A Research Design is a procedural plan that is adopted by the researcher to answer questions validly, objectively, accurately and economically.
Research Design is considered as a “blueprint” for research, dealing with at least four problems: (According to Philiber, Schwab, & Samsloss, 1980) 1) Which questions to be studied, 2) Which data are relevant, 3) What data to collect, and 4) How to analysis the result.
There are several types of research methods described in the document. Exploratory research gathers preliminary information to define a problem through secondary data review and qualitative interviews. Descriptive research aims to describe characteristics of people or environments. Research can be cross-sectional, collecting data at a point in time, or longitudinal, studying a sample over intervals. Conclusive research tests hypotheses quantitatively while fundamental research expands knowledge without immediate applications. Qualitative research explores reasons and motivations through discussion while quantitative research generalizes statistically from samples.
Research design involves planning how a research project will be conducted to ensure it is carried out in a systematic and organized manner. It helps researchers save time and resources by anticipating problems and decisions in advance. A good research design specifies the objectives of the study, how data will be collected and analyzed, and how findings will be reported. Key elements of research design include sampling, observations, statistics, and operational plans to implement the methodology. The design chosen depends on whether the goal is exploratory, descriptive, or causal research.
This document discusses research questions, their definition, importance, and characteristics of good research questions. It states that research problems are often posed as questions to focus the investigation. A good research question helps define and narrow the scope of the investigation. It should be researchable, significant, and ethical while considering the researcher's skills and resources. Good research questions are feasible, clear, significant, and ethical.
This PPT slide presentation deals with the Meaning of hypothesis, Types of hypothesis, Parameters of a good hypothesis, Importance of hypothesis, Source of hypothesis, Format of hypotheis & Formulation of testable hypothesis.
The document discusses various aspects of research design including:
1. Research design involves decisions about what, where, when, how much, and by what means to study a research problem.
2. Key parts of research design include sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design.
3. Experimental designs aim to establish cause-and-effect relationships through control and manipulation of variables while quasi-experimental and non-experimental designs do not involve manipulation.
The document discusses two types of educational research: descriptive research and survey research. Descriptive research aims to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon and focuses on "what" rather than "why". Survey research involves collecting data through surveys or questionnaires. Key points covered include characteristics and methods of descriptive research such as observational studies and case studies; examples of descriptive research topics; advantages and disadvantages. Survey research types like cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys are defined, as are their purposes, uses and steps in conducting survey research.
Formulation of Research problem
What is research problem?
A research problem is a specific issue, difficulty, contradiction, or gap in knowledge that we will aim to address in our research.
In other words, A research problem can be any question that we want to answer and any assumption or assertion that we want to challenge or investigate.
The formulation of a research problem is the most crucial part of the research journey as the quality and relevance of a research project entirely depends upon it.
The process of formulating a research problem consists of a number of steps. These are:
Step 1: Identify a broad field or subject area of interest.
Step 2: Dissect the broad areas into subareas
Step 3: Select what is of most interest to us.
Step 4: Raise research questions
Step 5: Formulate objectives
Step 6: Assess our objectives
Step 7: Double-check
This document discusses research design and different types of research designs. It defines research design as the conceptual structure and plan for conducting research to answer research questions. The main types of research designs covered are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and experimental. Exploratory design is used when little is known about a topic to discover variables and relationships. Descriptive design aims to describe phenomena by observing behaviors. Diagnostic design involves problem identification and finding causes. Experimental design tests hypotheses by manipulating variables and measuring outcomes. The document provides details on each design type, including their purposes and methodologies.
There are several types of research methods described in the document. Exploratory research gathers preliminary information to define a problem through secondary data review and qualitative interviews. Descriptive research aims to describe characteristics of people or environments. Research can be cross-sectional, collecting data at a point in time, or longitudinal, studying a sample over intervals. Conclusive research tests hypotheses quantitatively while fundamental research expands knowledge without immediate applications. Qualitative research explores reasons and motivations through discussion while quantitative research generalizes statistically from samples.
Research design involves planning how a research project will be conducted to ensure it is carried out in a systematic and organized manner. It helps researchers save time and resources by anticipating problems and decisions in advance. A good research design specifies the objectives of the study, how data will be collected and analyzed, and how findings will be reported. Key elements of research design include sampling, observations, statistics, and operational plans to implement the methodology. The design chosen depends on whether the goal is exploratory, descriptive, or causal research.
This document discusses research questions, their definition, importance, and characteristics of good research questions. It states that research problems are often posed as questions to focus the investigation. A good research question helps define and narrow the scope of the investigation. It should be researchable, significant, and ethical while considering the researcher's skills and resources. Good research questions are feasible, clear, significant, and ethical.
This PPT slide presentation deals with the Meaning of hypothesis, Types of hypothesis, Parameters of a good hypothesis, Importance of hypothesis, Source of hypothesis, Format of hypotheis & Formulation of testable hypothesis.
The document discusses various aspects of research design including:
1. Research design involves decisions about what, where, when, how much, and by what means to study a research problem.
2. Key parts of research design include sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design.
3. Experimental designs aim to establish cause-and-effect relationships through control and manipulation of variables while quasi-experimental and non-experimental designs do not involve manipulation.
The document discusses two types of educational research: descriptive research and survey research. Descriptive research aims to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon and focuses on "what" rather than "why". Survey research involves collecting data through surveys or questionnaires. Key points covered include characteristics and methods of descriptive research such as observational studies and case studies; examples of descriptive research topics; advantages and disadvantages. Survey research types like cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys are defined, as are their purposes, uses and steps in conducting survey research.
Formulation of Research problem
What is research problem?
A research problem is a specific issue, difficulty, contradiction, or gap in knowledge that we will aim to address in our research.
In other words, A research problem can be any question that we want to answer and any assumption or assertion that we want to challenge or investigate.
The formulation of a research problem is the most crucial part of the research journey as the quality and relevance of a research project entirely depends upon it.
The process of formulating a research problem consists of a number of steps. These are:
Step 1: Identify a broad field or subject area of interest.
Step 2: Dissect the broad areas into subareas
Step 3: Select what is of most interest to us.
Step 4: Raise research questions
Step 5: Formulate objectives
Step 6: Assess our objectives
Step 7: Double-check
This document discusses research design and different types of research designs. It defines research design as the conceptual structure and plan for conducting research to answer research questions. The main types of research designs covered are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and experimental. Exploratory design is used when little is known about a topic to discover variables and relationships. Descriptive design aims to describe phenomena by observing behaviors. Diagnostic design involves problem identification and finding causes. Experimental design tests hypotheses by manipulating variables and measuring outcomes. The document provides details on each design type, including their purposes and methodologies.
Research Gap: Situating Your Inquiry within the Study of the Topic Richa Srishti
This document discusses identifying research gaps in academic literature. It defines a research gap as a question or problem that existing studies have not answered in a research area. Research gaps are significant because they provide direction for novel contributions and establish credibility. The document outlines different types of research gaps, such as knowledge gaps, evidence gaps, and methodological gaps. It provides guidance on identifying gaps through exhaustive literature reviews and noting unexplored issues or limitations in previous works. Challenges in identifying gaps include the large amount of information and hesitation to challenge established ideas. The document recommends using a framework like a concept matrix to systematically characterize and verify gaps. It emphasizes highlighting previous relevant research and clearly justifying the need to address particular gaps.
The document discusses research design and provides details on different types of research designs. It begins by defining research design and outlines the key decisions that must be made, including what, where, when, how much, and how data will be collected and analyzed. It then discusses different types of research designs for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing studies. Specific methods for qualitative and quantitative research designs are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of case study research. It defines case study as a qualitative approach that focuses on a bounded system. Case study is not a methodological choice but a choice of what to study. It can be used to answer descriptive and explanatory questions. There are three main types of case studies: intrinsic, instrumental, and collective. Case studies are particularistic, descriptive, and heuristic. They involve collecting data through various techniques. Cross-site analysis strategies help compare multiple cases. Case studies have strengths like providing an in-depth understanding but also limitations such as subjectivity. Examples of famous case studies include studies of Genie the feral child and Jill Price.
Steps of Writing a Research Proposal
Most proposals should contain at least these elements:
Title Page
-1st Step : Introduction
-2nd Step : Review of Related Literature
-3rd Step : Research Design
-4th Step : Data Analysis & Expected Findings
-5th Step : Reference list or bibliography
-6th Step : Budget & Expected Schedule
Hypothesis types, formulation, and testingAneesa Ch
This document defines and describes different types of hypotheses used in quantitative research. It begins by defining a hypothesis as a prediction about the relationship between variables. There are two main types of hypotheses: the null hypothesis, which predicts no relationship, and the alternative hypothesis, which predicts a relationship. The alternative can be directional, specifying an expected direction of the relationship, or non-directional. For a hypothesis to be testable and useful for experimentation, it must be possible to prove it true or false and the results must be reproducible. The process of hypothesis testing involves stating the hypotheses, developing a test plan, analyzing data according to the plan, and rejecting or supporting the null hypothesis based on results.
Research methods refer to the tools and techniques used to undertake a research study, such as surveys, interviews, experiments, etc. Research methodology is the systematic approach and justification for using specific research methods. It ensures accurate and valid conclusions by clarifying the logic and reasons for choosing certain methods over others. Research methods are employed later in the research process to find solutions, while research methodology guides the initial process to determine the most appropriate methods.
This document discusses the process of conducting surveys. It defines what a survey is and lists its key characteristics. The document outlines the main steps in conducting a survey, which include: defining the problem, identifying the target population, choosing the data collection mode, selecting a sample, preparing the instrument, pretesting the instrument, and training interviewers. It also discusses different types of surveys, sampling techniques, question formats, and other considerations for designing an effective survey.
This document discusses different types of research design: exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory. Exploratory design is used to investigate a new area and form hypotheses. Descriptive design aims to describe a problem and its solutions. Methods include surveys, observations, and case studies. Explanatory design identifies causal links between variables through methods like literature reviews, in-depth interviews, and case analysis. The document emphasizes that research design provides a logical plan for conducting a study to maximize valid answers to research questions through the appropriate use of exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory approaches.
Exploratory and descriptive research michaelsmashbell5234
This document discusses exploratory and descriptive research. Exploratory research is conducted when a problem is not clearly defined, and helps determine the best research design. It aims to satisfy curiosity, test feasibility of further study, and develop methods. Descriptive research describes characteristics of a population or phenomenon, addressing the "what" question. It observes, describes, and documents aspects of a situation naturally occurring through questionnaires, interviews, and observation. Both research types draw only cautious conclusions given their fundamental nature.
This document discusses different types of study designs used in research. It begins by defining research and study design. There are two main types of study designs: observational studies and experimental/interventional studies. Observational studies include descriptive studies like case reports and case series, as well as analytical studies like cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies. Experimental studies manipulate variables and include randomized controlled trials. The document provides examples and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of each type of study design.
Research Meaning, Definition, Research Process, Types and MotivesRajaKrishnan M
This document discusses research methodology and was presented by S. Harithaa. It defines research as a systematic method for seeking answers to questions through data collection and analysis. The research process involves selecting a topic, reviewing literature, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, and drawing conclusions. Research has objectives like exploring phenomena, producing new knowledge, making discoveries or policies, and testing hypotheses. It is undertaken for motives such as obtaining degrees, solving problems, gaining knowledge, or contributing to society. There are four main types of research: descriptive vs analytical, quantitative vs qualitative, conceptual vs empirical, and applied vs fundamental.
This document outlines the steps for formulating a research problem:
1. Select a broad research area from literature and personal experience.
2. Review literature and theories to understand what has been done and how the research could expand knowledge or test theories.
3. Delimit the topic to a more specific research problem.
4. Evaluate the problem for significance, researchability, and feasibility considering factors like time, cost, and ethics.
5. Formulate a final statement of the research problem that is clear, concise, and measurable.
This document discusses different types of research and the research process. It describes two types of research: basic or pure research which aims to develop new knowledge, and applied research which focuses on applying existing theories. There are also two general methods: qualitative research which uses non-statistical analysis to understand underlying reasons and trends, and quantitative research which expresses data numerically and uses statistical analysis. The research process involves identifying a problem, formulating hypotheses to guide the study, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting conclusions.
This document discusses different types of descriptive research methods. Descriptive research aims to describe "what exists" with respect to current conditions or variables. Methods include surveys, correlation studies examining relationships between variables, and developmental studies analyzing changes over time. Descriptive research can be quantitative by collecting numerical data or qualitative by describing categories. It involves gathering and organizing data to depict and describe observations. Examples of descriptive studies ask questions about attitudes, activities, reactions, and changes over time.
The document outlines key aspects of research methodology including:
1. The objectives of research such as defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and evaluating data, making deductions, and testing conclusions.
2. The different types of research including descriptive, applied, quantitative, conceptual, empirical, qualitative, fundamental, and analytical research.
3. The methods of collecting data including primary methods like questionnaires, observations, interviews, and schedules and secondary methods of collecting published and unpublished data from various sources.
The document discusses hypotheses in research. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Hypotheses help translate research problems into clear predictions and guide investigation. They provide objectivity, direction for data collection, and goals for researchers. Well-stated hypotheses are testable, consistent with existing knowledge, and help establish a link between theory and empirical research. Different types of hypotheses, such as simple, complex, associative, causal, directional, and null hypotheses are described. Sources for developing hypotheses include theoretical frameworks, previous research findings, literature, and experiences.
The document discusses various types of research designs. It describes exploratory research design as research undertaken when little is known about a problem to gain background information and develop hypotheses. Descriptive research design aims to describe and measure phenomena at a point in time. Qualitative research design uses informal techniques to gather and analyze non-numerical data to understand perceptions and opinions. Interventional research design controls variables to test hypotheses and determine causal relationships.
This document discusses selecting and defining a research problem. It explains that a research problem needs to be clearly defined and operationalized using measurable variables. The selection process involves evaluating potential problems based on criteria like the researcher's background and available resources. Problems should be novel, solve a current issue, and allow further research. The document provides guidance on refining broad topics into narrow, specific research problems suitable for different research methods like historical, descriptive or experimental studies.
Correlational research examines relationships between two or more quantifiable variables without manipulating the variables. It involves collecting data from a sample of at least 30 participants to determine if a relationship exists and the degree of relationship. Positive correlations indicate that as one variable increases, the other also increases, while negative correlations show an inverse relationship. Correlation coefficients between -1 and +1 indicate the strength and direction of relationships. Common types of correlational research include natural observation, surveys, and analyzing archival data.
This document discusses various aspects of data analysis. It outlines the basic steps in research and data analysis, including identifying the problem, collecting data, analyzing and interpreting results. Both qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods are covered. Descriptive statistics are used to summarize data through measures like frequencies and central tendency. Inferential statistics allow generalization to populations through hypothesis testing using techniques like t-tests and chi-square tests. The document provides an overview of common statistical analysis methods and selecting the appropriate tests.
Research design provides a blueprint for conducting research and answering questions. It includes determining the problem being studied, how data will be collected and analyzed, and the types of research. There are different types of research designs based on their objectives, such as descriptive research that describes a situation, and exploratory research that investigates little known areas. Research methods can be quantitative using measurements and statistics, or qualitative using descriptions. Experimental research uses treatments and control groups, while survey research uses questionnaires. Proper research design is needed to efficiently answer research questions with minimal time and resources.
This document discusses research design and the fundamentals of quantitative and qualitative research methods. It defines research design as the "blueprint" that guides data collection, measurement, analysis and interpretation. The document distinguishes between quantitative research, which collects quantifiable data using methods like surveys, and qualitative research, which uses open-ended techniques like interviews to understand opinions and perspectives. It also provides examples of specific research design types and strategies that can be used such as descriptive, experimental and correlational designs for quantitative research and case studies, interviews and observations for qualitative research.
Research Gap: Situating Your Inquiry within the Study of the Topic Richa Srishti
This document discusses identifying research gaps in academic literature. It defines a research gap as a question or problem that existing studies have not answered in a research area. Research gaps are significant because they provide direction for novel contributions and establish credibility. The document outlines different types of research gaps, such as knowledge gaps, evidence gaps, and methodological gaps. It provides guidance on identifying gaps through exhaustive literature reviews and noting unexplored issues or limitations in previous works. Challenges in identifying gaps include the large amount of information and hesitation to challenge established ideas. The document recommends using a framework like a concept matrix to systematically characterize and verify gaps. It emphasizes highlighting previous relevant research and clearly justifying the need to address particular gaps.
The document discusses research design and provides details on different types of research designs. It begins by defining research design and outlines the key decisions that must be made, including what, where, when, how much, and how data will be collected and analyzed. It then discusses different types of research designs for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing studies. Specific methods for qualitative and quantitative research designs are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of case study research. It defines case study as a qualitative approach that focuses on a bounded system. Case study is not a methodological choice but a choice of what to study. It can be used to answer descriptive and explanatory questions. There are three main types of case studies: intrinsic, instrumental, and collective. Case studies are particularistic, descriptive, and heuristic. They involve collecting data through various techniques. Cross-site analysis strategies help compare multiple cases. Case studies have strengths like providing an in-depth understanding but also limitations such as subjectivity. Examples of famous case studies include studies of Genie the feral child and Jill Price.
Steps of Writing a Research Proposal
Most proposals should contain at least these elements:
Title Page
-1st Step : Introduction
-2nd Step : Review of Related Literature
-3rd Step : Research Design
-4th Step : Data Analysis & Expected Findings
-5th Step : Reference list or bibliography
-6th Step : Budget & Expected Schedule
Hypothesis types, formulation, and testingAneesa Ch
This document defines and describes different types of hypotheses used in quantitative research. It begins by defining a hypothesis as a prediction about the relationship between variables. There are two main types of hypotheses: the null hypothesis, which predicts no relationship, and the alternative hypothesis, which predicts a relationship. The alternative can be directional, specifying an expected direction of the relationship, or non-directional. For a hypothesis to be testable and useful for experimentation, it must be possible to prove it true or false and the results must be reproducible. The process of hypothesis testing involves stating the hypotheses, developing a test plan, analyzing data according to the plan, and rejecting or supporting the null hypothesis based on results.
Research methods refer to the tools and techniques used to undertake a research study, such as surveys, interviews, experiments, etc. Research methodology is the systematic approach and justification for using specific research methods. It ensures accurate and valid conclusions by clarifying the logic and reasons for choosing certain methods over others. Research methods are employed later in the research process to find solutions, while research methodology guides the initial process to determine the most appropriate methods.
This document discusses the process of conducting surveys. It defines what a survey is and lists its key characteristics. The document outlines the main steps in conducting a survey, which include: defining the problem, identifying the target population, choosing the data collection mode, selecting a sample, preparing the instrument, pretesting the instrument, and training interviewers. It also discusses different types of surveys, sampling techniques, question formats, and other considerations for designing an effective survey.
This document discusses different types of research design: exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory. Exploratory design is used to investigate a new area and form hypotheses. Descriptive design aims to describe a problem and its solutions. Methods include surveys, observations, and case studies. Explanatory design identifies causal links between variables through methods like literature reviews, in-depth interviews, and case analysis. The document emphasizes that research design provides a logical plan for conducting a study to maximize valid answers to research questions through the appropriate use of exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory approaches.
Exploratory and descriptive research michaelsmashbell5234
This document discusses exploratory and descriptive research. Exploratory research is conducted when a problem is not clearly defined, and helps determine the best research design. It aims to satisfy curiosity, test feasibility of further study, and develop methods. Descriptive research describes characteristics of a population or phenomenon, addressing the "what" question. It observes, describes, and documents aspects of a situation naturally occurring through questionnaires, interviews, and observation. Both research types draw only cautious conclusions given their fundamental nature.
This document discusses different types of study designs used in research. It begins by defining research and study design. There are two main types of study designs: observational studies and experimental/interventional studies. Observational studies include descriptive studies like case reports and case series, as well as analytical studies like cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies. Experimental studies manipulate variables and include randomized controlled trials. The document provides examples and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of each type of study design.
Research Meaning, Definition, Research Process, Types and MotivesRajaKrishnan M
This document discusses research methodology and was presented by S. Harithaa. It defines research as a systematic method for seeking answers to questions through data collection and analysis. The research process involves selecting a topic, reviewing literature, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, and drawing conclusions. Research has objectives like exploring phenomena, producing new knowledge, making discoveries or policies, and testing hypotheses. It is undertaken for motives such as obtaining degrees, solving problems, gaining knowledge, or contributing to society. There are four main types of research: descriptive vs analytical, quantitative vs qualitative, conceptual vs empirical, and applied vs fundamental.
This document outlines the steps for formulating a research problem:
1. Select a broad research area from literature and personal experience.
2. Review literature and theories to understand what has been done and how the research could expand knowledge or test theories.
3. Delimit the topic to a more specific research problem.
4. Evaluate the problem for significance, researchability, and feasibility considering factors like time, cost, and ethics.
5. Formulate a final statement of the research problem that is clear, concise, and measurable.
This document discusses different types of research and the research process. It describes two types of research: basic or pure research which aims to develop new knowledge, and applied research which focuses on applying existing theories. There are also two general methods: qualitative research which uses non-statistical analysis to understand underlying reasons and trends, and quantitative research which expresses data numerically and uses statistical analysis. The research process involves identifying a problem, formulating hypotheses to guide the study, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting conclusions.
This document discusses different types of descriptive research methods. Descriptive research aims to describe "what exists" with respect to current conditions or variables. Methods include surveys, correlation studies examining relationships between variables, and developmental studies analyzing changes over time. Descriptive research can be quantitative by collecting numerical data or qualitative by describing categories. It involves gathering and organizing data to depict and describe observations. Examples of descriptive studies ask questions about attitudes, activities, reactions, and changes over time.
The document outlines key aspects of research methodology including:
1. The objectives of research such as defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and evaluating data, making deductions, and testing conclusions.
2. The different types of research including descriptive, applied, quantitative, conceptual, empirical, qualitative, fundamental, and analytical research.
3. The methods of collecting data including primary methods like questionnaires, observations, interviews, and schedules and secondary methods of collecting published and unpublished data from various sources.
The document discusses hypotheses in research. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Hypotheses help translate research problems into clear predictions and guide investigation. They provide objectivity, direction for data collection, and goals for researchers. Well-stated hypotheses are testable, consistent with existing knowledge, and help establish a link between theory and empirical research. Different types of hypotheses, such as simple, complex, associative, causal, directional, and null hypotheses are described. Sources for developing hypotheses include theoretical frameworks, previous research findings, literature, and experiences.
The document discusses various types of research designs. It describes exploratory research design as research undertaken when little is known about a problem to gain background information and develop hypotheses. Descriptive research design aims to describe and measure phenomena at a point in time. Qualitative research design uses informal techniques to gather and analyze non-numerical data to understand perceptions and opinions. Interventional research design controls variables to test hypotheses and determine causal relationships.
This document discusses selecting and defining a research problem. It explains that a research problem needs to be clearly defined and operationalized using measurable variables. The selection process involves evaluating potential problems based on criteria like the researcher's background and available resources. Problems should be novel, solve a current issue, and allow further research. The document provides guidance on refining broad topics into narrow, specific research problems suitable for different research methods like historical, descriptive or experimental studies.
Correlational research examines relationships between two or more quantifiable variables without manipulating the variables. It involves collecting data from a sample of at least 30 participants to determine if a relationship exists and the degree of relationship. Positive correlations indicate that as one variable increases, the other also increases, while negative correlations show an inverse relationship. Correlation coefficients between -1 and +1 indicate the strength and direction of relationships. Common types of correlational research include natural observation, surveys, and analyzing archival data.
This document discusses various aspects of data analysis. It outlines the basic steps in research and data analysis, including identifying the problem, collecting data, analyzing and interpreting results. Both qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods are covered. Descriptive statistics are used to summarize data through measures like frequencies and central tendency. Inferential statistics allow generalization to populations through hypothesis testing using techniques like t-tests and chi-square tests. The document provides an overview of common statistical analysis methods and selecting the appropriate tests.
Research design provides a blueprint for conducting research and answering questions. It includes determining the problem being studied, how data will be collected and analyzed, and the types of research. There are different types of research designs based on their objectives, such as descriptive research that describes a situation, and exploratory research that investigates little known areas. Research methods can be quantitative using measurements and statistics, or qualitative using descriptions. Experimental research uses treatments and control groups, while survey research uses questionnaires. Proper research design is needed to efficiently answer research questions with minimal time and resources.
This document discusses research design and the fundamentals of quantitative and qualitative research methods. It defines research design as the "blueprint" that guides data collection, measurement, analysis and interpretation. The document distinguishes between quantitative research, which collects quantifiable data using methods like surveys, and qualitative research, which uses open-ended techniques like interviews to understand opinions and perspectives. It also provides examples of specific research design types and strategies that can be used such as descriptive, experimental and correlational designs for quantitative research and case studies, interviews and observations for qualitative research.
Research Design constitute blue print for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
Types of Research Designs and How to select good Research Design.
The document discusses research design. It defines research design as a procedural plan that helps researchers answer questions objectively and economically. A good research design specifies objectives and hypotheses, relevant data sources, and methods for collecting and analyzing data. It minimizes bias while maximizing reliability. The document outlines key aspects of research design including topic selection, reviewing past designs, sampling techniques, data collection methods, analysis tools, and reporting. It also discusses different types of study designs such as cross-sectional, before-after, and longitudinal studies.
RESEARCH APPROACHES AND DESIGNS
A Research design is the framework or guide used for the planning, implementation and analysis of a study. It is a systematic plan of what is to be done, how it will be done and how the data will be analyzed.
ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design is also known as a blueprint thatresearchers select to carry out their research study,sometimes research design is used interchangeably withthe term methodology. Research design includes majorelements like:
The Approach
The Population, Sample and Sampling Technique
The Time, Place and Sources of Data collection
Tools and methods of data collection
Methods of data analysis
Research. MEthedology proposal and pharmacy relatedpptxjiropharm
This document provides an overview of the research process. It discusses that research is a systematic investigation to discover new information and solve problems. The key steps of the research process are: 1) formulating the research problem, 2) conducting a literature review, 3) developing hypotheses, 4) designing the study, 5) determining the sample, 6) collecting data, 7) analyzing data, 8) testing hypotheses, and 9) reporting results. The document also describes different types of research and emphasizes that the research process must be rigorous, systematic, and data-driven.
This document discusses research design and provides examples of commonly used designs. It begins by defining a research design as a framework that provides procedures to obtain needed information to address research problems. It then lists typical components of a research design such as defining needed information and developing a data analysis plan. Several study designs are described including cross-sectional, before-after, longitudinal, retrospective, prospective, experimental, and quasi-experimental. Additional designs like action research, case studies, trend studies, cohort studies, panel studies, blind studies, and double-blind studies are also overviewed.
The document discusses various aspects of research design including:
1. Types of research designs such as cross-sectional studies, before-and-after studies, and longitudinal studies which differ based on timing and data collection.
2. Key elements of research design including identifying the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.
3. Additional design considerations like the reference period, experimental vs. non-experimental studies, and retrospective, prospective, or combined retrospective-prospective approaches.
Dr. Balamurugan_Research Process_Bala.pdfBalamurugan M
The research process involves several steps:
1. Formulating the research problem by understanding the issue thoroughly through literature review and discussions.
2. Conducting an extensive literature review on the topic.
3. Developing a hypothesis to guide the research by examining previous studies and data.
The other steps include preparing a research design, determining a sample, collecting and analyzing data, testing the hypothesis, and preparing a report on the findings. The steps do not always follow a linear order and the researcher must anticipate how each step informs the next throughout the process.
The document outlines the steps in the research process, which are: defining the research problem, reviewing previous literature, formulating hypotheses, designing the research, collecting data, analyzing data, and interpreting and reporting findings. It discusses each step in more detail, covering topics like reviewing concepts and theories, different research designs and sampling techniques, methods of data collection, analysis and interpretation.
The document outlines the steps in the research process, which are: defining the research problem, reviewing previous literature, formulating hypotheses, designing the research, collecting data, analyzing data, and interpreting and reporting findings. It discusses each step in more detail, covering topics like reviewing concepts and theories, different research designs and sampling techniques, methods of data collection, types of data analysis, and interpreting findings to develop theories.
This document discusses various methods of data collection for research. It begins by defining data collection as the process of systematically gathering and measuring information to answer research questions and test hypotheses. It then covers the main types of data (qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods) and their characteristics. A number of specific primary and secondary data collection methods are outlined, including questionnaires, interviews, observations, experiments, and existing records/documents. Key points about ensuring high quality data collection through appropriate instruments and instructions are also made.
The document outlines the key steps in research methodology, including establishing the need for research, defining the problem, establishing research objectives and hypotheses, determining the research design, identifying data sources and collection methods, determining sample size and data collection plans, collecting and analyzing data, and presenting the final research report. It discusses various research designs like exploratory, descriptive, causal research and cross-sectional and longitudinal designs. It also covers topics like qualitative vs quantitative research, measurement and scaling, and the primary scales of measurement - nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scales.
This document provides an overview of different research designs. It begins with defining key terms like research, research design, and research process. It then outlines both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. For qualitative approaches, it describes narrative research, grounded theory, ethnography, and case study designs. For quantitative approaches, it explains experimental, correlational, survey, and action research designs. It provides details on the purpose, processes, and conclusions that can be drawn from these different research methodologies.
The document provides guidelines for project work for the PGCM program at All India Management Association. It outlines the course curriculum for the first and second semesters of the Public Accounting and Finance specializations. It also details the research process for the GM100 project work, including problem definition, research design, data collection and analysis, and report preparation. Key deadlines for project milestones like topic selection, synopsis submission, and final project are provided. Research design types like exploratory, descriptive, and causal research are defined. Different data collection methods like surveys, case studies, and longitudinal vs. cross-sectional designs are also summarized.
This document outlines the key aspects of research including: defining research as a systematic process of investigating a problem through collecting data to answer a question; describing the main types of research such as fundamental, quantitative, applied, and qualitative; and explaining the common steps of research such as formulating the problem, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting results. The overall goal of research is to increase knowledge and understanding of a topic.
This document discusses research design and its importance. It defines research design as a master plan for collecting and analyzing information about a research problem. An effective research design answers key questions, provides structure and prevents blind searches. It should specify data sources and collection methods, and include time and cost considerations. The document also outlines different types of research design including exploratory, descriptive, and causal/experimental designs. It provides examples to illustrate when each type would be used and discusses key areas of decision making in developing a research design.
Mixed methods research combines both qualitative and quantitative research approaches and methods. There are four main types of mixed methods designs: triangulation design, embedded design, explanatory design, and exploratory design. The triangulation design concurrently collects and analyzes quantitative and qualitative data to compare or validate results. The embedded design has one data type play a supportive role to the other. The explanatory design uses qualitative data to explain initial quantitative results, while the exploratory design uses qualitative data to develop instruments for a subsequent quantitative phase. Mixed methods research provides a more comprehensive understanding of research problems than a single method alone.
This document discusses different methods of data collection. It defines data collection as the process of systematically gathering and measuring information on variables of interest in order to answer research questions and test hypotheses. The two main types of data are qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative data is non-numerical, descriptive data often in the form of words, while quantitative data is numerical and can be mathematically computed. Common qualitative methods include interviews and focus groups, while quantitative methods include surveys, experiments, and observational studies. The document also discusses mixed methods research, which combines qualitative and quantitative approaches.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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2. Introduction: Research Design
• A Research Design is a procedural plan that is
adopted by the researcher to answer questions
validly, objectively, accurately and economically.
• Research Design is considered as a “blueprint” for
research, dealing with at least four problems:
(According to Philiber, Schwab, & Samsloss, 1980)
1. Which questions to study,
2. Which data are relevant,
3. What data to collect, and
4. How to analysis the result
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3. Objectives of this Presentation
• To understand what Research Design Means
• The need for framing Research Design
• To understand the functions of Research Design
• The types of Quantitative and Qualitative
Research Design
• Features of Good Design
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4. Content
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1 • Definition of Research Design
2 • Meaning of Research
3 • Functions of Research Design
4 • Selecting a Study Design
5 • Features of Good Design
6 • Summary
5. 1. Definition of Research Design
• A research design is a plan, structure and strategy of
investigation, so conceived as to obtain answer to
research questions or problems. The plan is the
complete program of the research. It includes an
outline of what the investigator will do from writing
the hypothesis and their operational implications to
the final analysis of data. – Kerlinger, 1986.
• A traditional research design is the blue-print or
detailed plan for how a research study is to be
completed – operationalizing variables so they can
be measured, selecting a sample of interest to study,
collecting data to be used as a basis for testing
hypothesis and analyzing the results – Thyer 1993.
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6. 2. Meaning of Research Design
• A procedural plan that is adopted by the researcher
to answer questions validly, objectively, accurately
and economically.
• A research design is the arrangement of conditions
for collection and analysis of data in a manner that
aims to combine relevance to the research purpose
with economy in procedure (According to Seltiz,
Deutsch and Cook, 1962)
• Through research design researcher decides to
communicate to others on the decision regarding
the study design that propose to use, how the
information has been collected, analyzed, and how
the findings would be addressed.
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7. 3. Functions of Research Design
• There are two main Functions of Research
Design:
1. Identification and development of procedures and
logical arrangements required to undertake a study
2. To emphasize the importance of quality in these
procedures to ensure their validity.
• One of the most important requirements of
Research Design is to specify everything clearly,
this helps the reader to understand what
procedures to follow and how to follow them.
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8. In Brief Research Design must contain the following,
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A clear statement of the
Research Problem
Procedure and Techniques for
gathering information
Population to be Studied
Methods to be used in
Processing & Analyzing Data
9. 4. Selecting the Study Design
• Difference Between Quantitative & Qualitative
Research Design
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Qualitative
Qualitative research studies are
focused on difference in quality.
Results are in words or pictures
rather than numbers.
Have fewer participants than
quantitative studies because
the depth of the data collection
does not allow for large number
of participants.
Quantitative
Quantitative research focuses on
numbers or quantities.
Results are based on numeric
analysis and statistics.
Often, these studies have many
participants.
It is ideal to have a large number
of participants because this gives
analysis more statistical power.
10. Study Design in Quantitative Research: 3
Types
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Number of Contact
with the Population
Reference Period
Nature of
Investigation
Quantitative Research
11. Study Design based on the number of contact
with the population: 3 Types
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Cross Sectional
Before & After
Longitudinal
12. A.Cross-sectional Studies
• Cross-sectional Studies: Best suited to studies
aimed at finding out the prevalence of a
phenomenon by taking the cross section of the
population (an overall picture)
– Cross-sectional studies are observational in nature
and are known as Descriptive Research
– Researchers record the information that is present in
a population, but they do not manipulate variables.
– This type of research can be used to describe
characteristics that exist in a population
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13. B. Before & After
• Before & After Study design: It can measure change in the situation or
phenomenon. An appropriate design for measuring the impact of a
program. This can described as two sets of cross-sectional data
collection points on the same population, between two points in a time.
• Eg. Website – Client, Natural Logic
• Before: The Christmas Warehouse, the website owner wanted to drive
more traffic to their website and make more sales. As the visitors to the
site gradually declined.
• Project: Redesigning the Christmas Warehouse Website after
measuring the impact of the website.
• After: As part of the whole online strategy, the website was designed in
such a way that it was more appealing and directed customers through
the site making it easier to find what they were looking for.
• Output: Sales increased 25% from the previous Christmas period and
they had twice the amount of visitors to the site.
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14. C. Longitudinal Study Design
• To determine the pattern of change in relation to
time. Useful to collect the factual information on a
continuing basis (study area is visited number of
times at regular interval)
• In longitudinal study the population is visited
number of times at regular intervals, usually over a
long period, to collect the required information.
• Intervals might be as short as a week or longer than
a year.
• Irrespective of the size of the interval, the type of
information gathered each time is identical.
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15. Study Design based on Reference Period: 3
Types
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1. Retrospective
2. Prospective
3. Retro-
Prospective
16. Study Design based on Reference Period:
Timeframe in which the study is exploring
1. Retrospective Study: investigates a phenomena that has
happened in past. A retrospective study is a longitudinal
study that looks back in time. E.g. A researcher may look
up the medical records of previous years to look for a
trend.
2. Prospective Study: likely preference in of a phenomena
or outcome in the future. E.g. The Nurses’ Health Study
in Australia is a good example of a prospective cohort
study. In this study, groups of nurses have been followed
for over 30 years to see how various factors – including
smoking, hormone levels, and exercise – after their long
term health.
3. Retrospective-Prospective Study: focus on the past
trends in a phenomena and study it into the future.
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17. Study based on the nature of investigation
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1.
Experimental
2. Non-
Experimental
3. Semi-
Experimental
18. Study based on the nature of investigation
1. Experimental Study: First path i.e. starting from
the cause to establish the effects (Involving
researcher to assume changes).
2. Non-Experimental Study: Second path i.e.
starting from effects to trace the cause
(Researcher observing a phenomenon and
attempting to establish what caused it).
3. Semi-Experimental Study: Has the properties of
both the experimental and non-experimental
studies.
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19. II Study Design in Qualitative Research
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1. Case Study
3. Focus
Groups/ Group
Interviews
2. Oral History
20. Study Design in Qualitative Research
1. Case Study: A group, community, sub-group of the
population. It is an approach in which a particular
instance or a carefully selected cases are studied
intensively.
2. Oral History: Is more a data collection than a study
design. It is a process of obtaining, recording,
presenting and interpretting historical or current
information, based upon personal expericnes of a
study group.
3. Focus Groups/ Group Interviews: Researcher raise
issues or asks questions that stimulate discussion
among members of the group.
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21. 5. Features of Good Design
• Flexible, appropriate, efficient, economical
• Design which minimize Bias
• Maximizes the reliability of the Data collected
• Design which gives smallest experimental error.
• Design which yields maximal information and
provides an opportunity for considering many
aspects of problem.
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22. Research Plan
• Research Objective: Clear; One/Double Line
• What information to obtained for solving Problem
• Major concept should be defined in operational term
• Plan should contain Methods to be used for solving
problem.
• Techniques to be adopted: Procedure for quantifying the
Data
• Clear mention of population to be studied
• Statistical methods used for processing the data
• Result of Pilot Test; Time; Cost should also be included in
the Research Plan.
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23. Summary of the Key Points
• A research design is a procedural plan that is adopted by the researcher
to answer questions validly, objectively, accurately and economically.
• The best design depends on the research question as well as the
orientation of the researcher.
• One of the most important requirements of research design is to
specify everything clearly, this help the reader to understand what
procedures to follow and how to follow them.
• There are two types of study design: quantitative research design and
qualitative research design.
• Quantitative research design: study design based on the number of
contact with the population; study design based on reference period:
Timeframe in which the study is exploring; Study based on the nature of
investigation.
• Qualitative Research design: Case Study; Oral History; Focus Groups/
Group Interviews
• A Good Design is often characterized by adjectives like flexible,
appropriate, efficient, economical etc.
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25. Discussion Question
• What are the main functions of a research
design?
• What are the differences between quantitative
and qualitative study designs?
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26. Exercise
• Draw a diagram of your study
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As we saw from the Aids-Floridation example, the above two are not enough.
We try to do it primarily through (statistical control and sample selection) to a lesser degree.