2. What Did We Learn In Lecture
01?
What Is Research?
What Is Business Research?
What Isn’t Research?
Characteristics Of Research
Kinds Of Research
Basic Or Pure Research
Applied Research
5. Exploratory research is most commonly unstructured,
“informal” research that is undertaken to gain
background information about the general nature of the
research problem.
Exploratory research is usually conducted when the
researcher does not know much about the problem
and needs additional information or desires new or more
recent information.
6. Continued……….
Initial research conducted to clarify and define the nature
of a problem
Does not provide conclusive evidence
Subsequent research expected
7. Why Conduct Exploratory
Research
Diagnose a situation
Screening of alternatives
Discover new ideas
8. Uses of Exploratory Research
Formulate a problem or define a problem more precisely
Identify alternative courses of action
Develop hypotheses
Isolate key variables and relationships for further
examination
Gain insights for developing an approach to the problem
Establish priorities for further research
9. Methods For Exploratory
Research
A variety of methods are available
to conduct exploratory research:
Secondary Data Analysis
Experience Surveys
Case Analysis
Focus Groups
Projective Techniques
11. Descriptive research is undertaken to provide answers to
questions of who, what, where, when, and how –
but not why.
Describes characteristics of a population or phenomenon
Some understanding of the nature of the problem
Two basic classifications:
Cross-sectional studies
Longitudinal studies
12. Cross-sectional Studies
Cross-sectional studies measure units from a sample of
the population at only one point in time.
Sample surveys are cross-sectional studies whose
samples are drawn in such a way as to be representative
of a specific population.
On-line survey research is being used to collect data for
cross-sectional surveys at a faster rate of speed.
13. Longitudinal Studies
Longitudinal studies repeatedly draw sample units of a
population over time.
One method is to draw different units from the same
sampling frame.
A second method is to use a “panel” where the same
people are asked to respond periodically.
On-line survey research firms recruit panel members to
respond to online queries.
14. Use of Descriptive Research
To describe the characteristics of relevant groups, such as
consumers, salespeople, organizations, or market areas.
To estimate the percentage of units in a specified
population exhibiting a certain behavior.
To determine the perceptions of product characteristics.
To determine the degree to which marketing variables are
associated.
To make specific predictions
16. Exploratory Research
Designed to generate basic knowledge, clarify relevant issues
uncover variables associated with a problem, uncover
information needs, and/or define alternatives for addressing
research objectives.
A very flexible, open-ended process.
Descriptive Research (who, what, where, how)
Designed to provide further insight into the research problem
by describing the variables of interest.
Can be used for profiling, defining, segmentation, estimating,
predicting, and examining associative relationships.
17. Exploratory Descriptive
Discovery of ideas and Describe characteristics or
Objective insights functions marked by the prior
formulation of specific
hypotheses
Flexible, versatile Preplanned and structured
Characteristics Often the front end of total design
research design
Expert surveys Secondary data
Methods Pilot surveys Surveys
Secondary data Panels
Qualitative research Observation and other data
19. Definition
Whether and to what degree variables are related
Purpose
Determine relationships
Make predictions
Limitation
Cannot indicate cause and effect
20. Correlational research are studies that are often conducted to
test the reliability and predictive validity of instruments used for
division making concerning selection of individuals for the
likely success in a course of study or a specific job.
Some authors consider this research as a type of descriptive
research, since it describes the current conditions in a
situation. However, the difference lies in the nature of
conditions studies.
A correlational study describes in quantitative terms the
degree to which the variables are related.
21. Why the Correlational Research?
Determine the strength of
the relationship between
two or more variables.
Determine the direction of
the relationship.
Positive.
Negative.
22. Purpose of Correlational
Research
Correlational studies are carried out to explain important
human behavior or to predict likely outcomes (identify
relationships among variables).
If a relationship of sufficient magnitude exists between
two variables, it becomes possible to predict a score on
either variable if a score on the other variable is known
(Prediction Studies).
The variable that is used to make the prediction is called
the predictor variable.
23. Continued……….
The variable about which the prediction is made is called
the criterion variable.
Both scatter plots and regression lines are used in
correlational studies to predict a score on a criterion
variable
24. Correlation Coefficient
Ranges from –1.00 to +1.00
The number indicates the strength of the relationship.
The sign indicates whether the relationship is positive or
negative.
Does NOT indicate causality.
25. Examples
What is the relationship between T.V. violence and
aggressive behavior ?
This study is to determine the predictive ability of high
school grade point average (GPA) to forecast first to
fourth year College GPA.
26. Summary
Correlational research is also known as associational
research.
Relationships among two or more variables are studied
without any attempt to influence them.
Investigates the possibility of relationships between two
variables.
There is no manipulation of variables in correlational
research.
28. A research in which the principal objective is to
know and understand the trait and mechanisms of
the relationship and association between the
independent and dependent variable.
29. Purpose of Explanatory
Research
Explain things not just reporting. Why? Elaborate and
enrich a theory's explanation.
Determine which of several explanations is best.
Determine the accuracy of the theory; test a theory's
predictions or principle.
Advance knowledge about underlying process.
30. Continued…….
Build and elaborate a theory; elaborate and enrich a
theory's predictions or principle.
Extend a theory or principle to new areas, new issues,
and new topics:
Provide evidence to support or refute an explanation or
prediction.
Test a theory's predictions or principles.
