This document discusses different forms of presenting data, including textual, tabular, and diagrammatic presentations. It provides details on various types of tabular presentations such as qualitative, quantitative, temporal, and spatial classifications. It also discusses common diagrammatic presentations like bar diagrams, pie charts, histograms, frequency polygons, frequency curves, and ogives. Key advantages and examples of each method are provided. Overall, the document provides an overview of different ways to organize and visually display data through tables and diagrams.

2. Topic

3. Forms of presentation
1. Textual or Descriptive
presentation
2. Tabular presentation
3. Diagrammatic
presentation

4. 1. Textual presentation of Data
In textual presentation, data are described within
the text. When the quantity of data is not too
large this form of presentation is more suitable.
Ex-US has been rejecting more thanEx-US has been rejecting more than
40% of claims submitted by Pakistan40% of claims submitted by Pakistan
for services rendered in Afghanistanfor services rendered in Afghanistan
leading to sparring b/w the twoleading to sparring b/w the two
countries, the Wall Street Journalcountries, the Wall Street Journal
reported.reported.

5. 2. Tabular Presentation of Data
In a tabular presentation, data
are presented in rows and
columns.
The most important advantage
of tabulation is that it
organizes data for further
stastical treatment and
decision-making.

6. Ranking of Countries in different Sports categories
TABLE 01TABLE 01

7. Kinds ofKinds of TabularTabular
PresentationPresentation
•QualitativeQualitative
•QuantitativeQuantitative
•TemporalTemporal
•SpatialSpatial

8. When classificationWhen classification
is done accordingis done according
to qualitativeto qualitative
characteristicscharacteristics
like social status,like social status,
nationality, etc.,nationality, etc.,
it is calledit is called
qualitativequalitative
classificationclassification
Ex- Literacy rate inEx- Literacy rate in
Bihar by sex andBihar by sex and
location(%)location(%)
Sex Rural Urban Total
Male 57.70 80.80 60.32
Femal
e
30.03 63.30 33.57
Total 44.42 63.30 33.57
TABLE 02TABLE 02

9. In quantitative classification, the data are
classified on the basis of characteristics
which are quantitative in nature means
which can be measured in quantitatively.
Classes are formed by assigning limits
called class limits for the values of the
characteristics under consideration.
Ex-

10. MarksMarks No. of studentsNo. of students
0-100-10 44
10-2010-20 88
20-3020-30 1515
30-4030-40 2020
40-5040-50 1313
TotalTotal 6060
Distribution of students responded by their marks
TABLE 03TABLE 03

11. In this classification time becomes theIn this classification time becomes the
classifying variable and data areclassifying variable and data are
categorized according to time. Time maycategorized according to time. Time may
be in hours, days, weeks, months, years,be in hours, days, weeks, months, years,
etc. Ex-etc. Ex-
Year Production (in units)
1980 580
1990 682
2000 978
2010 1215
TABLE 04TABLE 04
Production of India in different YearsProduction of India in different Years

12. In Spatial
classification
the data are
classified with
reference to
geographical
locations such
as countries,
states, cities,
districts, etc.
CountryCountry Yield ofYield of
wheatwheat
(kg/acre)(kg/acre)
AmericaAmerica 19251925
BrazilBrazil 127127
ChinaChina 893893
DenmarDenmar
kk
225225
IndiaIndia 862862
TABLE 05TABLE 05

13. Tabulation of Data And Parts of aTabulation of Data And Parts of a
tabletable
• Table NumberTable Number
• TitleTitle
• Captions or ColumnCaptions or Column
HeadingsHeadings
• Stubs Or Row HeadingsStubs Or Row Headings
• Body of the tableBody of the table
• Unit of MeasurementUnit of Measurement
• SourceSource

14. • Table Number:-Table Number:-Table no. is assigned to a
table for identification purpose. It is given
at the top or at the beginning of the table.
• Title:-Title:-The title of a table has to be very
clear, brief and carefully worded which
narrates about the contents of the table. It
finds place at the head of the table.
• Captions:-Captions:-At the top of each column in a
table a Column designation is given to
explain figures of the column.
• Stubs:-Stubs:-Each row has to be given a heading
at the top. It may also be given at the left
hand top in the table.

15. • Body :-Body :-Body of the table contains the
actual data. Location of any one data in
the table is fixed and determined by the
row and column.
• Unit:-Unit:-The unit of measurement of the fig.
in the table should always be stated
alongwith the title.
• Source:-Source:-It is brief statement indicating
the source of data presented in the data.
It is generally written at the bottom.
• Foot Note:-Foot Note:-Note explains the specific

16. No. of
students
Arts Commerce Science Total
Boys 25 15 30 70
Girls 05 35 10 50
Total 30 50 40 120
Students of class 11th
belongs to different streams
TABLETABLE 0606
Source: School Record
Table NO.
Title
Captions
Stubs
Source
Body

17. Diagrammatic Presentation of
Data
Diagrammatic Presentation of data translatesDiagrammatic Presentation of data translates
quite effectively the highly abstract ideasquite effectively the highly abstract ideas
contained in numbers into more concrete andcontained in numbers into more concrete and
easily comprehensible form. Diagrams may beeasily comprehensible form. Diagrams may be
less accurate but are much more effectiveless accurate but are much more effective
than tables in presenting the data.than tables in presenting the data.

18. Diagrammatic
Presentation
Geometric
Diagram
Frequency
Diagram
Arithmetic Line
Graph
Bar Diagram Pie Diagram Histogram
Frequency
Polygon
Frequency
Curve
OgiveSimple Diagram
Multiple Bar
Diagram
Component Bar
Diagram

19. Bar DiagramBar Diagram
Bar diagramBar diagram
comprises a group ofcomprises a group of
equispaced &equispaced &
equiwidthequiwidth
rectangular bars forrectangular bars for
each class oreach class or
category of data.category of data.
Bar diagrams areBar diagrams are
more convenient formore convenient for
non-frequency datanon-frequency data
such as income-such as income-
expenditure profile,expenditure profile,
export/import etc.export/import etc.
Ye
ar
Production
(in units)
198
0
580
199
0
682
200 978
Ex- Table 04Ex- Table 04

20. 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1980 1990 2000 2010
Production
It is also an example of Simple bar

21. •Multiple Bar DiagramMultiple Bar Diagram
Multiple Bar diagramMultiple Bar diagram
are used for comparingare used for comparing
two or more sets oftwo or more sets of
data, for exampledata, for example
income andincome and
expenditure or exportexpenditure or export
and export forand export for
different years, marksdifferent years, marks
obtained in differentobtained in different
subjects in differentsubjects in different
classes.classes.
Ex- Table 06Ex- Table 06
No.No.
ofof
studstud
entsents
ArAr
tsts
CommComm
erceerce
ScienScien
cece
TotaTota
ll
BoyBoy
ss
2525 1515 3030 7070
GirlGirl
ss
0505 3535 1010 5050
TotTot
alal
3030 5050 4040 120120

22. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Boys Girls
Arts
Commerce
Science
Multiple Bar Diagram

23. •Component Bar DiagramComponent Bar Diagram
Component BarComponent Bar
diagram or chartsdiagram or charts
also called sub-also called sub-
diagrams, are verydiagrams, are very
useful in comparinguseful in comparing
the sizes ofthe sizes of
differentdifferent
components partscomponents parts
and also throwingand also throwing
light on thelight on the
relationship amongrelationship among
YeaYea
rsrs
ImpImp
ortsorts
ExpoExpo
rtsrts
TotaTota
ll
198198
44
295295
55
25232523 547547
88
198198
55
451451
99
33293329 784784
88
198198
66
526526
55
40494049 931931
44
Ex- Table 07Ex- Table 07

24. Impor/Export of total production
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
1984
1985
1986
1987
Years
Import/export
Import
Export

25. Pie Diagram
A pie diagram is also aA pie diagram is also a
component diagram,component diagram,
but unlikebut unlike
component barcomponent bar
diagram, adiagram, a
circle whose area iscircle whose area is
proportionallyproportionally
divided among thedivided among the
componentscomponents
represents.represents.
Ex- Table 08Ex- Table 08
Items ofItems of
ExpenditExpendit
ureure
%age%age
FoodFood 6060
ClothingClothing 1515
HousingHousing 1010
FuelFuel 1212
OthersOthers 0303

26. Food
60%Clothing
15%
Housing
10%
Fuel
12%
Others
3%
Items Of Expenditure

27. Frequency DiagramFrequency Diagram
Data in the form of grouped frequencyData in the form of grouped frequency
distributions are generally representeddistributions are generally represented
by frequency diagram.by frequency diagram.
•Histogram:-Histogram:-It is a twoIt is a two
dimensional diagram. It is a setdimensional diagram. It is a set
of rectangles with bases as theof rectangles with bases as the
intervals between classintervals between class
boundaries and with areasboundaries and with areas
proportional to the classproportional to the class

28. MarksMarks No. ofNo. of
studentsstudents
0-200-20 0505
20-4020-40 1010
40-6040-60 0707
60-8060-80 0404
80-10080-100 0909
TotalTotal 3535
Ex- Table 09Ex- Table 09
Marks obtained by 35 studentsMarks obtained by 35 students

29. Marks Obtained by 35 students
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100
Marks
No.ofstudents
No. of students

30. •Frequency PolygonFrequency Polygon
A frequency polygon is a plane boundedA frequency polygon is a plane bounded
by straight lines, usually four or moreby straight lines, usually four or more
lines. Frequency polygon is anlines. Frequency polygon is an
alternative to histogram and is alsoalternative to histogram and is also
derived from histogram itself. Thederived from histogram itself. The
simplest method of drawing asimplest method of drawing a
frequency polygon is to join thefrequency polygon is to join the
midpoints of the topside of themidpoints of the topside of the
consecutive rectangles of theconsecutive rectangles of the
histogram. Frequency polygon is thehistogram. Frequency polygon is the

31. MarksMarks FrequencyFrequency
0-100-10 11
10-2010-20 44
20-3020-30 55
30-4030-40 66
40-5040-50 77
50-6050-60 66
60-7060-70 33
70-8070-80 22
TotalTotal 3434
Ex- Table 10Ex- Table 10
Marks obtained by 34 studentsMarks obtained by 34 students

32. Marks obtained by 34 students
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0-10 10_20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90
Marks
No.ofstudents
Frequency
Polygon

33. •Frequency CurveFrequency Curve
The frequency Curve isThe frequency Curve is
obtained by drawing aobtained by drawing a
smooth freehand curvesmooth freehand curve
passing through thepassing through the
points of the frequencypoints of the frequency
polygon as closely aspolygon as closely as
possible. It maypossible. It may
necessarily passnecessarily pass
through all the pointsthrough all the points
but it passes throughbut it passes through
them as closely asthem as closely as
XX FF
2.52.5 88
7.57.5 2020
12.512.5 3636
17.517.5 1515
22.522.5 44
Ex- Table 11Ex- Table 11

34. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2.5 7.5 12.5 17.5 22.5
2.5
7.5
12.5
17.5
22.5

35. •OgiveOgive
Ogive is also calledOgive is also called
cumulative frequencycumulative frequency
curve. As there are 2curve. As there are 2
types of cumulativetypes of cumulative
frequencies, forfrequencies, for
example less than typeexample less than type
and more than type,and more than type,
accordingly there areaccordingly there are
two for any groupedtwo for any grouped
frequency distributionfrequency distribution
data. The intersectiondata. The intersection
point of the twopoint of the two
ogives gives us theogives gives us the
Class-Class-
IntervalInterval
FrequencFrequenc
yy
10-2010-20 1515
20-3020-30 17.517.5
30-4030-40 17.517.5
40-5040-50 16.2516.25
50-6050-60 16.2516.25
60-7060-70 16.2516.25
70-8070-80 16.2516.25
80-9080-90 2.52.5
90-10090-100 2.52.5

36. Class IntervalClass Interval FrequencyFrequency
Less than or equal to20Less than or equal to20 1515
Less than or equal to30Less than or equal to30 32.532.5
Less than or equal to40Less than or equal to40 5050
Less than or equal to50Less than or equal to50 66.2566.25
Less than or equal to60Less than or equal to60 82.582.5
Less than or equal to 70Less than or equal to 70 98.7598.75
Less than or equal to 80Less than or equal to 80 115115
Less than or equal to 90Less than or equal to 90 117.5117.5
Less than or equal to 100Less than or equal to 100 120120
Table (Less than)Table (Less than)

37. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
20
40
60
80
100
class interval
Frequency
Frequency

38. Class IntervalClass Interval FrequeFreque
ncyncy
More than orMore than or
equal to 10equal to 10
120120
More than orMore than or
equal to 20equal to 20
105105
More than orMore than or
equal to 30equal to 30
87.587.5
More than orMore than or
equal to 40equal to 40
7070
Table (More
than)

39. 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Frequency

40. 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
More than
Less thanMedian(46)

41. Arithmetic Line Graph
A Arithmetic line graph isA Arithmetic line graph is
also called time seriesalso called time series
graph and is a methodgraph and is a method
of diagrammaticof diagrammatic
presentation of data. Itpresentation of data. It
helps in understandinghelps in understanding
the trend, periodicity,the trend, periodicity,
etc. in a long term timeetc. in a long term time
series data.series data.
YeaYea
rsrs
ImpImp
ortsorts
ExpoExpo
rtsrts
TotaTota
ll
198198
44
295295
55
252252
33
547547
88
198198
55
451451
99
332332
99
784784
88
198198
66
526526
55
404404
99
931931
44

42. Arithmetic Line Graph
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1984 1985 1986 1987
Years
Import/Export
Import
Export

43. Made by:- Monika Makhija