Motivation is defined as the inner drive that directs behavior toward goals. There are two main types of motivation - intrinsic motivation which involves engaging in an activity for its own sake rather than external rewards, and extrinsic motivation which involves behavior driven by external rewards. Motivation involves four steps - a motive or need, behavior to fulfill that need, achieving a goal which satisfies the need, and feedback. Key theories of motivation include Maslow's hierarchy of needs which arranges needs from basic physiological needs to self-actualization, and incentive theory which proposes that people are motivated by rewards.

1. Motivation

2. MOTIVATION MEANING
The term ‘motivation’ has been derived from the
latin Sword ‘movere or energies. Motive may be
defined as an inner state of our mind that activates
and directs our behavior.
Motivation is defined as the desire and action
towards goal-directed behavior.
Motivation is an internal process of the organism
which serves to directs and move towards a certain
goal.

3. MOTIVATION DEFINITION
Stephen P. Robbins
“motivation is the willingness to exert high levels of
efforts toward organizational goals, conditioned by the
effort ability to satisfy some individual need”.
Rosen And Gregon
“A motive may be defined as a readiness or disposition to
respond in some ways and not others to a variety of
situation”.

4. PROCESS OF MOTIVATION
It involves four steps:
 1. Motive
 2. Behavior
 3. Goal
 4. Feedback

5. 1) Motive
It indicates the inner state of mind that energizes,
activates or moves a person and directs his behavior
towards goals.
2) Behavior
Behavior is the sum of various activities and attitudes
of a person.

6. 3) Goals
Motives generally create a state of disequilibrium
physiological or psychological imbalances within the
individual. Attaining the goal restores this balance.
4) Feedback
The system of feedback is important to understand
and analyze the motives, behavior, goals and
incentives for motivation.

7. TYPES OF MOTIVATION
There are two types-
1) Intrinsic
2)Extrinsic

8. INTRINSIC MOTIVATION
 Intrinsic motivation
 Intrinsic motivation is the motivation to act for the sake
of the activity alone. It involves engaging in a behavior
because it is personally rewarding; essentially,
performing an activity for its own sake rather than the
desire for some external reward.
Example:
 Many people have hobbies, such as collecting stamps,
that they do simply because they find them
pleasurable.

9. EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION
 Extrinsic Motivation
 Extrinsic motivation refers to behavior that is driven by
external rewards such as money, fame, grades, and
praise.
 Extrinsic motivation occurs when we are motivated to
perform a behavior or engage in an activity to earn a
reward or avoid punishment.
 Example:
 Competing in a contest to win a scholarship.
 Cleaning your room to avoid being punished by your
parents.

10. CLASSIFICATIONS OF MOTIVES
1) Biological motives. (Primary motives)
2) Social motives.(Secondary motives)

11. BIOLOGICAL MOTIVES
Biological motives are called as physiological motives.
These motives are essential for the survival of the
organism. These motives triggered when there is
imbalance in the body.
 Hunger motive
 Thirst motive
 Need for oxygen
 Need for sleep
 Need for elimination of waste
 Sex motive

12. 1)HUGER MOTIVE:
 If hunger motive is not adequately satisfies, behavior of
the individual undergoes series of changes in the level
of glucose, kind of sugar, regulates feelings of hunger.
 Glucose levels are monitored by the brain
hypothalamus.
 Hunger motive in order to maintain homeostasis. This
is indicated by contraction of stomach muscles causing
some pain or discomfort called hunger pangs.

13. 2)THIRST MOTIVE:
 Thirst motive is indicated by dryness of mouth. When
the water level in the body decreases we develop
motive to drink water.
 The human body consists about 70% water.
 both the intra‐ and extra‐cellular water content of the
cells in the body.
 Deprivation of water over log period the individual
becomes excessively restless and needs intake of water.

14. 3) NEED FOR OXYGEN
o Our body needs oxygen continuously. We get it through
continuous respiration.
o Oxygen is necessary for the purification of blood. We
cannot survive without regular supply of oxygen.
o Lack of oxygen supply may lead to serious
consequences like damage to brain, memory, sensory
activity muscular control are seriously impaired.

15. 4) NEED FOR SLEEP:
 Sleep is an essential process for normal functioning of
body and mind.
 When our body and mind are tired they need rest for
rejuvenation of energy. It is observed that there is
excess accumulation of a toxin called ‘Lactic acid’
when tired.

16. 5) NEED FOR ELIMINATION OF WASTE:
o Our body cannot bear anything excess or anything
waste. Excess water is sent out in the form of urine or
sweat. Person becomes restless until the waste
materials are disposed off.
6) SEX MOTIVE
o With onset of puberty the sex glands start functioning and as
a result the sex drive is stimulated.
o Its adequate satisfaction is desirable for the maintenance of
normal mental health.
o Unlike hunger and thirst, sex is not essential for survival of
the individual but it necessary for the survival of the species.

17. SOCIAL OR SECONDARY MOTIVES
Social or secondary motives
These are the psychological or social motives. They are
acquired like other forms of learned behavior in the course of
satisfaction of the biological needs.
 Affiliation motives
 Need for status
 Power motives
 Social approval
 Curiosity motive

18. 1) AFFILIATION MOTIVES
 The need to be with other people is known as
affiliation need. This need is revealed through one’s
attraction to others through friendship, sociability or
group membership.
 Need to relay on others which is called dependency
motive, is one form of the need for affiliation.
 People with a high need for affiliation exhibit a high
degree of concern for social relationships.
 Example: Simple routine activities of eating and
drinking cannot be enjoyed without company.

19. 2) NEED FOR STATUS
 Almost all individual have a desire to have some
standing or position among the people of his society
or group.
 Status refers to position or ranking of individuals in a
group or organization, which may be high or low.
 When people are grouped together, a status
hierarchy emerges.

20. 3) POWER MOTIVES:
 Social power is defined as the ability of an individual to
produce intended effect on the behaviour or emotions of
other people.
 The desire to be in a position of control, to be the boss, to
give orders, to command respect and obedience is called
the power motive.
 Persons with power motives will be concerned with having
impact, influence and reputation.
 Example: some people exercise their power by joining
political parties, voluntary organizations, and associating
themselves with prominent and popular men.

21. 4) SOCIAL APPROVAL
 Another important need is that feeling important and
attaining recognition, appreciation and esteem at
hands of others.
 We often show an almost compulsive tendency to
confirm to the norms set by our social groups.
 Each one of us in our respective group wants to gain
appreciation and recognition and possesses an
inherent desire to excel them in order to gain social
status, prestige or approval.

22. 5) CURIOSITY MOTIVE:
 Curiosity is a motive which is close to exploration. It is
a drive that aid the satisfaction of curiosity.
 Curiosity is a tendency to explore and know new
things.
 Example: We see people indulge in a travelling to
look at new places, new things and new
developments taking place outside their
environment.

23. NATURE OF MOTIVES
 It is generated through basic needs or drives.
 It is goal directed activity, pursued till the attainment of
goal.
 Attainment of a goal helps in the release of tension
aroused by a specific motive.
 Motivation is an inner state or an aroused feeling.
 We experience motive as feelings of want need and
desire.
 Motive may be considered as a learned response or
tendency and also an innate disposition.
 We cannot see motives directly but must infer them
from the behavior of people.

24. MOTIVATION CYCLE

25. NEED
 A need is lack or deficit of some necessity. It’s a
state of physical deprivation that causes tension
within an organism.
 The tension caused when the organism is deprived
of basic necessities of life as food, water, and sleep,
causes the internal environment of an organism to
be imbalanced.

26. DRIVES
 DRIVE : drive is an aroused state resulting from some
bodily or tissue need. This aroused conditioned
motivates the individual to initiate behavior to remedy
the need.
 Drive acts as a strong persistent stimulus to push an
organism towards its goal. It is the state of heightened
tension leading to restless activity and preparatory
behavior.
 Example: lack of food produces certain chemical
changes in blood, indicating need for food.

27. INCENTIVES
 Anything that arouses or encourages a person is termed as an
incentive. Drives are influenced by guided by incentives.
 Example: praise, appreciation, regards, bonus, etc.
 Incentive works as a reinforcement agent. As it ads more
strength to drive.
 Incentives states that your actions are directed toward
gaining rewards.
 Rewards have to be obtainable in order to be motivating.

28. MOTIVES
 A motive may be considered as an energetic force or
tendency (learned or innate). Motives can be seen in
the form of various needs, desires, and aspirations of
an individual.
 Something (as a need or desire) that causes a person
to act.
 Example: When people want to start a new business
the motive will be to make the most profit.

29. GOAL
 The reduction of tension in the body can be
considered as the goal of any motivated behavior.
 Example : A hungry man eats food, and his body
restores to a balanced condition. Then reduces the
tension.
 This reduction of tension as a result of an energized
activity is called goal. Once the goal has been
completed, the organism is again ready for another
goal-motivated behavior.

30. THORIES OF MOTIVATION

31. INCENTIVE THEORY OR PULL THEORY
 This theory based on behaviorists learning theories
by Thorndike, Pavlov, Watson and BF Skinner (1977).
 This theory motivation stems the desire to obtain
valued external goals or incentives.
 This theory emphasizes that an attractive incentive
discourages us to do something.
For ex: a student is motivated by the incentive of good
grades, and a teacher is motivated by the incentive of a
promotion.

32. AROUSAL THEORY OF MOTIVATION
 It seek to explain behavior in which the goal is to
maintain or increase excitement.
 Arousal approaches to motivation, each of us tries to
maintain a certain level of stimulation and activity.
According to drive reduction model, if our stimulation
and activity levels become too high, we try to reduce
them.
 In contrast to the drive reduction model, the arousal
model suggests that if the levels of stimulation and
activity are too low, will try to increase them by
seeking stimulation.

33. MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
 Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology
proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper "A
Theory of Human Motivation" in Psychological
Review. Maslow subsequently extended the idea to
include his observations of humans' innate curiosity.
 The most fundamental and basic four layers of the
pyramid contain what Maslow called "deficiency
needs" or "d-needs":

34. MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

35. PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS
 Physiological needs are the physical requirements for
human survival. If these requirements are not met,
the human body cannot function properly and will
ultimately fail.
 The most basic needs are primary drives. Need for
water, food, sleep, sex.
 These basic needs in hierarchy must be met first.

36. SAFETY
 Safety needs include those needs that provide a
person with a sense of security and well-being.
 Safety need includes:
 Personal security.
 Financial and job security.
 Good health and well being.

37. LOVE/BELONGINGNESS
 Love/belongingness needs is interpersonal and involves
feelings of belongingness. This need is especially strong in
childhood.
 love and belongingness needs include the need to obtain
and give affection and to be a contributing member of
some group or society.
 According to Maslow, humans need to feel a sense of
belonging and acceptance among their social groups.
 For example, some large social groups may include clubs,
co-workers, religious groups, professional organizations.
 Small social connections include family members, intimate
partners, mentors, colleagues.

38. SELF-ESTEEM
 Refer to the need for self-esteem and respect, with
self-respect being slightly more important than
gaining respect and admiration from others.
 Esteem presents the typical human desire to be
accepted and valued by others.
 Maslow noted two versions of esteem needs: a
"lower" version and a "higher" version.
 The "lower" version of esteem is the need for
respect from others.
 The "higher" version manifests itself as the need for
self-respect.

39. SELF-ACTUALIZATION
 Self -actualization is state of self-fulfillment in which
people realize their highest potential in their own
unique way.
 Realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking
personal growth and peak experiences.
 The growth of self-actualization refers to the need
for personal growth and discovery that is present
throughout a person’s life.

40. Thank you