Overview of motivation, motivational drives and theories for nursing students

1. Motivation
&
Motivational drives
By
Lorita Furtado

2. Motivation
• Motivation is a psychological and human
aspect.
• Motivation is defined as the process that
initiates, guides and maintains goal- oriented
behaviors. It involves the biological,
emotional, social and cognitive forces that
activate behavior.

3. Motivation Vs Emotion
• While motivation and emotion can be intricately
linked, they are two fundamentally different
things. Motivation describes the wants or needs
that direct behavior toward a goal; in contrast, an
emotion is a subjective state of being that we
often describe as a feeling.
• Emotion and motivation both influence behavior
and emotion itself can act as a motivator. For
example, the emotion of fear can motivate a
person to leave a stressful situation.

4. Type of Motives
 Primary motives or biological motives
• They are believed to originate within a person
and may not require external stimuli to
encourage behavior.
• It is primary essential for an individual to
survive.
• Example: thirst, hunger, sleep, maternal need.

5. Type of Motives
Secondary motives or Socio-psychological
• They are primarily driven by social and
psychological mechanisms such as work, family,
and relationships.
• They are acquired or learned and result from
man’s interaction with his social environment.
• Examples: needs for prays, recognition, status,
sympathy, power etc.
• We can categorize secondary motives as:
 Achievement Motives
 Affiliation Motives
 Aggression Motives
 Work Motives

6.  Achievement Motives:
 Some people are always continuously goals driven and work
hard when they think that they will receive personal credits for
their efforts.
 Affiliation Motives :
 Human being are social by nature and people with affiliation
needs are more happy with like- minded people, feel more happy
with reward.
 Aggression Motives:
 It is related to those behaviors that are intended to inflict
physical or psychological harm on others. It sometimes expresses
itself by destructive and violent activities. Aggression is caused by
the frustration, and some time it is related to social learning.
 Work Motivation:
 When an individual is motivate by interpersonal or money or
maternal gain his behaviors become goal directed.

7. Types of Motivation theories
Content Theories
Human needs and how people with different
needs may respond to differentwork situations.
Process Theories
How people give meaning to rewards and
make decisions on various work related behavior
Reinforcement Theories
How people’s behavior is influenced by
environmental consequences

8. Type of Motivation
On the basis of Source
 Extrinsic Motivation - refers to behavior that is driven by
external rewards such as money, fame, grades, and praise.
 Intrinsic Motivation- refers to behavior that is driven by
internal rewards.
On the basis of approach
 Positive Motivation –Refers to behavior driven by rewards. Ex:
monetary and or non- monetary benefits.
 Negative Motivation- Refers to behavior driven by avoidance
of punishment. Ex: monetary punishments, penalties etc.
For Efficiency we have to give positive motivation but, according to
situation, negative motivation also plays important role, so it can't
be avoided.

9. Theories of Motivation
Evolutionary or Instinct Theory of Motivation: According
to this,
• people are motivated to behave in certain ways
because they are evolutionarily programmed to do so.
• individuals are motivated to engage in behaviors that
maximize their genetic fitness.
• behaviors are not made consciously: they are
instinctual, and based on what is most advantageous in
terms of passing one’s genes on to the next
generation.
• Example -seasonal migration. These animals do not
learn to do this, it is instead an inborn pattern of
behavior.

10. Evolutionary Theory

11. Drive‐Reduction Theory.
• People are motivated to take certain actions in order
to reduce the internal tension that is caused by unmet
needs. For example, one might be motivated to drink a
glass of water in order to reduce the internal state of
thirst. Theeory states two types of drives namely:
 Primary Drives-are innate biological needs (e.g., thirst,
hunger, and desire for sex) that are usually necessary
for survival.
 Secondary drives - are not usually necessary for
survival and are often linked to social or identity factors
(e.g., the desire for wealth). Secondary drives are
associated with primary drives because the satisfaction
of secondary drives indirectly satisfies primary drives.

12. Hierarchal Need Theory
• Abraham Maslow (1970) suggested some needs have
priority over others. Physiological needs like breathing,
thirst and hunger come before psychological needs like
achievement, self‐esteem and need for recognition
Arousal Theory
• It suggest that people take certain actions to either
decrease or increase levels of arousal. When arousal
levels get too low, for example, a person might watch
and exciting movie or go for a jog. When arousal levels
get too high, on the other hand, a person would
probably look for ways to relax such as meditating or
reading a book. According to this theory, we are
motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal,
although this level can vary based on the individual or
the situation.

13. Incentive Theory of Motivation
• According to this theory, people are more motivated to
perform activities if they receive a reward afterwards,
rather than simply because they enjoy the activities
themselves. They support this by studies that have
shown that intrinsic motivation will decrease over time
if extrinsic incentives are introduced for behaviors that
an individual already found motivating.
Temporal Motivation Theory
• Temporal motivation theory emphasizes the impact of
time and deadlines on our motivation to complete
tasks.
• Argues that the perceived usefulness and benefit of an
activity increases exponentially as the deadline for
completing nears.

14. References
• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless
-psychology/chapter/theories-of-motivation/
• https://www.slideshare.net/satyaJoshi1/conce
pt-of-motivation-in-
psychology?qid=ba43b827-0be1-4092-81b0-
f77ef7aaf091&v=&b=&from_search=7
Thank you