for classifying mental disorders. It describes the ICD-10 classification system from the WHO which organizes disorders into categories. It also describes the DSM-5 system used in the US which previously used a multi-axial system but now combines the axes. The purposes of classification are to aid in diagnosis, communication, research and treatment. The document also briefly outlines an Indian system which broadly divides disorders into categories like psychosis, neurosis and special disorders.
The document aims to provide a comprehensive view of psycho-dynamic model, its assumptions, historical background, Freud's contribution, causes of abnormality, and role and contribution of other contributors
Systematic desensitization is a type of behavior therapy used to treat phobias and anxieties. It involves three steps: 1) creating a hierarchy of anxiety-inducing stimuli from least to most severe, 2) teaching relaxation techniques, and 3) gradually exposing the individual to items on the hierarchy while using relaxation to reduce anxiety until all items can be encountered without fear. Developed by Joseph Wolpe in the 1950s, it was widely used but has declined as other therapies have increased in popularity since the 1970s.
This document provides an overview of family therapy. It begins by defining family therapy as a therapeutic modality focused on interactions within a nuclear or extended family system with the goal of alleviating problems initially presented by individual members or the family as a whole. It then discusses key aspects of family therapy including that it typically involves 10-20 sessions, can be conducted in various settings, and works to change family interactions and structure. The document also summarizes different types of family therapy models including family systems therapy, structural family therapy, and functional family therapy. It provides details on functional family therapy including its goals, techniques, phases of intervention, and focus on risk and protective factors. Finally, it outlines the key concepts and goals of structural family therapy
Culture bound syndrome, culture related specific disorders, culture specific disorders/ syndromes, exotic psychiatric syndromes or Rare atypical unclassifiable disorders.
Supportive psychotherapy, family and marital therapydivya2709
This document provides an overview of supportive therapy. Supportive therapy helps patients relieve emotional distress and symptoms without delving into past issues or personality changes. It is used to treat conditions like schizophrenia, personality disorders, anxiety, PTSD, eating disorders, substance abuse, and psychosis. The therapist establishes a relationship with the patient and uses techniques like ventilation, environmental manipulation, persuasion, and reassurance. Supportive therapy involves assessment, relationship building, working through problems, and preparing the patient to end treatment. Family and marital therapy views individual symptoms as related to family issues and aims to treat the family system. It uses assessment, skills training, and various models like individual, conjoint, couples, group, and network therapy.
This document provides a detailed history of psychiatry in India from ancient times through the colonial and post-independence eras. It describes how concepts of mental illness evolved in ancient Indian texts like the Vedas and epics. It then outlines the establishment of early asylums and hospitals under British rule in the 18th-19th centuries, as well as developments in the mid-late colonial period including new facilities and adoption of moral treatment approaches. The post-independence period saw a shift toward community-based care with the growth of psychiatric units in general hospitals and emphasis on deinstitutionalization. Key committees and developments that shaped modern Indian psychiatry are also summarized.
Clinical Psychology. By Theresa Lowry-Lehnen. Lecturer of Psychology.Theresa Lowry-Lehnen
The document provides information about the field of clinical psychology. It discusses several key points:
- Clinical psychology involves the study and application of psychology to understand, prevent, and relieve psychologically-based distress. Central to its practice are psychological assessment and psychotherapy.
- Clinical psychologists work within various therapy models to form a therapeutic alliance with clients and encourage new ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. The major therapeutic perspectives are psychoanalytic, cognitive behavioral, existential-humanistic, and family systems therapy.
- Clinical psychologists are trained in psychological assessment, different therapy approaches, and analyzing psychometric tests. They draw from multiple approaches in their work with clients.
This summarizes the main ideas about the field
This document provides information about a Mental Health and Office Administration course taught by Dr. George Boghozian. It includes his education background and teaching experience. The document then summarizes key topics from the course, including definitions of mental health, models of psychopathology, and strategies for promoting positive mental health. Mental health is defined as emotional well-being and the ability to cope with life's stresses. The document discusses biological, environmental, and social factors that influence mental illnesses and notes that many such illnesses can be effectively treated.
This document provides an overview of abnormal psychology and perspectives on defining mental disorder. It discusses defining mental disorder based on statistical deviation, dysfunction, personal discomfort, maladaptive behavior, and norm/value violation. Challenges with each perspective are outlined. The DSM-IV definition emphasizes distress, disability, or increased risk. Cross-cultural issues are also reviewed, depending on whether a biomedical or culturally-based view is taken of what constitutes disorder.
This document provides an introduction to developmental psychology and outlines several key topics:
- It defines psychology and identifies major perspectives including biological, behaviorism, cognitive, humanistic, psychodynamic, socio-cultural, and evolutionary approaches.
- It then discusses various fields of psychology such as clinical, cognitive, developmental, evolutionary, forensic, health, neuropsychology, occupational, and social psychology.
- For each field, it provides a brief definition and examples. Finally, it discusses why psychology is important for nursing, noting that understanding psychology can help nurses provide better patient care and identify potential mental health issues.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in the study of abnormal psychology. It discusses how mental disorder is defined, categorized, explained and treated. Several definitions of mental disorder are presented, including statistical deviation, dysfunction, personal discomfort, maladaptive behavior and norm violation. Problems with each definition are outlined. The document also notes the DSM-IV definition and issues around studying mental disorder across cultures. The goal of the field involves carefully defining mental disorders and seeking to understand, classify and treat them.
Concept of normal and abnormal behaviourmarudhar aman
This document discusses four models of defining normal and abnormal behavior: the medical model, which considers organic causes of mental disorders; the statistical model, which analyzes deviations from statistical norms; the sociocultural model, where normalcy is defined by a society's norms and values; and the behavior model, where adaptive behaviors are normal and maladaptive behaviors are abnormal. It also outlines components and indicators of mental health, such as the ability to accept oneself, feel empathy for others, and fulfill life's tasks. A mentally healthy person is described as well-adjusted, with a sense of self-worth and responsibility who can solve problems independently.
SAINT FRANCIS DE SALES COLLEGE, AALO
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY,
NATIONAL WEBINAR
ON
“MENTAL HEALTH AND WELL- BEING”
Sociological Perspectives on
Mental Health and Illness
Abnormal Psychology Vs Psychopathology EssayAngie Lee
The document discusses abnormal psychology and psychopathology. It notes that abnormal psychology focuses on individuals who deviate from statistical or social norms in terms of their behavior, thoughts, or emotions. While abnormal psychology and psychopathology are often used interchangeably, abnormal psychology is sometimes viewed more negatively as it implies that individuals are "not normal". However, deviating from statistical norms does not necessarily mean someone has a psychological disorder or illness. The document provides examples to illustrate this point.
The document discusses the history and key concepts of abnormal psychology. It describes how early theories attributed abnormal behavior to supernatural causes like demon possession and how treatments involved exorcism and trephination. It then explains how the fields of medicine and psychology developed more natural, scientific explanations for abnormal behavior and focused on creating therapeutic environments for treatment. The document outlines several important perspectives in abnormal psychology including dimensional, prevention, and multicultural approaches. It also discusses the concepts of stigma, stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and self-stigma related to mental illness.
S. Sherrill - Abnormal Psychology Spring 2016 Chapter 1sjbrabham
The document discusses the history and key concepts of abnormal psychology. It describes how early theories attributed abnormal behavior to supernatural causes like demon possession and how treatments involved exorcism and trephination. It then explains how the fields of medicine and psychology developed more natural, scientific explanations for abnormal behavior and focused on creating therapeutic environments for treatment. The document outlines several important perspectives in abnormal psychology including dimensional, prevention, and multicultural approaches. It also discusses the concepts of stigma, stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and self-stigma related to mental illness.
The document discusses the philosophy and practice of clinical outpatient therapy. It begins with a disclaimer stating the purpose is to improve therapy practice through a deeper understanding of methods. It then provides biographical information about the author, including their experience and training in substance abuse counseling, community mental health, and family therapy models from the 1970s-1990s. The document goes on to discuss perspectives on the causes of psychosis, including biological, psychological, and hybrid models. It also addresses the debate around treating psychosis primarily through medication versus psychotherapy.
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Psychological Disorders Essay
This project outlines research on increasing mental disorders like psychosis, neurosis, and mental illness. It discusses how modern changes to technology, culture, beliefs, and social structures have impacted mental health. The objectives are to study the causes and classifications of mental disorders, laws and policies around psychosis, and increase understanding of these conditions. The outline covers topics like the relationship between youth and psychosis, diagnoses and treatments, and perceptions of mental illness. The conclusion is that mental disorders are serious but treatable medical conditions, and are more common than often recognized.
Application of The Cognitive Psychology in Mental Illness or Traum.docxspoonerneddy
Application of The Cognitive Psychology in Mental Illness or Trauma
Melvin Coe
Capella University
Professor Theresa Crawford
Research Foundation of History Systems in Psych
June 7, 2020
Running Head: APPLICATION OF THE COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 1
APPLICATION OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2
Application of The Cognitive Psychology in Mental Illness or Trauma
Introduction
In the present times, the number of people suffering from mental challenges has been on the rise. It is a time that demands psychologists to have better and effective scientific methods that would help them handle the different psychological issues being brought to their attention. Cognitive psychology is one of the scientific methods that can be used by psychologists to study the mind as an information processor. Using the method, psychologists are able to develop cognitive theories and models that would align and seems applicable in individual cases they are handling for instance, how one perceives, understands, remembers, attentiveness, makes use of language and is conscious of things.
The principal goals of clinical psychology are to generate knowledge based on scientifically valid evidence and to apply this knowledge to the optimal improvement of mental and behavioral health (Baker, McFall, Shoham, 2008). The values, principles, and methods of cognitive psychology and psychodynamic psychotherapy are anticipated to be utilized in an investigation which replaces maladaptive behaviors. The interest in the study is centered around increasing social response while decreasing maladaptive behaviors by utilizing differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors. Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors is a procedure that reduces a problematic behavior by reinforcing an appropriate alternative behavior that serves the same function.
Research topic (Cognitive Psychology in the influences of patient with trauma or mental illness)
The research paper revolves around understanding how cognitive psychology influences patients with trauma and mental illness. It is evident that cognitive psychology revolves around the study of the process within the brain and they vary from learning, perception, attention, memory, thinking, language, attention and problem-solving (Maslow, 1943). The mental illness and trauma are a result of some of the brain processes thus with embracing the school of cognitive psychology it is easier to understand and comprehend the potential solutions. The problem of mental illness has become complaisant in the current era and with the limited resources and technology in the past made it a challenge to contain it but the advancement in field of psychology has made it easier to find solutions to the problem. There is no specific treatment for trauma or mental illness in this era of medical advancement and technology but cognitive psychology is making it easier to help under.
Application of The Cognitive Psychology in Mental Illness or Traum.docxssusera34210
Application of The Cognitive Psychology in Mental Illness or Trauma
Melvin Coe
Capella University
Professor Theresa Crawford
Research Foundation of History Systems in Psych
June 7, 2020
Running Head: APPLICATION OF THE COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 1
APPLICATION OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2
Application of The Cognitive Psychology in Mental Illness or Trauma
Introduction
In the present times, the number of people suffering from mental challenges has been on the rise. It is a time that demands psychologists to have better and effective scientific methods that would help them handle the different psychological issues being brought to their attention. Cognitive psychology is one of the scientific methods that can be used by psychologists to study the mind as an information processor. Using the method, psychologists are able to develop cognitive theories and models that would align and seems applicable in individual cases they are handling for instance, how one perceives, understands, remembers, attentiveness, makes use of language and is conscious of things.
The principal goals of clinical psychology are to generate knowledge based on scientifically valid evidence and to apply this knowledge to the optimal improvement of mental and behavioral health (Baker, McFall, Shoham, 2008). The values, principles, and methods of cognitive psychology and psychodynamic psychotherapy are anticipated to be utilized in an investigation which replaces maladaptive behaviors. The interest in the study is centered around increasing social response while decreasing maladaptive behaviors by utilizing differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors. Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors is a procedure that reduces a problematic behavior by reinforcing an appropriate alternative behavior that serves the same function.
Research topic (Cognitive Psychology in the influences of patient with trauma or mental illness)
The research paper revolves around understanding how cognitive psychology influences patients with trauma and mental illness. It is evident that cognitive psychology revolves around the study of the process within the brain and they vary from learning, perception, attention, memory, thinking, language, attention and problem-solving (Maslow, 1943). The mental illness and trauma are a result of some of the brain processes thus with embracing the school of cognitive psychology it is easier to understand and comprehend the potential solutions. The problem of mental illness has become complaisant in the current era and with the limited resources and technology in the past made it a challenge to contain it but the advancement in field of psychology has made it easier to find solutions to the problem. There is no specific treatment for trauma or mental illness in this era of medical advancement and technology but cognitive psychology is making it easier to help under.
The document discusses psychopathology and psychological disorders. It defines psychopathology as patterns of emotions, behaviors, or thoughts that are inappropriate for a situation and cause distress or prevent important goals. Over 15% of Americans suffer from diagnosable mental health issues in a given year. Psychological disorders exist on a continuum from mild to severe, with more extreme cases exhibiting hallucinations, delusions, or abnormal emotions. While the medical model views disorders as diseases, psychologists see them as involving biological, psychological, social, and behavioral factors. The DSM-IV provides standardized criteria for diagnosing disorders. Mood disorders like major depression and bipolar disorder involve abnormal emotions or moods.
The document provides an overview of abnormal psychology, discussing its historical background and theoretical perspectives used to understand maladaptive behaviors. It covers the biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, humanistic-existential, and community-cultural perspectives. The interactional approach views all factors as influencing behavior. A brief case study examines potential perspectives in treating actor Charlie Sheen's behaviors. The summary emphasizes understanding human nature through multiple perspectives to lay a foundation for studying abnormal psychology.
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Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
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Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
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1. SEMINAR
―MODELS OF MENTAL ILLNESS‖
Chairperson : Dr. K. S. Sengar
Presentee : Sudarshana Das Gupta
Discussant : Jaishankar Patel
Venue : Conference Hall
Time : 2:30 pm
Date : 02.08.2012
2. Presentation will be under the
following headings:
Introduction
Concept of Health
Mental Health
Concept of Mental Illness
Mental health, Mental Ill-health and Mental
Illness
History and significance of Mental Health
Perspectives of Mental Health
Criteria for Mental Health
Models of Mental Illness
Conclusion
3. W.H.O.'s definition of Health:
"A state of complete physical, mental
and social well-being and not merely
the absence of disease or infirmity."
4. Mental Health is defined as
―A state of well-being in which every individual
realizes his or her own potential, can cope
with the normal stresses of life, can work
productively and fruitfully, and is able to make
a contribution to his or her community.‖
5. Mental Illness is defined as
―Mental illness can be seen in purely sociological
terms, as a deviation from socially approved
standards of interpersonal behaviour, or as an
inability to perform one’s sanctioned social roles. In
social science literature it is generally agreed that
the mental illness refers to dysfunctional
interpersonal behaviour, judged to be dysfunctional
in terms of the norms and values held by the
observer‖ (International Encyclopedia of Psychiatry,
Psychology, Psychoanalysis & Neurology, 1992).
6. Mental Illness (Cont.)
―An illness with psychological or behavioral
manifestation and/or impairment in functioning,
due to social, psychological, genetic, physical or
biological disturbances.‖ (American Psychiatric
Association).
―Mentally ill person means a person who is in need
of treatment by reason of any mental disorder
other than mental retardation‖(Indian Mental
Health Act, 1987).
7. Mental health, Mental Ill-health and
Mental Illness
It is a commonplace to view the
relationship between health and
illness — and, therefore, mental
health and mental illness — as
two ends of the same
Trent (1992),
The Canadian Ministry of
National Health and Welfare
(MNHW),1988
Downie et al (1990)
Groder, (1977)
8. History
In the mid-19th century, William Sweetzer was the first to
clearly define the term "mental hygiene", which can be
seen as the precursor to contemporary approaches to
work on promoting positive mental health
An important figure to "mental hygiene", would be
Dorothea Dix (1802–1887), a school teacher, who had
campaigned her whole life in order to help those suffering
of a mental illness, and to bring to light the deplorable
conditions which they were put it in. This was known as
the "mental hygiene movement".
At the beginning of the 20th century, Clifford Beers
founded the National Committee for Mental Hygiene and
opened the first outpatient mental health clinic in the
United States of America.
9. Significance
Evidence from the World Health Organization
suggests that nearly half the world's population is
affected by mental illness with an impact on their
self-esteem, relationships and ability to function in
everyday life.
―There is growing evidence that is showing
emotional abilities are associated with prosocial
behaviors such as stress management and physical
health‖ (Richards, Campania, & Muse-Burke (2010).
The importance of maintaining good mental health is
crucial to living a long and healthy life.
10. Perspectives
Sense of Responsibility
Sense of Self-reliance
Sense of Direction
A Set of Personal Values
Sense of Individuality
Mental Well-Being
Lack of a mental disorder
Cultural and religious considerations
11. Maria Jahoda (1963) proposed the following
six characteristics of the mentally healthy
individual —
Environmental mastery
Undistorted perception of
reality
Integration
Autonomy
Growth, self-development
and self-actualization
Attitude towards Self
12. Models of Mental Illness
Spiritual Model
Moral Character Model
The Statistical Model
The Disease/ Medical/ Biological Model
— Genetics
— Neuroimaging
— Neurobiology
Psychological Models
— Psychodynamic Model
— The Behavioural Model
• The Cognitive-behavioural Model
— Existential / Humanistic Model
The Social Model
Psychosocial Model
— The Social Learning Model
Family Therapy Model
Biopsychosocial Model
14. Spiritual Model
The first and oldest explanatory system for mental illness is spiritual.
From a traditional spiritual perspective, consciousness is seen as
resulting from or deeply connected to some supernatural force.
Usually, there is a religious narrative that explains that there are
good and bad forces in the world, and that suffering is a function of
either being possessed by the bad, or through the idea that the
afflicted have fallen out of favor with the good. This generally occurs
because of sin or related concept of immoral behavior that leads to
some form of badness or contamination.
15. Moral Character Model
The second explanatory system for mental illness is moral
character. In a nutshell, the position of moral character is that
there are virtues which one must learn, such as courage and
fortitude, honesty and integrity, compassion and grace that
enable on to live the admirable life.
16. The Statistical Model
Derived more from mathematics than from psychology, the
statistical model concentrates on the definition of abnormality.
According to this approach, abnormality is any substantial
deviation from a statistically calculated average. Those who fall
within the ―Golden mean‖ i.e. in short, those who do what most
people do, are normal, while those whose behaviour differs from
those of the majority are abnormal.
17. The medical model attributes mental
abnormalities to physiological, biochemical,
or genetic causes and attempts to treat
these abnormalities by way of medically
grounded procedures such as
psychopharmacology (drug therapy),
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or
psychosurgery (brain surgery).
Genetic models of mental disorder suggest
that psychopathology is inherited from
parents, and there is certainly evidence for
the familial transmission of many disorders.
18. The Medical Model (Cont.)
Neuroimaging
This system explains causation of mental illness in
terms of structural changes in different parts of
brain. It suggest that in various mental illness certain
ventricular atrophy, volumetric changes, reduction in
cortical volume can be seen which may be one of the
various contributory factors behind the causation of
illness.
19. The Medical Model (Cont.)
Neurobiology
• Here the belief is that the human is an
organism that consists of natural
functions designed by nature (i.e.,
natural selection operating on
genetics) and mental illness is the
breakdown of such functions. Thus,
just as a heart attack is a biological
disease characterized by the
breakdown of the functioning of the
circulatory system, mental illness
stems from malfunctioning
neurophysiological processes.
20. Psychological Models
An important explanatory system for
mental illness is psychological in
nature. The general model here is that
the individual develops along a path
and attempts to adapt to their
environment. However, if the
individual fails to learn certain crucial
elements or learns the wrong
responses to new situations or adopts
short term solutions that have long
term maladaptive consequences, then
suffering and dysfunction result.
Psychodynamic Model
The Behavioural Model
The Cognitive-behavioural Model
Humanistic / Existential Model
21. Psychodynamic Model
The core assumption of this approach is that the
roots of mental disorders are psychological.
They lie in the unconscious mind and are the
result the failure of defence mechanisms to
protect the self (or ego) from anxiety. Problems
are determined by the history of a person’s
prior emotional experiences, especially the
childhood ones or to be more specific, the
negative childhood experiences.
22. The Behavioural Model
This system believes that, only the study of directly observable
behavior, the stimuli and reinforcing conditions that control it
could serve as a basis for understanding human, behaviour,
normal or abnormal. The behavioural perspective is organized
around a central theme: the role of learning in human behaviour.
The Cognitive-behavioural Model
The cognitive model understands mental disorder as being a
result of errors or biases in thinking. It explains how thoughts
and information processing can become distorted and leads to
maladaptive emotions and behaviour. Our view of the world is
determined by our thinking, and dysfunctional thinking can lead
to mental disorder. Therefore to correct mental disorder, what is
necessary is a change in thinking.
23. Humanistic / Existential Model
The humanistic model sees mental health problems as a
signal that an individual is failing to reach his or her potential
and that psychological growth has stopped.The humanistic
perspective views human nature as ―basically good‖. It
emphasizes present conscious processes – paying less
attention to unconscious processes and past causes – and
places strong emphasis on each person’s inherent capacity
for responsible self-direction. Its emphasis is thus on growth
and self-actualizing rather than on curing diseases or
alleviating disorders. The humanistic model does not believe
in labeling people by diagnosing them as having specific
mental disorders.
24. The Social Model
The social model suggests that the ways in which societies are
organized, not just biological and psychological characteristics of
individuals, must be considered as causal factors in mental illness. It
does not argue that people should not be held responsible for their
behaviour because they are victims of ―society‖, but they do suggest
that social structure imposes restrictions on behaviour as surely as
biological inheritance and that the effects of social conditions on
mental illness need to be understood, to explain both individual
distress and how that distress might be related to larger forces. The
social model regards social forces as the most important determinants
of mental disorder.
25. Psychosocial Model
This model explains the causation of mental illness due to the
effect of interaction of psychological and social factors.
Psychosocial factors are those developmental influences that
may handicap a person psychologically, making him or her
less resourceful in coping with social events.
26. Psychosocial Model (Cont.)
There are four basic categories of psychosocial
causal factors:
Early deprivation or trauma
Inadequate parenting styles
Marital discord and divorce
Maladaptive peer relationship
The Social Learning Model:
27. Family Therapy Model
Laing & Esterson (1964) were among the first British writers to express the view
that individuals with mental illness were the victims of a pathological family
process. Family therapy usually begins by an approach that encourages all
members of the family to work together in resolving the conflict. The process is
designed to identify and change relationships where necessary. Attention is paid
to family interactions, especially to alignments and discord and the engagement
and disengagement of the different group members.
Double Bind
Schisms and Skewed Families
Pseudomutual and Pseudohostile Families
Expressed Emotion
28. Biopsychosocial Model
Integration of:
Biological
Social
Psychological (Esp. cognitive & behavioral)
Abnormality caused by:
Interaction of these factors – no one cause
Relative importance of each factor depends on
individual and environment
29. Biopsychosocial Model
Feedback Loops
Psychological
Biological Emphasis on
Emphasis on psychological
biological factors, such as early
processes (e.g., childhood
genetics) experience and self-
concept
Feedback Loops Feedback Loops
Social
Emphasis on
interpersonal
relationships and
social environment
30. Biopsychosocial Model (Cont.)
Explanations of mental illness:
Diathesis / Stress
Physiological, sociocultural or genetic
predisposition to develop disorder
Stressor that triggers manifestation of
disorder
33. Conclusion
Current trends in delivery of care emphasize a
collaborative team approach
The diverse explanations provide a range of
models that influence and direct current
approaches in the treatment and management
of people with mental health problems. The
dominance of the biomedical model is
increasingly being challenged by other
professional groups.