3. Forms of presentation
1. Textual or Descriptive
presentation
2. Tabular presentation
3. Diagrammatic
presentation
4. 1. Textual presentation of Data
In textual presentation, data are described within
the text. When the quantity of data is not too
large this form of presentation is more suitable.
Ex-US has been rejecting more than
Ex-US has been rejecting more than
40% of claims submitted by Pakistan
40% of claims submitted by Pakistan
for services rendered in Afghanistan
for services rendered in Afghanistan
leading to sparring b/w the two
leading to sparring b/w the two
countries, the Wall Street Journal
countries, the Wall Street Journal
reported.
reported.
5. 2. Tabular Presentation of Data
In a tabular presentation, data
are presented in rows and
columns.
The most important advantage
of tabulation is that it
organizes data for further
stastical treatment and
decision-making.
7. Kinds of
Kinds of Tabular
Tabular
Presentation
Presentation
•Qualitative
Qualitative
•Quantitative
Quantitative
•Temporal
Temporal
•Spatial
Spatial
8. When classification
When classification
is done according
is done according
to qualitative
to qualitative
characteristics
characteristics
like social status,
like social status,
nationality, etc.,
nationality, etc.,
it is called
it is called
qualitative
qualitative
classification
classification
Ex- Literacy rate in
Ex- Literacy rate in
Bihar by sex and
Bihar by sex and
location(%)
location(%)
Sex Rural Urban Total
Male 57.70 80.80 60.32
Femal
e
30.03 63.30 33.57
Total 44.42 63.30 33.57
TABLE 02
TABLE 02
9. In quantitative classification, the data are
classified on the basis of characteristics
which are quantitative in nature means
which can be measured in quantitatively.
Classes are formed by assigning limits
called class limits for the values of the
characteristics under consideration.
Ex-
10. Marks
Marks No. of students
No. of students
0-10
0-10 4
4
10-20
10-20 8
8
20-30
20-30 15
15
30-40
30-40 20
20
40-50
40-50 13
13
Total
Total 60
60
Distribution of students responded by their marks
TABLE 03
TABLE 03
11. In this classification time becomes the
In this classification time becomes the
classifying variable and data are
classifying variable and data are
categorized according to time. Time may
categorized according to time. Time may
be in hours, days, weeks, months, years,
be in hours, days, weeks, months, years,
etc. Ex-
etc. Ex-
Year Production (in units)
1980 580
1990 682
2000 978
2010 1215
TABLE 04
TABLE 04
Production of India in different Years
Production of India in different Years
12. In Spatial
classification
the data are
classified with
reference to
geographical
locations such
as countries,
states, cities,
districts, etc.
Country
Country Yield of
Yield of
wheat
wheat
(kg/acre)
(kg/acre)
America
America 1925
1925
Brazil
Brazil 127
127
China
China 893
893
Denmar
Denmar
k
k
225
225
India
India 862
862
TABLE 05
TABLE 05
13. Tabulation of Data And Parts of a
Tabulation of Data And Parts of a
table
table
• Table Number
Table Number
• Title
Title
• Captions or Column
Captions or Column
Headings
Headings
• Stubs Or Row Headings
Stubs Or Row Headings
• Body of the table
Body of the table
• Unit of Measurement
Unit of Measurement
• Source
Source
14. • Table Number:-
Table Number:-Table no. is assigned to a
table for identification purpose. It is given
at the top or at the beginning of the table.
• Title:-
Title:-The title of a table has to be very
clear, brief and carefully worded which
narrates about the contents of the table. It
finds place at the head of the table.
• Captions:-
Captions:-At the top of each column in a
table a Column designation is given to
explain figures of the column.
• Stubs:-
Stubs:-Each row has to be given a heading
at the top. It may also be given at the left
hand top in the table.
15. • Body :-
Body :-Body of the table contains the
actual data. Location of any one data in
the table is fixed and determined by the
row and column.
• Unit:-
Unit:-The unit of measurement of the fig.
in the table should always be stated
alongwith the title.
• Source:-
Source:-It is brief statement indicating
the source of data presented in the data.
It is generally written at the bottom.
• Foot Note:-
Foot Note:-Note explains the specific
16. No. of
students
Arts Commerce Science Total
Boys 25 15 30 70
Girls 05 35 10 50
Total 30 50 40 120
Students of class 11th
belongs to different streams
TABLE
TABLE 06
06
Source: School Record
Table NO.
Title
Captions
Stubs
Source
Body
17. Diagrammatic Presentation of
Data
Diagrammatic Presentation of data translates
Diagrammatic Presentation of data translates
quite effectively the highly abstract ideas
quite effectively the highly abstract ideas
contained in numbers into more concrete and
contained in numbers into more concrete and
easily comprehensible form. Diagrams may be
easily comprehensible form. Diagrams may be
less accurate but are much more effective
less accurate but are much more effective
than tables in presenting the data.
than tables in presenting the data.
19. Bar Diagram
Bar Diagram
Bar diagram
Bar diagram
comprises a group of
comprises a group of
equispaced &
equispaced &
equiwidth
equiwidth
rectangular bars for
rectangular bars for
each class or
each class or
category of data.
category of data.
Bar diagrams are
Bar diagrams are
more convenient for
more convenient for
non-frequency data
non-frequency data
such as income-
such as income-
expenditure profile,
expenditure profile,
export/import etc.
export/import etc.
Ye
ar
Production
(in units)
198
0
580
199
0
682
200 978
Ex- Table 04
Ex- Table 04
21. •Multiple Bar Diagram
Multiple Bar Diagram
Multiple Bar diagram
Multiple Bar diagram
are used for comparing
are used for comparing
two or more sets of
two or more sets of
data, for example
data, for example
income and
income and
expenditure or export
expenditure or export
and export for
and export for
different years, marks
different years, marks
obtained in different
obtained in different
subjects in different
subjects in different
classes.
classes.
Ex- Table 06
Ex- Table 06
No.
No.
of
of
stud
stud
ents
ents
Ar
Ar
ts
ts
Comm
Comm
erce
erce
Scien
Scien
ce
ce
Tota
Tota
l
l
Boy
Boy
s
s
25
25 15
15 30
30 70
70
Girl
Girl
s
s
05
05 35
35 10
10 50
50
Tot
Tot
al
al
30
30 50
50 40
40 120
120
23. •Component Bar Diagram
Component Bar Diagram
Component Bar
Component Bar
diagram or charts
diagram or charts
also called sub-
also called sub-
diagrams, are very
diagrams, are very
useful in comparing
useful in comparing
the sizes of
the sizes of
different
different
components parts
components parts
and also throwing
and also throwing
light on the
light on the
relationship among
relationship among
Yea
Yea
rs
rs
Imp
Imp
orts
orts
Expo
Expo
rts
rts
Tota
Tota
l
l
198
198
4
4
295
295
5
5
2523
2523 547
547
8
8
198
198
5
5
451
451
9
9
3329
3329 784
784
8
8
198
198
6
6
526
526
5
5
4049
4049 931
931
4
4
Ex- Table 07
Ex- Table 07
24. Impor/Export of total production
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
1984
1985
1986
1987
Years
Import/export
Import
Export
25. Pie Diagram
A pie diagram is also a
A pie diagram is also a
component diagram,
component diagram,
but unlike
but unlike
component bar
component bar
diagram, a
diagram, a
circle whose area is
circle whose area is
proportionally
proportionally
divided among the
divided among the
components
components
represents.
represents.
Ex- Table 08
Ex- Table 08
Items of
Items of
Expendit
Expendit
ure
ure
%age
%age
Food
Food 60
60
Clothing
Clothing 15
15
Housing
Housing 10
10
Fuel
Fuel 12
12
Others
Others 03
03
27. Frequency Diagram
Frequency Diagram
Data in the form of grouped frequency
Data in the form of grouped frequency
distributions are generally represented
distributions are generally represented
by frequency diagram.
by frequency diagram.
•Histogram:-
Histogram:-It is a two
It is a two
dimensional diagram. It is a set
dimensional diagram. It is a set
of rectangles with bases as the
of rectangles with bases as the
intervals between class
intervals between class
boundaries and with areas
boundaries and with areas
proportional to the class
proportional to the class
28. Marks
Marks No. of
No. of
students
students
0-20
0-20 05
05
20-40
20-40 10
10
40-60
40-60 07
07
60-80
60-80 04
04
80-100
80-100 09
09
Total
Total 35
35
Ex- Table 09
Ex- Table 09
Marks obtained by 35 students
Marks obtained by 35 students
29. Marks Obtained by 35 students
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100
Marks
No.
of
students
No. of students
30. •Frequency Polygon
Frequency Polygon
A frequency polygon is a plane bounded
A frequency polygon is a plane bounded
by straight lines, usually four or more
by straight lines, usually four or more
lines. Frequency polygon is an
lines. Frequency polygon is an
alternative to histogram and is also
alternative to histogram and is also
derived from histogram itself. The
derived from histogram itself. The
simplest method of drawing a
simplest method of drawing a
frequency polygon is to join the
frequency polygon is to join the
midpoints of the topside of the
midpoints of the topside of the
consecutive rectangles of the
consecutive rectangles of the
histogram. Frequency polygon is the
histogram. Frequency polygon is the
31. Marks
Marks Frequency
Frequency
0-10
0-10 1
1
10-20
10-20 4
4
20-30
20-30 5
5
30-40
30-40 6
6
40-50
40-50 7
7
50-60
50-60 6
6
60-70
60-70 3
3
70-80
70-80 2
2
Total
Total 34
34
Ex- Table 10
Ex- Table 10
Marks obtained by 34 students
Marks obtained by 34 students
32. Marks obtained by 34 students
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0-10 10_20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90
Marks
No.of
students
Frequency
Polygon
33. •Frequency Curve
Frequency Curve
The frequency Curve is
The frequency Curve is
obtained by drawing a
obtained by drawing a
smooth freehand curve
smooth freehand curve
passing through the
passing through the
points of the frequency
points of the frequency
polygon as closely as
polygon as closely as
possible. It may
possible. It may
necessarily pass
necessarily pass
through all the points
through all the points
but it passes through
but it passes through
them as closely as
them as closely as
X
X F
F
2.5
2.5 8
8
7.5
7.5 20
20
12.5
12.5 36
36
17.5
17.5 15
15
22.5
22.5 4
4
Ex- Table 11
Ex- Table 11
35. •Ogive
Ogive
Ogive is also called
Ogive is also called
cumulative frequency
cumulative frequency
curve. As there are 2
curve. As there are 2
types of cumulative
types of cumulative
frequencies, for
frequencies, for
example less than type
example less than type
and more than type,
and more than type,
accordingly there are
accordingly there are
two for any grouped
two for any grouped
frequency distribution
frequency distribution
data. The intersection
data. The intersection
point of the two
point of the two
ogives gives us the
ogives gives us the
Class-
Class-
Interval
Interval
Frequenc
Frequenc
y
y
10-20
10-20 15
15
20-30
20-30 17.5
17.5
30-40
30-40 17.5
17.5
40-50
40-50 16.25
16.25
50-60
50-60 16.25
16.25
60-70
60-70 16.25
16.25
70-80
70-80 16.25
16.25
80-90
80-90 2.5
2.5
90-100
90-100 2.5
2.5
36. Class Interval
Class Interval Frequency
Frequency
Less than or equal to20
Less than or equal to20 15
15
Less than or equal to30
Less than or equal to30 32.5
32.5
Less than or equal to40
Less than or equal to40 50
50
Less than or equal to50
Less than or equal to50 66.25
66.25
Less than or equal to60
Less than or equal to60 82.5
82.5
Less than or equal to 70
Less than or equal to 70 98.75
98.75
Less than or equal to 80
Less than or equal to 80 115
115
Less than or equal to 90
Less than or equal to 90 117.5
117.5
Less than or equal to 100
Less than or equal to 100 120
120
Table (Less than)
Table (Less than)
38. Class Interval
Class Interval Freque
Freque
ncy
ncy
More than or
More than or
equal to 10
equal to 10
120
120
More than or
More than or
equal to 20
equal to 20
105
105
More than or
More than or
equal to 30
equal to 30
87.5
87.5
More than or
More than or
equal to 40
equal to 40
70
70
Table (More
than)
41. Arithmetic Line Graph
A Arithmetic line graph is
A Arithmetic line graph is
also called time series
also called time series
graph and is a method
graph and is a method
of diagrammatic
of diagrammatic
presentation of data. It
presentation of data. It
helps in understanding
helps in understanding
the trend, periodicity,
the trend, periodicity,
etc. in a long term time
etc. in a long term time
series data.
series data.
Yea
Yea
rs
rs
Imp
Imp
orts
orts
Expo
Expo
rts
rts
Tota
Tota
l
l
198
198
4
4
295
295
5
5
252
252
3
3
547
547
8
8
198
198
5
5
451
451
9
9
332
332
9
9
784
784
8
8
198
198
6
6
526
526
5
5
404
404
9
9
931
931
4
4
