SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 18
समूह: परिभाषा औि प्रकाि
Group: Definition and Types
Dr. Rajesh Verma
Asst Professor in Psychology
FGM Govt. College Adampur, Hisar, Haryana
Definition
An organised unit of two or
more individuals, who are
interacting and interdependent,
who have common motive, have a
set of role relationships among its
members, and have norms that
regulate the behavior of its
members (NCERT).
परिभाषा
एक समूह को दो या दो से अधिक व्यधियों की एक
संगधित व्यवस्था के रूप में परिभाधषत धकया जा सकता है,
जो एक दूसिे से अन्तःधिया किते हैं औि पिस्पि धिभभि होते
हैं, धजिके पास एक जैसी अधभप्रेिणाएं होती है, सदस्यों के
बीच भूधमका संबंिों का एक सेट होता है, औि सदस्यों के
व्यवहाि को धियंधित कििे वाले मािक होते हैं
(NCERT).
Group is a social unit which
consists of two or more persons
with following characteristics: -
1. Membership,
2. Mutual Interaction,
3. Common Goals & Motives,
4. Shared Norms,
5. Interdependency, and
6. Joint Association.
समूह दो या दो से अधिक
व्यधियों की एक सामाधजक इकाई होती है धजसमें
धिम्िधलधित धवशेषताओं पाई जाती हैं: -
1. सदस्यता,
2. पिस्पि अन्तःधिया,
3. साझा लक्ष्य औि उद्देश्य,
4. साझा मािदंड,
5. अंतधिभभभिता, औि
6. संयुि साहचयभ।
Types of Group
The main types of group are: -
1. Primary and Secondary group.
2. Formal and Informal group.
3. Ingroup and Outgroup.
समूह के प्रकाि
समूह के मुख्य प्रकाि िीचे धदए गए हैं: -
1. प्राथधमक औि धितीयक समूह।
2. औपचारिक औि अिौपचारिक समूह।
3. अन्तःसमूह औि बाहिी-समूह।
Primary and Secondary Group.
Primary – The groups that pre-exists and
an individual becomes the member of that
group by virtue of birth, e.g. family, caste,
religion etc.
1. Face to face interaction.
2. Close physical proximity.
3. Share warm emotional bonds.
4. Develops values and ideals in early
stage of development.
5. Boundaries are less permeable.
6. Lasts for longer period.
प्राथममक औि मितीयक समूह
प्राथमिक – वह सिूह जो पहले से ही ववद्यिान
रहता है और व्यक्तत जन्ि से उस सिूह का
सदस्य बनता है ऐसे सिूह को प्राथमिक सिूह कहा
जाता है, उदाहरण – पररवार, जातत, धिम इत्यादद।
1. अधधक परस्पर अन्तःधिया ।
2. घतनष्ट तनकटता।
3. अंतरंग भावनात्िक संबंि।
4. जीवन के ववकास के शुरुआती चरण िें
िूल्यों और आदशों का ववकास करता है।
5. सीिाएं कि पारगम्य होती हैं।
6. लंबी अवधध के मलए रहता है।
Secondary – A large group that an
individual joins by choice is called
secondary group e.g. political party, school,
committee etc. In secondary group the
1. Lesser and infrequent face-to-face
interaction among members.
2. Relationships are more formal,
impersonal, indirect and less frequent.
3. No emotional bonds.
4. Roles are interchangeable.
मितीयक – एक ऐसा बडा समूह धजसमें व्यधि अपिी इच्छा
से जुडता है को द्ववतीयक सिूह कहा जाता है ।
उदाहरण - िाजिीधतक दल, स्कू ल इत्याधद।
इि समूहों में
1. कम परस्पर अन्तःधिया पाई जाती है।
2. संबंि औपचारिक, अवैयधिक, औि अप्रत्यक्ष होते
हैं।
3. िा के बिाबि भाविात्मक संबंि।
4. भूधमकाएं बदली जा सकती हैं।
Formal and Informal Groups
Formal – The groups that are formed on
the basis of some specific laws or rules and
whose functions are explicitly stated are
called formal groups, e.g. university, unions
etc.
Informal – The groups which are formed
without any law or rule and have a close
relationship among its members are called
informal groups, e.g. family, peer group etc.
औपचारिक औि अनौपचारिक समूह औपचारिक –
धजि समूहों के कायों को स्पष्ट रूप से बताया गया होता है
औि वे कु छ धवधशष्ट कािूिों या धियमों के आिाि पि गधित
धकए गए होते हैं, उदाहरण के मलए धवश्वधवद्यालय,
यूधियि आधद।
अनौपचारिक – समूह जो धकसी भी कािूि या धियम के
धबिा गधित होते हैं औि धजसमें सदस्यों एवं साधथयों के
बीच घधिष्ठ संबंि पाए जाते हैं उदाहरण के मलए
पररवार आधद।
Ingroup and Outgroup
This distinction between groups is made
from the perspective of a Group Member.
Ingroup – A group of which an individual is a
member is referred to as Ingroup i.e. one’s
own group. The word ‘WE’ is used for
Ingroup members.
1. Members are viewed favourably,
2. Traits are viewed positively,
3. High respect for members and loyalty
towards the group, and
4. High cohesion among members.
अन्तःसिूह और बाहरी सिूह
सिूहों िें यह भेद सिूह के सदस्य के
पररप्रेक्ष्य से ककया गया है।
अन्तःसिूह – व्यक्तत क्जस सिूह का सदस्य होता
है, उस सिूह को वह व्यक्तत अन्तःसिूह के रूप
िें देखता है। अन्तःसिूह के सदस्यों के मलए 'हि'
शब्द का उपयोग ककया जाता है।
1. सदस्यों को अनुकू ल रूप से देखा जाता है,
2. गुणों को सकारात्िक रूप से देखा जाता है,
3. सिूह एवं सदस्यों के प्रतत वफादारी और
उच्च सम्िान पाया जाता है, और
4. सदस्यों के बीच उच्च स्तर की एकजुटता देखी
जाती है।
Outgroup – A group of which an
individual is not a member is referred to
as Outgroup i.e. other group. The word
‘THEY’ is used for Outgroup members.
1. Members are viewed unfavourably,
2. Traits are perceived negatively,
3. Sense of competition and
opposition among Ingroup and
Outgroup members,
4. Members are viewed differently.
बाहिी-समूह – व्यक्तत धजस समूह का सदस्य िहीं होता
है उस समूह को बाहिी-समूह यािी अन्य समूह के रूप में
जािा जाता है। बाहिी-समूह के सदस्यों के धलए 'वे' शब्द का
उपयोग धकया जाता है।
1. सदस्यों को प्रधतकू ल रूप से देिा जाता है,
2. गुणों का िकािात्मक प्रत्यक्षण धकया जाता है,
3. प्रधतस्पिाभ औि धवपक्ष की भाविा पाई जाती है,
4. सदस्यों को अलग अलग प्रकाि से देिा जाता है।
Thanks
See You Next Time
vermasujit@yahoo.com

More Related Content

What's hot

COST EFFECTIVENESS
COST EFFECTIVENESS COST EFFECTIVENESS
COST EFFECTIVENESS A Y
 
Span of Control (Management)
Span of Control (Management)Span of Control (Management)
Span of Control (Management)Ravi Roy
 
Administration Vs. Management
Administration Vs. ManagementAdministration Vs. Management
Administration Vs. ManagementIrene Deona
 
Organizational structure NURSING
Organizational structure NURSINGOrganizational structure NURSING
Organizational structure NURSINGvicia base
 
Organisation climate and Change
Organisation climate and ChangeOrganisation climate and Change
Organisation climate and ChangeANOOPA NARAYANAN
 
Difference between management and adminstration
Difference between management and adminstrationDifference between management and adminstration
Difference between management and adminstrationBhishma Desai
 
Components of planning with block diagram
Components of planning with block diagramComponents of planning with block diagram
Components of planning with block diagramKaransinh Parmar
 
COLLECTIVE BARGAINING
COLLECTIVE BARGAININGCOLLECTIVE BARGAINING
COLLECTIVE BARGAININGMandeep Gill
 
Fiscal planning.pptx
Fiscal planning.pptxFiscal planning.pptx
Fiscal planning.pptxRDiJ1
 
Consumer protection act
Consumer protection act Consumer protection act
Consumer protection act sakshi rana
 
Self evaluation , peer evaluation, patient satisfaction ppt
Self evaluation , peer evaluation, patient satisfaction pptSelf evaluation , peer evaluation, patient satisfaction ppt
Self evaluation , peer evaluation, patient satisfaction pptManali Solanki
 
ORGANIZATION
ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION
ORGANIZATIONdsakhil7
 
I nstructional objectives 21august
I nstructional objectives 21augustI nstructional objectives 21august
I nstructional objectives 21augustRajinderKaurKalra
 
Collective bargaining for nursing
Collective bargaining for nursingCollective bargaining for nursing
Collective bargaining for nursingMustafa Abd
 
Collective bargaining
Collective bargainingCollective bargaining
Collective bargainingVivek Jamnik
 

What's hot (20)

COST EFFECTIVENESS
COST EFFECTIVENESS COST EFFECTIVENESS
COST EFFECTIVENESS
 
Span of Control (Management)
Span of Control (Management)Span of Control (Management)
Span of Control (Management)
 
Administration Vs. Management
Administration Vs. ManagementAdministration Vs. Management
Administration Vs. Management
 
Types of budget
Types of budgetTypes of budget
Types of budget
 
Organizational structure NURSING
Organizational structure NURSINGOrganizational structure NURSING
Organizational structure NURSING
 
Organisation climate and Change
Organisation climate and ChangeOrganisation climate and Change
Organisation climate and Change
 
Difference between management and adminstration
Difference between management and adminstrationDifference between management and adminstration
Difference between management and adminstration
 
Staffing- Nursing Management
Staffing- Nursing ManagementStaffing- Nursing Management
Staffing- Nursing Management
 
Components of planning with block diagram
Components of planning with block diagramComponents of planning with block diagram
Components of planning with block diagram
 
COLLECTIVE BARGAINING
COLLECTIVE BARGAININGCOLLECTIVE BARGAINING
COLLECTIVE BARGAINING
 
Fiscal planning.pptx
Fiscal planning.pptxFiscal planning.pptx
Fiscal planning.pptx
 
Mbo ppt
Mbo pptMbo ppt
Mbo ppt
 
Consumer protection act
Consumer protection act Consumer protection act
Consumer protection act
 
Role of hospitals
Role of hospitalsRole of hospitals
Role of hospitals
 
Super annuation schemes
Super annuation schemesSuper annuation schemes
Super annuation schemes
 
Self evaluation , peer evaluation, patient satisfaction ppt
Self evaluation , peer evaluation, patient satisfaction pptSelf evaluation , peer evaluation, patient satisfaction ppt
Self evaluation , peer evaluation, patient satisfaction ppt
 
ORGANIZATION
ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION
ORGANIZATION
 
I nstructional objectives 21august
I nstructional objectives 21augustI nstructional objectives 21august
I nstructional objectives 21august
 
Collective bargaining for nursing
Collective bargaining for nursingCollective bargaining for nursing
Collective bargaining for nursing
 
Collective bargaining
Collective bargainingCollective bargaining
Collective bargaining
 

Similar to Group Definition and its Types

6 leadership types i
6 leadership types i6 leadership types i
6 leadership types iRajesh Verma
 
vyaktitva aur vyaktitva ke siddhant ppt-
vyaktitva aur vyaktitva ke siddhant ppt-vyaktitva aur vyaktitva ke siddhant ppt-
vyaktitva aur vyaktitva ke siddhant ppt-profabhi11
 
Personality development according to punchakosh 2016
Personality development according to punchakosh 2016Personality development according to punchakosh 2016
Personality development according to punchakosh 2016Varadraj Bapat
 
3 social norms; meaning & characteristics both English and Hindi
3 social norms; meaning & characteristics both English and Hindi3 social norms; meaning & characteristics both English and Hindi
3 social norms; meaning & characteristics both English and HindiRajesh Verma
 
10 leadership theories interactional approach
10 leadership theories interactional approach10 leadership theories interactional approach
10 leadership theories interactional approachRajesh Verma
 
4 social norms; types and formation
4 social norms; types and formation4 social norms; types and formation
4 social norms; types and formationRajesh Verma
 
4 social norms; types and formation
4 social norms; types and formation4 social norms; types and formation
4 social norms; types and formationRajesh Verma
 
साधन पाद
साधन पादसाधन पाद
साधन पादSanjayakumar
 
prosocial behaviour meaning nature and characteristics
prosocial behaviour meaning nature and characteristicsprosocial behaviour meaning nature and characteristics
prosocial behaviour meaning nature and characteristicsRajesh Verma
 
Perception (meaning and determination)
Perception (meaning and determination)Perception (meaning and determination)
Perception (meaning and determination)RoshaniKashyap
 
2 Group Formation and Functions
2 Group Formation and Functions 2 Group Formation and Functions
2 Group Formation and Functions Rajesh Verma
 
7 leadership types ii by Bales 1950
7 leadership types ii by Bales 19507 leadership types ii by Bales 1950
7 leadership types ii by Bales 1950Rajesh Verma
 
Therapeutic Values Of Yoga
Therapeutic Values Of YogaTherapeutic Values Of Yoga
Therapeutic Values Of YogaDiksha Verma
 
दर्शन और शिक्षा का संबंध).pptx
दर्शन और शिक्षा का संबंध).pptxदर्शन और शिक्षा का संबंध).pptx
दर्शन और शिक्षा का संबंध).pptxJagjotSinghRandhawa
 
Counselling meaning & introduction
Counselling meaning & introductionCounselling meaning & introduction
Counselling meaning & introductionDr. Piyush Trivedi
 

Similar to Group Definition and its Types (20)

6 leadership types i
6 leadership types i6 leadership types i
6 leadership types i
 
vyaktitva aur vyaktitva ke siddhant ppt-
vyaktitva aur vyaktitva ke siddhant ppt-vyaktitva aur vyaktitva ke siddhant ppt-
vyaktitva aur vyaktitva ke siddhant ppt-
 
Personality development according to punchakosh 2016
Personality development according to punchakosh 2016Personality development according to punchakosh 2016
Personality development according to punchakosh 2016
 
3 social norms; meaning & characteristics both English and Hindi
3 social norms; meaning & characteristics both English and Hindi3 social norms; meaning & characteristics both English and Hindi
3 social norms; meaning & characteristics both English and Hindi
 
10 leadership theories interactional approach
10 leadership theories interactional approach10 leadership theories interactional approach
10 leadership theories interactional approach
 
Sociometery i
Sociometery iSociometery i
Sociometery i
 
4 social norms; types and formation
4 social norms; types and formation4 social norms; types and formation
4 social norms; types and formation
 
4 social norms; types and formation
4 social norms; types and formation4 social norms; types and formation
4 social norms; types and formation
 
org conflict.pptx
org conflict.pptxorg conflict.pptx
org conflict.pptx
 
साधन पाद
साधन पादसाधन पाद
साधन पाद
 
Sociometery ii
Sociometery iiSociometery ii
Sociometery ii
 
prosocial behaviour meaning nature and characteristics
prosocial behaviour meaning nature and characteristicsprosocial behaviour meaning nature and characteristics
prosocial behaviour meaning nature and characteristics
 
introduction of yoga and definitions.pdf
introduction of yoga and definitions.pdfintroduction of yoga and definitions.pdf
introduction of yoga and definitions.pdf
 
Perception (meaning and determination)
Perception (meaning and determination)Perception (meaning and determination)
Perception (meaning and determination)
 
2 Group Formation and Functions
2 Group Formation and Functions 2 Group Formation and Functions
2 Group Formation and Functions
 
7 leadership types ii by Bales 1950
7 leadership types ii by Bales 19507 leadership types ii by Bales 1950
7 leadership types ii by Bales 1950
 
Yam niyam
Yam niyamYam niyam
Yam niyam
 
Therapeutic Values Of Yoga
Therapeutic Values Of YogaTherapeutic Values Of Yoga
Therapeutic Values Of Yoga
 
दर्शन और शिक्षा का संबंध).pptx
दर्शन और शिक्षा का संबंध).pptxदर्शन और शिक्षा का संबंध).pptx
दर्शन और शिक्षा का संबंध).pptx
 
Counselling meaning & introduction
Counselling meaning & introductionCounselling meaning & introduction
Counselling meaning & introduction
 

More from Rajesh Verma

Fundamental of Statistics and Types of Correlations
Fundamental of Statistics and Types of CorrelationsFundamental of Statistics and Types of Correlations
Fundamental of Statistics and Types of CorrelationsRajesh Verma
 
हिंदी_मनोविज्ञान का परिचय (introduction to psychology)
हिंदी_मनोविज्ञान का परिचय (introduction to psychology)हिंदी_मनोविज्ञान का परिचय (introduction to psychology)
हिंदी_मनोविज्ञान का परिचय (introduction to psychology)Rajesh Verma
 
1 eng psychology an introduction
1 eng psychology an introduction1 eng psychology an introduction
1 eng psychology an introductionRajesh Verma
 
मानव विकास के सिद्धांत
मानव विकास के सिद्धांतमानव विकास के सिद्धांत
मानव विकास के सिद्धांतRajesh Verma
 
Eng principles of human developmet
Eng principles of human developmetEng principles of human developmet
Eng principles of human developmetRajesh Verma
 
Hin concept of human developmet
Hin concept of human developmetHin concept of human developmet
Hin concept of human developmetRajesh Verma
 
Eng concept of human development
Eng concept of human developmentEng concept of human development
Eng concept of human developmentRajesh Verma
 
prosocial behaviour cognitive model English
prosocial behaviour cognitive model Englishprosocial behaviour cognitive model English
prosocial behaviour cognitive model EnglishRajesh Verma
 
prosocial behaviour cognitive model in hindi
prosocial behaviour cognitive model in hindiprosocial behaviour cognitive model in hindi
prosocial behaviour cognitive model in hindiRajesh Verma
 
2 prosocial behaviour determinants
2 prosocial behaviour determinants2 prosocial behaviour determinants
2 prosocial behaviour determinantsRajesh Verma
 
9 leadership theories Part II situational Theory or approach
9 leadership theories Part II situational Theory or  approach9 leadership theories Part II situational Theory or  approach
9 leadership theories Part II situational Theory or approachRajesh Verma
 
8 leadership theories trait approach, Theory or viewpoint.
8 leadership theories trait approach, Theory or viewpoint.8 leadership theories trait approach, Theory or viewpoint.
8 leadership theories trait approach, Theory or viewpoint.Rajesh Verma
 
Group functions Part 2
Group functions Part 2Group functions Part 2
Group functions Part 2Rajesh Verma
 
Socialisation agents for BA II GJU S&T Hisar
Socialisation agents for BA II GJU S&T HisarSocialisation agents for BA II GJU S&T Hisar
Socialisation agents for BA II GJU S&T HisarRajesh Verma
 
Socialisation def, nature
Socialisation def, natureSocialisation def, nature
Socialisation def, natureRajesh Verma
 

More from Rajesh Verma (16)

Fundamental of Statistics and Types of Correlations
Fundamental of Statistics and Types of CorrelationsFundamental of Statistics and Types of Correlations
Fundamental of Statistics and Types of Correlations
 
हिंदी_मनोविज्ञान का परिचय (introduction to psychology)
हिंदी_मनोविज्ञान का परिचय (introduction to psychology)हिंदी_मनोविज्ञान का परिचय (introduction to psychology)
हिंदी_मनोविज्ञान का परिचय (introduction to psychology)
 
1 eng psychology an introduction
1 eng psychology an introduction1 eng psychology an introduction
1 eng psychology an introduction
 
मानव विकास के सिद्धांत
मानव विकास के सिद्धांतमानव विकास के सिद्धांत
मानव विकास के सिद्धांत
 
Eng principles of human developmet
Eng principles of human developmetEng principles of human developmet
Eng principles of human developmet
 
Hin concept of human developmet
Hin concept of human developmetHin concept of human developmet
Hin concept of human developmet
 
Eng concept of human development
Eng concept of human developmentEng concept of human development
Eng concept of human development
 
prosocial behaviour cognitive model English
prosocial behaviour cognitive model Englishprosocial behaviour cognitive model English
prosocial behaviour cognitive model English
 
prosocial behaviour cognitive model in hindi
prosocial behaviour cognitive model in hindiprosocial behaviour cognitive model in hindi
prosocial behaviour cognitive model in hindi
 
2 prosocial behaviour determinants
2 prosocial behaviour determinants2 prosocial behaviour determinants
2 prosocial behaviour determinants
 
9 leadership theories Part II situational Theory or approach
9 leadership theories Part II situational Theory or  approach9 leadership theories Part II situational Theory or  approach
9 leadership theories Part II situational Theory or approach
 
8 leadership theories trait approach, Theory or viewpoint.
8 leadership theories trait approach, Theory or viewpoint.8 leadership theories trait approach, Theory or viewpoint.
8 leadership theories trait approach, Theory or viewpoint.
 
Group functions Part 2
Group functions Part 2Group functions Part 2
Group functions Part 2
 
Socialisation agents for BA II GJU S&T Hisar
Socialisation agents for BA II GJU S&T HisarSocialisation agents for BA II GJU S&T Hisar
Socialisation agents for BA II GJU S&T Hisar
 
Socialisation def, nature
Socialisation def, natureSocialisation def, nature
Socialisation def, nature
 
Attitude
AttitudeAttitude
Attitude
 

Recently uploaded

ali garh movement part2.pptx THIS movement by sir syed ahmad khan who started...
ali garh movement part2.pptx THIS movement by sir syed ahmad khan who started...ali garh movement part2.pptx THIS movement by sir syed ahmad khan who started...
ali garh movement part2.pptx THIS movement by sir syed ahmad khan who started...lodhisaajjda
 
knowledge and curriculum Syllabus for B.Ed
knowledge and curriculum Syllabus for B.Edknowledge and curriculum Syllabus for B.Ed
knowledge and curriculum Syllabus for B.Edsadabaharkahaniyan
 
Kabir Ke 10 Dohe in Hindi with meaning
Kabir Ke 10 Dohe in Hindi with meaningKabir Ke 10 Dohe in Hindi with meaning
Kabir Ke 10 Dohe in Hindi with meaningDr. Mulla Adam Ali
 
2011 Census of India - complete information.pptx
2011 Census of India - complete information.pptx2011 Census of India - complete information.pptx
2011 Census of India - complete information.pptxRAHULSIRreasoningvlo
 
Email Marketing Kya Hai aur benefits of email marketing
Email Marketing Kya Hai aur benefits of email marketingEmail Marketing Kya Hai aur benefits of email marketing
Email Marketing Kya Hai aur benefits of email marketingDigital Azadi
 
बाल साहित्य: इसकी प्रमुख विशेषताएँ क्या हैं?
बाल साहित्य: इसकी प्रमुख विशेषताएँ क्या हैं?बाल साहित्य: इसकी प्रमुख विशेषताएँ क्या हैं?
बाल साहित्य: इसकी प्रमुख विशेषताएँ क्या हैं?Dr. Mulla Adam Ali
 

Recently uploaded (6)

ali garh movement part2.pptx THIS movement by sir syed ahmad khan who started...
ali garh movement part2.pptx THIS movement by sir syed ahmad khan who started...ali garh movement part2.pptx THIS movement by sir syed ahmad khan who started...
ali garh movement part2.pptx THIS movement by sir syed ahmad khan who started...
 
knowledge and curriculum Syllabus for B.Ed
knowledge and curriculum Syllabus for B.Edknowledge and curriculum Syllabus for B.Ed
knowledge and curriculum Syllabus for B.Ed
 
Kabir Ke 10 Dohe in Hindi with meaning
Kabir Ke 10 Dohe in Hindi with meaningKabir Ke 10 Dohe in Hindi with meaning
Kabir Ke 10 Dohe in Hindi with meaning
 
2011 Census of India - complete information.pptx
2011 Census of India - complete information.pptx2011 Census of India - complete information.pptx
2011 Census of India - complete information.pptx
 
Email Marketing Kya Hai aur benefits of email marketing
Email Marketing Kya Hai aur benefits of email marketingEmail Marketing Kya Hai aur benefits of email marketing
Email Marketing Kya Hai aur benefits of email marketing
 
बाल साहित्य: इसकी प्रमुख विशेषताएँ क्या हैं?
बाल साहित्य: इसकी प्रमुख विशेषताएँ क्या हैं?बाल साहित्य: इसकी प्रमुख विशेषताएँ क्या हैं?
बाल साहित्य: इसकी प्रमुख विशेषताएँ क्या हैं?
 

Group Definition and its Types

  • 1. समूह: परिभाषा औि प्रकाि Group: Definition and Types Dr. Rajesh Verma Asst Professor in Psychology FGM Govt. College Adampur, Hisar, Haryana
  • 2. Definition An organised unit of two or more individuals, who are interacting and interdependent, who have common motive, have a set of role relationships among its members, and have norms that regulate the behavior of its members (NCERT).
  • 3. परिभाषा एक समूह को दो या दो से अधिक व्यधियों की एक संगधित व्यवस्था के रूप में परिभाधषत धकया जा सकता है, जो एक दूसिे से अन्तःधिया किते हैं औि पिस्पि धिभभि होते हैं, धजिके पास एक जैसी अधभप्रेिणाएं होती है, सदस्यों के बीच भूधमका संबंिों का एक सेट होता है, औि सदस्यों के व्यवहाि को धियंधित कििे वाले मािक होते हैं (NCERT).
  • 4. Group is a social unit which consists of two or more persons with following characteristics: - 1. Membership, 2. Mutual Interaction, 3. Common Goals & Motives, 4. Shared Norms, 5. Interdependency, and 6. Joint Association.
  • 5. समूह दो या दो से अधिक व्यधियों की एक सामाधजक इकाई होती है धजसमें धिम्िधलधित धवशेषताओं पाई जाती हैं: - 1. सदस्यता, 2. पिस्पि अन्तःधिया, 3. साझा लक्ष्य औि उद्देश्य, 4. साझा मािदंड, 5. अंतधिभभभिता, औि 6. संयुि साहचयभ।
  • 6. Types of Group The main types of group are: - 1. Primary and Secondary group. 2. Formal and Informal group. 3. Ingroup and Outgroup.
  • 7. समूह के प्रकाि समूह के मुख्य प्रकाि िीचे धदए गए हैं: - 1. प्राथधमक औि धितीयक समूह। 2. औपचारिक औि अिौपचारिक समूह। 3. अन्तःसमूह औि बाहिी-समूह।
  • 8. Primary and Secondary Group. Primary – The groups that pre-exists and an individual becomes the member of that group by virtue of birth, e.g. family, caste, religion etc. 1. Face to face interaction. 2. Close physical proximity. 3. Share warm emotional bonds. 4. Develops values and ideals in early stage of development. 5. Boundaries are less permeable. 6. Lasts for longer period.
  • 9. प्राथममक औि मितीयक समूह प्राथमिक – वह सिूह जो पहले से ही ववद्यिान रहता है और व्यक्तत जन्ि से उस सिूह का सदस्य बनता है ऐसे सिूह को प्राथमिक सिूह कहा जाता है, उदाहरण – पररवार, जातत, धिम इत्यादद। 1. अधधक परस्पर अन्तःधिया । 2. घतनष्ट तनकटता। 3. अंतरंग भावनात्िक संबंि। 4. जीवन के ववकास के शुरुआती चरण िें िूल्यों और आदशों का ववकास करता है। 5. सीिाएं कि पारगम्य होती हैं। 6. लंबी अवधध के मलए रहता है।
  • 10. Secondary – A large group that an individual joins by choice is called secondary group e.g. political party, school, committee etc. In secondary group the 1. Lesser and infrequent face-to-face interaction among members. 2. Relationships are more formal, impersonal, indirect and less frequent. 3. No emotional bonds. 4. Roles are interchangeable.
  • 11. मितीयक – एक ऐसा बडा समूह धजसमें व्यधि अपिी इच्छा से जुडता है को द्ववतीयक सिूह कहा जाता है । उदाहरण - िाजिीधतक दल, स्कू ल इत्याधद। इि समूहों में 1. कम परस्पर अन्तःधिया पाई जाती है। 2. संबंि औपचारिक, अवैयधिक, औि अप्रत्यक्ष होते हैं। 3. िा के बिाबि भाविात्मक संबंि। 4. भूधमकाएं बदली जा सकती हैं।
  • 12. Formal and Informal Groups Formal – The groups that are formed on the basis of some specific laws or rules and whose functions are explicitly stated are called formal groups, e.g. university, unions etc. Informal – The groups which are formed without any law or rule and have a close relationship among its members are called informal groups, e.g. family, peer group etc.
  • 13. औपचारिक औि अनौपचारिक समूह औपचारिक – धजि समूहों के कायों को स्पष्ट रूप से बताया गया होता है औि वे कु छ धवधशष्ट कािूिों या धियमों के आिाि पि गधित धकए गए होते हैं, उदाहरण के मलए धवश्वधवद्यालय, यूधियि आधद। अनौपचारिक – समूह जो धकसी भी कािूि या धियम के धबिा गधित होते हैं औि धजसमें सदस्यों एवं साधथयों के बीच घधिष्ठ संबंि पाए जाते हैं उदाहरण के मलए पररवार आधद।
  • 14. Ingroup and Outgroup This distinction between groups is made from the perspective of a Group Member. Ingroup – A group of which an individual is a member is referred to as Ingroup i.e. one’s own group. The word ‘WE’ is used for Ingroup members. 1. Members are viewed favourably, 2. Traits are viewed positively, 3. High respect for members and loyalty towards the group, and 4. High cohesion among members.
  • 15. अन्तःसिूह और बाहरी सिूह सिूहों िें यह भेद सिूह के सदस्य के पररप्रेक्ष्य से ककया गया है। अन्तःसिूह – व्यक्तत क्जस सिूह का सदस्य होता है, उस सिूह को वह व्यक्तत अन्तःसिूह के रूप िें देखता है। अन्तःसिूह के सदस्यों के मलए 'हि' शब्द का उपयोग ककया जाता है। 1. सदस्यों को अनुकू ल रूप से देखा जाता है, 2. गुणों को सकारात्िक रूप से देखा जाता है, 3. सिूह एवं सदस्यों के प्रतत वफादारी और उच्च सम्िान पाया जाता है, और 4. सदस्यों के बीच उच्च स्तर की एकजुटता देखी जाती है।
  • 16. Outgroup – A group of which an individual is not a member is referred to as Outgroup i.e. other group. The word ‘THEY’ is used for Outgroup members. 1. Members are viewed unfavourably, 2. Traits are perceived negatively, 3. Sense of competition and opposition among Ingroup and Outgroup members, 4. Members are viewed differently.
  • 17. बाहिी-समूह – व्यक्तत धजस समूह का सदस्य िहीं होता है उस समूह को बाहिी-समूह यािी अन्य समूह के रूप में जािा जाता है। बाहिी-समूह के सदस्यों के धलए 'वे' शब्द का उपयोग धकया जाता है। 1. सदस्यों को प्रधतकू ल रूप से देिा जाता है, 2. गुणों का िकािात्मक प्रत्यक्षण धकया जाता है, 3. प्रधतस्पिाभ औि धवपक्ष की भाविा पाई जाती है, 4. सदस्यों को अलग अलग प्रकाि से देिा जाता है।
  • 18. Thanks See You Next Time vermasujit@yahoo.com