A research design outlines how an investigation will be conducted. It includes how data will be collected using instruments, and how the data will be analyzed. The design depends on the research problem. There are several types of research designs including exploratory, conclusive, descriptive, causal, and longitudinal designs. Exploratory design generates ideas without final results, while conclusive design assists decision making with a formal process. Causal research examines the effect of variables on each other, and descriptive research describes characteristics. Longitudinal research observes the same subjects over time.

1. RESEARCH
DESIGN
By:
Shivangi Singh
Kriti Agarwal
Jyoti Verma
Lavisha Bassi
Monica Swami
Pallawi
Shivani Gautam

2. RESEARCH DESIGN
• A detailed outline of how an investigation will take place.
• A research design will typically include how data is to be
collected, what instruments will be employed, how the
instruments will be used and the intended means for analyzing
data collected.
• A research design depends on the purpose and nature of the
research problem.
• Thus, one single design cannot be used to solve all types of
research problem, i.e. , a particular design is suitable for a
particular problem.

3. Classification of Research Designs
Single Cross-
Sectional Design
Multiple Cross-
Sectional Design
Research Design
Conclusive
Research Design
Exploratory
Research Design
Descriptive
Research
Causal
Research
Cross-Sectional
Design
Longitudinal
Design

4. EXPLORATORY DESIGN
 Explores the research questions and does not intend to offer
final result
 Conducted in order to determine the nature of the problem
 Exploratory research is flexible and can address research
questions of all types(what, why, how)
 Leads to generation of new ideas and assumption, development
of tentative theories of hypothesis
 Exploratory studies help establish research priorities
 Provides an opportunity to define new terms and clarify existing
concepts
 The research process underpinning exploratory studies is
flexible but often unstructured, leading to only tentative results
that have limited value in decision-making

5. CONCLUSIVE DESIGN
It provides information that helps the executive make a
rational decision
It is the research designed to assist the decision maker
in determining, evaluating & selecting the best course
of action to take in a given situation
Information needed is clearly defined
Research process is formal & structured
Findings are used as input to decision making

6. CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH
 Conclusive research uses statistical
tests, advanced analytical techniques ,
and larger sample sizes, compared with
exploratory studies
 Conclusive research is more likely to use
quantitative, rather than qualitative
techniques
 Types of Conclusive Research
 Descriptive
 Causal/ experimental

7. CAUSAL RESEARCH
 The investigation into an issue or topic that looks at the effect
of one thing or variable on another. For example, causal
research might be used in a business environment to quantify
the effect that a change to its present operations will have
future production levels to assist in the business
planning process.
 For example, if a clothing company currently sells blue denim
jeans, causal research can measure the impact of the company
changing the product design to the color white.
 Following the research, company bosses will be able to decide
whether changing the color of the jeans to white would be
profitable.

8. CAUSAL RESEARCH
 Causal research has two objectives :
 Understanding which variables are the
cause, and which variables are the effect.
 Determining the nature of the relationship
between the causal variables and the effect
predicted.

9. CAUSAL RESEARCH
 Conditions of causality
 Concomitant variation
 Time order of occurrence
 Absence of other causal factors
 Kinds of variables
 Type 1: Independent variables
 Type 2: Dependent variables
 Type 3: Extraneous variables

10. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
 Why Do we use Descriptive Research?
◦ To describe characteristics
◦ To estimate percentage of units
◦ To determine perception of product characteristics
◦ To determine degree to which variables are
associated

11. METHODS OF DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
 Methods of descriptive research:
◦ Analysing secondary data
◦ Surveys
◦ Panels
◦ Observational data

12. LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH
 A longitudinal research is an
observational. In this, the researches
do not interfere with their subjects.
 In longitudinal study, researches
conduct several observations of same
subjects over a period of time.
 A fixed example of population
elements is measured repeatedly on
the same variable.

13. ADVANTAGES
• Incident events are recorded.
• Prospective ascertainment of exposure.
• Measurement of industrial change in the
outcomes.
• Accuracy.
• Large amount of data collection.
DISADVANTAGES
• Representative Sampling.
• Response Bias.

14. CROSS-SECTIONAL RESEARCH
 Cross-sectional research is used to examine one variable in
different groups that are similar in all other characteristics,
such as socioeconomic status, educational background, and
ethnicity.
 Cross-sectional research studies are based on observations
that take place in different groups at one time.
 There is no experimental procedure, so no variables are
manipulated by the researcher. Instead of performing an
experiment, you would simply record the information that you
observe in the groups you are examining.
 The benefits of cross-sectional study design are that it allows
researchers to compare many different variables at the same
time.

15. TYPES OF CROSS-SECTIONAL
Cross-sectional research
studies all have the
following characteristics:
• Takes place at a single
point in time
• Variables are not
manipulated by
researchers
• Provide information
only; do not answer
why

16. TYPES OF CROSS-SECTIONAL
CROSS SECTIONAL
SINGLE CROSS-SECTIONAL MULTIPLE CROSS-SECTIONAL