Echo sounding
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Echo sounding uses ultrasound waves directed into the body. The waves pass through tissues and are partially reflected at boundaries, allowing an internal image to be obtained. Higher frequency transducers provide better resolution but penetrate less deeply, while lower frequency penetrates deeper but with lower resolution. The fraction of ultrasound intensity reflected at a boundary depends on the difference in acoustic impedance of the tissues, with a larger difference resulting in more reflection. In this example, the fraction of intensity reflected at the boundary between bone and muscle is calculated using their acoustic impedances.
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This document discusses ultrasound physics and principles. It covers the characteristics of sound waves including their need for a medium, compression and rarefaction, and propagation. It describes ultrasound wave properties like range, velocity in different media, and how velocity relates to compressibility, density, and intensity. Transducers are discussed including their piezoelectric crystal, electrode, and backing block components. Modes of ultrasound like continuous wave and pulse wave are summarized. Key interactions of ultrasound with matter like reflection, refraction, and absorption are covered. Principles of Doppler ultrasound for blood flow measurement are outlined.
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This document provides an overview of ultrasound imaging systems. It discusses how ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to visualize internal organs and tissues. Key points include:
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Echo sounding
- 2. Principle • Ultrasound waves directed into the body • (2 and 18 MHz) Step 1 • Waves pass through various tissues • Partially reflected at each boundary • Speed changes Step 2 • Reflected waves detected • Internal image of body obtained Step 3
- 3. Frequency vs. Resolution • The frequency also affects the QUALITY of the ultrasound image The HIGHER the frequency, the BETTER the resolution The LOWER the frequency, the LESS the resolution • A 12 MHz transducer has very good resolution, but cannot penetrate very deep into the body • A 3 MHz transducer can penetrate deep into the body, but the resolution is not as good as the 12 MHz
- 4. - Fraction of incident intensity that is reflected - depends on acoustic impedance (Z)
- 5. Z = ρ*c where, ρ is the density in kgm-3 c is speed of light in ms-1 ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE
- 6. - At the boundary between two materials, greater the difference in acoustic impedance, greater the reflected fraction of ultrasound wave CALCULATING REFLECTED INTENSITIES
- 7. Intensity reflection coefficient (α) FOR NORMAL INCIDENCE (I.E. ANGLE OF INCIDENCE = O⁰) - A BIG CHANGE IN ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE GIVES A LARGE FRACTION OF REFLECTED INTENSITY
- 8. Q. A beam of ultrasound is normally incident on the boundary between muscle and bone. The acoustic impedance of the bones of an average adult is 6.40*106 kgm-2s-1 and that of the muscle is 1.71*106 kgm-2s-1. Determine the fraction of its intensity which is reflected.