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Definisi Dan Sifat-Sifat
Fluida
MARFIZAL . ST . MT
FLUIDA : adalah zat-zat yang mampu mengalir
dan menyesuaikan diri dengan wadah atau
tempatnya.
Bila berada dalam keseimbangan, fluida tidak
dapat menahan gaya tangensial atau gaya
geser. Sehingga semua fluida memiliki
derajat kompresibilitas dan memberikan
tahanan kecil terhadap perubahan bentuk.
MASSA JENIS
 Ukuran kepadatan (densitas) benda homogen
disebut massa jenis, yaitu massa per satuan
volume.
Sifat- Sifat Fluida
• Besaran penting untuk mendeskripsikan fluida?
– Rapat massa (densitas)
V∆
∆
=
m
ρ satuan:
kg/m3
= 10-3
g/cm3
ρ(air) = 1.000 x103
kg/m3
= 1.000 g/cm3
ρ(es) = 0.917 x103
kg/m3
= 0.917 g/cm3
ρ(udara) = 1.29 kg/m3
= 1.29 x10-3
g/cm3
ρ(Hg) = 13.6 x103
kg/m3
= 13.6 g/cm3
Massa jenis zat (ρ)
• Cara mengukur massa jenis zat
Misalnya massa jenis air :
1. Timbang massa air dengan neraca
2. Ukur volume air dengan gelas ukur
3. Bagi massa air dengan volume air
yang telah di ukur
Jadi massa jenis zat adalah
perbandingan antara massa dengan
volume zat
• Secara matematis di rumuskan:
ρ = m / V
Dengan :
m = massa
V = volume zat
• ρ = kerapatan = massajenis
Massa jenis zat (ρ)
Specific gravity (sg)
adalah perbandingan density suatu zat
dengan density air pada temperatur yang
sama.
specific gravity tak bersatuan.
misal sg20/20 : density suatu zat dibagi
dengan density air pada temperatur 20 C.
• Besaran penting untuk mendeskripsikan fluida?
– Tekanan
• Tekanan adalah ukuran penjalaran gaya oleh fluida, yang
didefinisikan sebagai gaya yang bekerja tegak lurus pada
suatu permukaan persatuan luas permukaan
A
F
p
∆
∆
=
satuan :
1 N/m2
= 1 Pa (Pascal)
1 bar = 105
Pa
1 mbar = 102
Pa
1 torr = 133.3 Pa
1atm = 1.013 x105
Pa
= 1013 mbar
= 760 Torr
= 14.7 lb/ in2
(=PSI)
Zat Kerapatan (kg/m3
)
Zat Cair
Air (4o
C) 1,00 x 103
Air Laut 1,03 x 103
Darah 1,06 x 103
Bensin 0,68 x 103
Air raksa 13,6 x 103
Zat Padat
Es 0,92 x 103
Aluminium 2,70 x 103
Besi & Baja 7,8 x 103
Emas 19,3 x 103
Gelas 2,4 – 2,8 x 103
Kayu 0,3 – 0,9 x 103
Tembaga 8,9 x 103
Timah 11,3 x 103
Tulang 1,7 – 2.0 x 103
Zat Gas
Udara 1,293
Helium 0,1786
Hidrogen 0,08994
Uap air
(100 o
C)
0,6
Berikut ini data massa jenis dari beberapa
zat.
Bandingkan besarnya massa jenis
benda padat,cair dan gas !.
Soal:
Sepotong emas yang bentuknya seperti sepeda akan di tentukan massanya. Emas di
masukkan dalam gelas ukur yang sebelumnya telah berisi air, seperti gambar .
Ternyata , skala yang ditunjukan oleh pemukaan air dalam gelas ukur bertambah 3,75
cm 3 . Bila massa jenis emas = 19,3 gram/cm3 , berapakah massa emas tersebut .
Diket :
ρ = 19,3 gr/cm 3
V
= 3, 75 cm 3
Ditanya : m
Jawab :
m = ρV
= 19,3 x 3,75
= 72,375 gram
Soal• Sebuah logam paduan ( alloy ) dibuat dari 0,04
kg logam A dengan massa jenis 8000 kg/m3
dan
0,10 kg logam B dengan massa jenis 10000
kg/m3 .
Hitung massa jenis rata – rata logam
paduan itu.
• Diket :
– Logam A :m A= 0,04 kg dan ρ A= 8000 kg/ m3
– Logam B :m B = 0,10 kg dan ρ B= 10000 kg /m3
• Ditanya : massa jenis rata – rata logam paduan
Jawab:
Massa total logam = mA + mB
= 0,04 + 0,10
= 0,14 kg
Volume total = VA + VB
=( mA /ρ A) + (mB /ρ B)
= (0,04/8000) + (0,10/10000)
= 0,6/40000
Maka
Massa jenis logam paduan = massa total : volume
total
= 0,14 : (0,6/40000)
= 9333 kg /m3
• Anggapan: fluida tak
termampatkan (incompressible)
• Rapat massa konstan
Hubungan tekanan dengan kedalaman fluida
• Bayangkan volume fluida khayal (kubus, luas penampang A)
– Resultan semua gaya pada volume tersebut harus NOL 
keadaan setimbang: F2 - F1 - mg = 0
y1
y2
A
p
1
p2
F1
F2
mg
0
p
ApApFF 1212 −=−
Ag)yy(mg 12 −ρ=
)yy(gpp 1212 −ρ+=
Tekanan ( p )
Tekanan adalah gaya yang bekerja tegak lurus pada suatu
bidang tiap satuan luas bidang yang dikenai gaya
Di rumuskan :
P = F / A
dengan :
F = gaya yang bekerja pada benda (Newton)
A = luas penampang benda(m2
)
1 pascal ( 1 Pa) = 1 N/m2
Satuan lain yang digunakan = atm (atmosfer), cm
Hg, mb(milibar)
1 bar = 105
Pa 1 atm = 76 cm Hg=1,01 .105
Pa
1 mb = 10-3
bar
Tekanan
Penerapan konsep tekanan
dalam kehidupan sehari-
hari misalnya pada pisau
dan paku. Ujung paku
dibuat runcing dan pisau
dibuat tajam untuk
mendapatkan tekanan
yang lebih besar, sehingga
lebih mudah menancap
pada benda lain.
TEKANAN adalah gaya yang bekerja tegak lurus
pada suatu permukaan bidang dan dibagi luas
permukaan bidang tersebut. Secara matematis
dapat di tulis :
F = w
A
Keterangan:
P = tekanan (N/m2
) atau Pascal (Pa) atau atm
F = gaya N
A = luas bidang tekan m2
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
------- 1 atm = 1,01 x 105
Pa
Tekanan Hidrostatis
Gelas yang tidak terisi air terasa ringan, sedangkan gelas
yang terisi air terasa berat. Peristiwa tersebut
menunjukan bahwa air (zat cair) memberikan gaya
tekan yang arahnya kebawah kepada telapak tangan.
Pada fluida diam, tekanan pada suatu titik disebabkan
oleh gaya berat fluida yang di atas titik tersebut.
Tekanan yang disebabkan oleh fluida tak bergerak
disebut tekanan hidrostatis.
MANAKAH YANG PALING BERAT?
Volume fluida yang berada di atas titik B adalah:
  V=A h;
dengan
A = luas penampang wadah
=massa jenis fluidaρ
 Massa fluida di atas B adalah:
 m= V = A hρ ρ
 Sedangkan gaya (berat) yang diberikan fluida itu:
 F = m.g = A h gρ
 apabila, besarnya tekanan fluida di titik B, adalah:
P =F /A, maka :
Ket :
= massa jenis fluida (kg/mρ 3
)
g = percepatan gravitasi (m /s2
)
h = kedalaman (m)
Perhatikan ilustrasi berikut !
Kegiatan Ilmiah
Kekuatan pancaran air atau
pancaran zat cair ini
ditentukan oleh besarnya
tekanan dalam air atau zat
cair tersebut. Hal ini berarti
semakin dalam suatu
tempat dalam air atau zat
cair dari permukaannya,
maka semakin besar
tekanan hidrostatisnya
Mengapa bagian bawa yang
jarak pancarannya paling
jauh ???
Jawab :
Tekanan Total
Jika tekanan udara luar ikut
diperhitungkan seperti pada
gambar, besarnya tekanan
total atau tekanan mutlak
pada satu titik di dalam fluida
adalah
p0 = tekanan udara luar = 1,013 × 105
N/m2
, dan
pA = tekanan total di titik A (tekanan mutlak).
Hukum Pokok Hidrostatis
“setiap ttik yang terletak pada kedalaman yang
sama dari satu jenis zat cair memiliki besar tekanan
hidrostatis yang sama”.
pA =pB = pC = pD
A B C D
Menentukan massa jenis zat cair dengan hukum
pokok hidrostatis
hA
hB
minyak air
A B
Sebuah tabung berbentuk U berisi minyak dan air, seperti
tampak pada gambar di bawah:
Titik A dan titik B berada
pada suatu bidang datar dan
dalam suatu jenis zat cair.
Berdasarkan hukum pokok
hidrostatis maka kedua titik
tersebut memiliki tekanan
yang sama, sehingga:
pA = pB
ρminyak g hA = ρair g hB
ρminyak hA = ρair hB
minyak
B
A
air ρ
h
h
ρ =
Keterangan:
ρoil = massa jenis minyak
ρwater = massa jenis air
hA = tinggi kolom minyak
hB = tinggi kolom air
Tekanan Atmosfir
Berdasarkan pengukuran tekanan atmosfer
dipermukaan air laut adalah 1,01 x 105
N/m2
atau
dikenal dengan 1 atm (1 atmosfer).
Tekanan atmosfer sebesar 1,01 x 105
N/m2
artinya tekanan ini meberikan gaya
sekitar 105
Newton pada daerah seluas 1
m2
.
Setiap saat manusia menerima
tekanan atmosfer sebesar 1 atm dari
segala arah, tetapi mengapa tubuh
kita tidak remuk ?
Tekanan Atmosfer
Tekanan atmosfer adalah tekanan yang
sebabkan oleh oleh udara luar.
biasanya diukur dengan barometer air
raksa.
Tekanan Hidrostatis (Ph)
Di rumuskan
Ph = F / A
= mg / A
= ρVg / A
= ρ A h g / A
= ρ g h
ρ= massa jenis zat cair
h= kedalaman g= percepatan gravitasi
Tekanan yang disebabkan oleh fluida tak bergerak disebut
tekanan hidrostatik
Tekanan Gauge
Yaitu selisih antara tekanan
yang tidak diketahui dengan
tekanan atmosfer (tekanan
udara luar)
Nilai tekanan yang diukur oleh alat pengukur tekanan
menyatakan tekanan gauge, sedangkan tekanan
sesungguhnya disebut tekanan mutlak
Pmutlak = P gauge + P atmosfer
Tekanan Absolut
Adalah jumlah dari tekanan atmosfer
dan tekanan gauge
psig : pound per square in gauge
psia : pound per square in absolute
Pa = P atm + Pg
SOAL
Sebuah ban berisi udara memiliki
tekanan mutlak kira-kira 30 bar,
sebab tekanan atmosfer pada
permukaan laut kira-kira 20 bar,
brp tekanan gauge-nya?
Hukum Pascal
• Tekanan yang di berikan kepada
fluida diam yang memenuhi
sebuah ruangan di teruskan
oleh fluida itu ke segala arah
sama besarnya.
Prinsip Pascal
• Dengan Hk. Newton:
– Tekanan merupakan fungsi kedalaman: ∆p = ρg∆y
• Prinsip Pascal membahas bagaimana perubahan
tekanan diteruskan melalui fluida
Perubahan tekanan fluida pada suatu bejana tertutup akan
diteruskan pada setiap bagian fluida dan juga pada dinding
bejana tersebut.
• Prinsip Pascal  tuas/pengungkit hidrolik
– Penerapan gaya yang cukup kecil di tempat tertentu
dapat menghasilkan gaya yang sangat besar di tempat
yang lain.
– Bagaimana dengan kekekalan energi?
• Perhatikan sistem fluida di samping:
– Gaya ke bawah F1 bekerja pada
piston dengan luas A1.
– Gaya diteruskan melalui fluida
sehingga menghasilkan gaya ke atas
F2.
– Prinsip Pascal: perubahan tekanan
akibat F1 yaitu F1/A1 diteruskan pada
fluida.
F F
1
2
d
2
d
1
A A21
2
2
1
1
A
F
A
F
=
1
2
12
A
A
FF =
Prinsip Pascal
• Misalkan F1 bekerja sepanjang
jarak d1.
– Berapa besar volume fluida
yang dipindahkan?
F F
1
2
d
2
d
1
A A21
• Usaha yang dilakukan F1 sama dengan usaha
yang dilakukan F2  kekekalan energi
volume ini menentukan seberapa jauh
piston di sisi yang lain bergerak
111 dV A=∆
12 VV ∆=∆
2
1
12
A
A
dd =
1
2
1
1
1
2
1222 W
A
A
d
A
A
FdFW ===
Prinsip Pascal
F1
A1
F2
A2
Di rumuskan :
P1 = P2
(F1/A1) = (F2/A2)
Dengan :
F1 : gaya yang bekerja pd
piston 1
F2 : gaya yang bekerja pd
piston 2
A1 : luas penampang 1
A2 : luas penampang 2
Prinsip Pascal
Beberapa peralatan yang prinsip
kerjanya berdasarkan hkm. Pascal :
1. Dongkrak Hidrolik
2. Mesin Pres (Tekan) Hidrolik
3. Pengangkat mobil hidrolik
4. Rem Hidrolik, dll
Hukum Archimedes
 Kenapa kayu-kayu yang besar dan banyak
lebih mudah diangkat dalam air daripada di
darat?
 Mengapa balon gas bisa naik ke atas ?
 Mengapa kapal yang terbuat dari besi bisa
terapung?
Benda-benda yang dimasukkan pada fluida
seakan akan mempunyai berat yang lebih kecil
daripada saat berada di luar fluida. Misalnya,
batu terasa lebih ringan ketika berada di dalam
air dibandingkan ketika berada di udara. Berat
di dalam air sesungguhnya tetap, tetapi air
melakukan gaya yang arahnya ke atas. Hal ini
menyebabkan berat batu akan berkurang,
sehingga batu terasa lebih ringan.
Bunyi Hk. Archimedes
Hukum Archimedes menyatakan bahwa: “Gaya yang
bekerja pada suatu benda yang dicelupkan sebagian
atau selu- ruhnya ke dalam suatu fluida sama dengan
berat fluida yang dipindahkan oleh benda tersebut”
Perhatikan Ilustrasi berikut
Prinsip Archimedes
• Mengukur berat suatu benda di udara (W1) ternyata
berbeda dengan berat benda tersebut di air (W2)
W2?W1
W1 > W2
– Mengapa?
• Karena tekanan pada bagian
bawah benda lebih besar
daripada bagian atasnya, air
memberikan gaya resultan ke
atas, gaya apung, pada benda.
• Gaya apung sama dengan selisih tekanan dikalikan
luas.
fluidapindah_fluidafluida_dlm_bendafluidaB WgmVgF =⋅=⋅⋅= ρ
)Ay-g(y)( 12ρ=⋅−= AppF 12B
Archimedes:
Gaya apung sama dengan
berat volume fluida yang
dipindahkan oleh benda.
• Besar gaya apung menentukan
apakah benda akan terapung atau
tenggelam dalam fluida
y1
y2
A
p
1
p
2
F
1
F
2
Terapung atau tenggelam?
F mgB
y
• Kita dapat menghitung bagian benda
terapung yang berada di bawah
permukaan fluida:
– Benda dalam keadaan setimbang
mgFB =
fluida
benda
benda
bf
V
V
ρ
ρ
=
bendabendabffluida VgVg ⋅⋅=⋅⋅ ρρ
Gaya ke atas : Maka di rumuskan :
Wbf = w – Fa
Fa = w – wbf
atau
Fa = F2 – F1
= P2 A – P1 A
= (P2 – P1)A
= ρf ghA
= (ρf g) (hbf A)
= (ρf g) Vbf
maka gaya ke atas di rumuskan :
Fa = (ρf g) Vbf
FFaa
W = mgW = mg
FF22
FF11
FFaa
W = mgW = mg
FF22
FF11
Gaya ke atas Di rumuskan :
Wbf = w – Fa
Fa = w – wbf
atau
Fa = F2 – F1
= P2 A – P1 A
= (P2 – P1)A
= ρf ghA
= (ρf g) (hbf A)
= (ρf g) Vbf
maka gaya ke atas di rumuskan :
Fa = (ρf g) Vbf
• Dengan:
∀ ρf = massa jenis fluida (kg/m3
)
• Vbf= volume benda dalam fluida (m3
)
• Fa = gaya ke atas (N)
Jadi dapat di simpulkan :
• Suatu benda yang dicelupkan
seluruhnya atau sebagian ke dalam
fluida mengalami gaya ke atas yang
sama dengan berat fluida yang
dipindahkan
Mengapung
• Karena bendanya
seimbang, maka :
∑Fy = 0
Fa – w = 0
Fa = w
Fa = mb g
Fa = (ρb Vb) g
(ρf Vbf) g = (ρb Vb) g
ρb = (Vbf/Vb) ρf
ww
FaFa
hhbb
hhbfbf
ρρbb ρρff<<
Atau ρb = (Vbf/Vb) ρf
= (A hbf / A hb) ρf
ρb = ( hbf / hb ) ρf
• Dengan :
∀ ρb = massa jenis benda (kg / m3
)
∀ ρf = masa jenis fluida (kg / m3
)
• hb = tinggi benda (m)
• hbf = tinggi benda dalam fluida (m)
Kesimpulan :
• Benda yang dicelupkan ke dalam
fluida akan mengapung, bila massa
jenis rata – rata benda lebih kecil
daripada massa jenis fluida.
• Syarat benda mengapung :
ρb < ρf
Soal :
Sebuah benda di celupkan ke dalam alkohol
( massa jenis = 0,9 gr/cm3
). Hanya 1/3 bagian
benda yang muncul di permukaan alkohol.
Tentukan massa jenis benda!
Soal :
Sebuah benda di celupkan ke
dalam alkohol ( massa jenis = 0,9
gr/cm3
). Hanya 1/3 bagian benda
yang muncul di permukaan
alkohol. Tentukan massa jenis
benda!
Diket :
ρf = 0,9 gr/cm3
Bagian yang muncul =( 1/3 )hb,
sehingga :
hbf = hb – (1/3)hb = (2/3)hb
Ditanya : Massa jenis benda (ρb)
Jawab :
36,0
9,03
2
cm
g
b
b
b
b
f
b
bf
b
h
h
h
h
=
=
=
ρ
ρ
ρρ
Melayang Syarat benda melayang :
Fa = w
(ρf Vbf) g = (ρb Vb) g
(ρf Vb) g = (ρb Vb) g
ρf = ρb
FaFa
ww
ρρbb
ρρff==
• Benda yang dicelupkan ke dalam fluida
akan melayang, bila massa jenis rata –
rata benda sama dengan massa jenis
fluida.
• Syarat benda melayang:
ρb = ρf
Tenggelam Dengan cara yang sama
di peroleh :
ρb > ρf
Kesimpulan :
• Benda yang
dicelupkan ke dalam
fluida akan tenggelam,
bila massa jenis rata –
rata benda lebih besar
daripada massa jenis
fluida.ww
FaFa
TEGANGAN PERMUKAAN
• CONTOH:
• Contoh :
 Silet dapat mengapung di air
 Nyamuk dapat hinggap di atas air
Secara matematis tegangan permukaan di
rumuskan :
l
F
=γ
Dengan:
F : gaya (N)
l : panjang (m)
γ ; tegangan permukaan (N/m)
Atau
• Di rumuskan :
A
W
=γ
Dengan :
W = usaha (J)
A = luas penampang (m2)
γ = tegangan permukaan (J/m2
)
Tegangan permukaan pd sebuah bola
θγ
θγ
cos
cos
lF
l
F
y
y
=
=
• Dari gambar di
peroleh :
• Karena
• maka :
rl π2=
Fy = 2 π r γ cos θ
Contoh :
• Seekor serangga berada di atas permukaan air.
Telapak kaki serangga tersebut dapat di anggap
sebagai bola kecil dengan jari – jari 3 x 10-5
m.
Berat serangga adalah 4,5 x 10-5
N dan tubuhnya di
sangga oleh empat buah kaki. Tentukan sudut yang
dibentuk kaki serangga dengan bidang vertikal.
• Diket :
•r = 3 x 10-5
m
•w = 4,5 x 10-5
N
•n = 4
∀γ = 0,072 Nm-1
• Ditanya : θ
Penyelesaian
0
5
5
33
83,0cos
4.072,0.10.3.14,3.2
10.5,4
cos
2
cos
cos2
cos2
=
=
=
=
=
=
−
−
θ
θ
θ
γπ
θ
θγπ
θγπ
nr
w
r
n
w
rFy

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Definisi Dan Sifat-Sifat Fluida

  • 2. FLUIDA : adalah zat-zat yang mampu mengalir dan menyesuaikan diri dengan wadah atau tempatnya. Bila berada dalam keseimbangan, fluida tidak dapat menahan gaya tangensial atau gaya geser. Sehingga semua fluida memiliki derajat kompresibilitas dan memberikan tahanan kecil terhadap perubahan bentuk.
  • 3. MASSA JENIS  Ukuran kepadatan (densitas) benda homogen disebut massa jenis, yaitu massa per satuan volume. Sifat- Sifat Fluida
  • 4. • Besaran penting untuk mendeskripsikan fluida? – Rapat massa (densitas) V∆ ∆ = m ρ satuan: kg/m3 = 10-3 g/cm3 ρ(air) = 1.000 x103 kg/m3 = 1.000 g/cm3 ρ(es) = 0.917 x103 kg/m3 = 0.917 g/cm3 ρ(udara) = 1.29 kg/m3 = 1.29 x10-3 g/cm3 ρ(Hg) = 13.6 x103 kg/m3 = 13.6 g/cm3
  • 5. Massa jenis zat (ρ) • Cara mengukur massa jenis zat Misalnya massa jenis air : 1. Timbang massa air dengan neraca 2. Ukur volume air dengan gelas ukur 3. Bagi massa air dengan volume air yang telah di ukur
  • 6. Jadi massa jenis zat adalah perbandingan antara massa dengan volume zat • Secara matematis di rumuskan: ρ = m / V Dengan : m = massa V = volume zat • ρ = kerapatan = massajenis Massa jenis zat (ρ)
  • 7. Specific gravity (sg) adalah perbandingan density suatu zat dengan density air pada temperatur yang sama. specific gravity tak bersatuan. misal sg20/20 : density suatu zat dibagi dengan density air pada temperatur 20 C.
  • 8. • Besaran penting untuk mendeskripsikan fluida? – Tekanan • Tekanan adalah ukuran penjalaran gaya oleh fluida, yang didefinisikan sebagai gaya yang bekerja tegak lurus pada suatu permukaan persatuan luas permukaan A F p ∆ ∆ = satuan : 1 N/m2 = 1 Pa (Pascal) 1 bar = 105 Pa 1 mbar = 102 Pa 1 torr = 133.3 Pa 1atm = 1.013 x105 Pa = 1013 mbar = 760 Torr = 14.7 lb/ in2 (=PSI)
  • 9.
  • 10. Zat Kerapatan (kg/m3 ) Zat Cair Air (4o C) 1,00 x 103 Air Laut 1,03 x 103 Darah 1,06 x 103 Bensin 0,68 x 103 Air raksa 13,6 x 103 Zat Padat Es 0,92 x 103 Aluminium 2,70 x 103 Besi & Baja 7,8 x 103 Emas 19,3 x 103 Gelas 2,4 – 2,8 x 103 Kayu 0,3 – 0,9 x 103 Tembaga 8,9 x 103 Timah 11,3 x 103 Tulang 1,7 – 2.0 x 103 Zat Gas Udara 1,293 Helium 0,1786 Hidrogen 0,08994 Uap air (100 o C) 0,6 Berikut ini data massa jenis dari beberapa zat. Bandingkan besarnya massa jenis benda padat,cair dan gas !.
  • 11. Soal: Sepotong emas yang bentuknya seperti sepeda akan di tentukan massanya. Emas di masukkan dalam gelas ukur yang sebelumnya telah berisi air, seperti gambar . Ternyata , skala yang ditunjukan oleh pemukaan air dalam gelas ukur bertambah 3,75 cm 3 . Bila massa jenis emas = 19,3 gram/cm3 , berapakah massa emas tersebut . Diket : ρ = 19,3 gr/cm 3 V = 3, 75 cm 3 Ditanya : m Jawab : m = ρV = 19,3 x 3,75 = 72,375 gram
  • 12. Soal• Sebuah logam paduan ( alloy ) dibuat dari 0,04 kg logam A dengan massa jenis 8000 kg/m3 dan 0,10 kg logam B dengan massa jenis 10000 kg/m3 . Hitung massa jenis rata – rata logam paduan itu. • Diket : – Logam A :m A= 0,04 kg dan ρ A= 8000 kg/ m3 – Logam B :m B = 0,10 kg dan ρ B= 10000 kg /m3 • Ditanya : massa jenis rata – rata logam paduan
  • 13. Jawab: Massa total logam = mA + mB = 0,04 + 0,10 = 0,14 kg Volume total = VA + VB =( mA /ρ A) + (mB /ρ B) = (0,04/8000) + (0,10/10000) = 0,6/40000 Maka Massa jenis logam paduan = massa total : volume total = 0,14 : (0,6/40000) = 9333 kg /m3
  • 14. • Anggapan: fluida tak termampatkan (incompressible) • Rapat massa konstan Hubungan tekanan dengan kedalaman fluida • Bayangkan volume fluida khayal (kubus, luas penampang A) – Resultan semua gaya pada volume tersebut harus NOL  keadaan setimbang: F2 - F1 - mg = 0 y1 y2 A p 1 p2 F1 F2 mg 0 p ApApFF 1212 −=− Ag)yy(mg 12 −ρ= )yy(gpp 1212 −ρ+=
  • 15. Tekanan ( p ) Tekanan adalah gaya yang bekerja tegak lurus pada suatu bidang tiap satuan luas bidang yang dikenai gaya Di rumuskan : P = F / A dengan : F = gaya yang bekerja pada benda (Newton) A = luas penampang benda(m2 ) 1 pascal ( 1 Pa) = 1 N/m2 Satuan lain yang digunakan = atm (atmosfer), cm Hg, mb(milibar) 1 bar = 105 Pa 1 atm = 76 cm Hg=1,01 .105 Pa 1 mb = 10-3 bar
  • 16. Tekanan Penerapan konsep tekanan dalam kehidupan sehari- hari misalnya pada pisau dan paku. Ujung paku dibuat runcing dan pisau dibuat tajam untuk mendapatkan tekanan yang lebih besar, sehingga lebih mudah menancap pada benda lain.
  • 17. TEKANAN adalah gaya yang bekerja tegak lurus pada suatu permukaan bidang dan dibagi luas permukaan bidang tersebut. Secara matematis dapat di tulis : F = w A Keterangan: P = tekanan (N/m2 ) atau Pascal (Pa) atau atm F = gaya N A = luas bidang tekan m2 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 ------- 1 atm = 1,01 x 105 Pa
  • 18. Tekanan Hidrostatis Gelas yang tidak terisi air terasa ringan, sedangkan gelas yang terisi air terasa berat. Peristiwa tersebut menunjukan bahwa air (zat cair) memberikan gaya tekan yang arahnya kebawah kepada telapak tangan. Pada fluida diam, tekanan pada suatu titik disebabkan oleh gaya berat fluida yang di atas titik tersebut. Tekanan yang disebabkan oleh fluida tak bergerak disebut tekanan hidrostatis. MANAKAH YANG PALING BERAT?
  • 19. Volume fluida yang berada di atas titik B adalah:   V=A h; dengan A = luas penampang wadah =massa jenis fluidaρ  Massa fluida di atas B adalah:  m= V = A hρ ρ  Sedangkan gaya (berat) yang diberikan fluida itu:  F = m.g = A h gρ  apabila, besarnya tekanan fluida di titik B, adalah: P =F /A, maka : Ket : = massa jenis fluida (kg/mρ 3 ) g = percepatan gravitasi (m /s2 ) h = kedalaman (m) Perhatikan ilustrasi berikut !
  • 20. Kegiatan Ilmiah Kekuatan pancaran air atau pancaran zat cair ini ditentukan oleh besarnya tekanan dalam air atau zat cair tersebut. Hal ini berarti semakin dalam suatu tempat dalam air atau zat cair dari permukaannya, maka semakin besar tekanan hidrostatisnya Mengapa bagian bawa yang jarak pancarannya paling jauh ??? Jawab :
  • 21. Tekanan Total Jika tekanan udara luar ikut diperhitungkan seperti pada gambar, besarnya tekanan total atau tekanan mutlak pada satu titik di dalam fluida adalah p0 = tekanan udara luar = 1,013 × 105 N/m2 , dan pA = tekanan total di titik A (tekanan mutlak).
  • 22. Hukum Pokok Hidrostatis “setiap ttik yang terletak pada kedalaman yang sama dari satu jenis zat cair memiliki besar tekanan hidrostatis yang sama”. pA =pB = pC = pD A B C D
  • 23. Menentukan massa jenis zat cair dengan hukum pokok hidrostatis hA hB minyak air A B Sebuah tabung berbentuk U berisi minyak dan air, seperti tampak pada gambar di bawah: Titik A dan titik B berada pada suatu bidang datar dan dalam suatu jenis zat cair. Berdasarkan hukum pokok hidrostatis maka kedua titik tersebut memiliki tekanan yang sama, sehingga: pA = pB ρminyak g hA = ρair g hB ρminyak hA = ρair hB minyak B A air ρ h h ρ = Keterangan: ρoil = massa jenis minyak ρwater = massa jenis air hA = tinggi kolom minyak hB = tinggi kolom air
  • 24. Tekanan Atmosfir Berdasarkan pengukuran tekanan atmosfer dipermukaan air laut adalah 1,01 x 105 N/m2 atau dikenal dengan 1 atm (1 atmosfer). Tekanan atmosfer sebesar 1,01 x 105 N/m2 artinya tekanan ini meberikan gaya sekitar 105 Newton pada daerah seluas 1 m2 . Setiap saat manusia menerima tekanan atmosfer sebesar 1 atm dari segala arah, tetapi mengapa tubuh kita tidak remuk ?
  • 25. Tekanan Atmosfer Tekanan atmosfer adalah tekanan yang sebabkan oleh oleh udara luar. biasanya diukur dengan barometer air raksa.
  • 26. Tekanan Hidrostatis (Ph) Di rumuskan Ph = F / A = mg / A = ρVg / A = ρ A h g / A = ρ g h ρ= massa jenis zat cair h= kedalaman g= percepatan gravitasi Tekanan yang disebabkan oleh fluida tak bergerak disebut tekanan hidrostatik
  • 27. Tekanan Gauge Yaitu selisih antara tekanan yang tidak diketahui dengan tekanan atmosfer (tekanan udara luar) Nilai tekanan yang diukur oleh alat pengukur tekanan menyatakan tekanan gauge, sedangkan tekanan sesungguhnya disebut tekanan mutlak Pmutlak = P gauge + P atmosfer
  • 28. Tekanan Absolut Adalah jumlah dari tekanan atmosfer dan tekanan gauge psig : pound per square in gauge psia : pound per square in absolute Pa = P atm + Pg
  • 29. SOAL Sebuah ban berisi udara memiliki tekanan mutlak kira-kira 30 bar, sebab tekanan atmosfer pada permukaan laut kira-kira 20 bar, brp tekanan gauge-nya?
  • 30. Hukum Pascal • Tekanan yang di berikan kepada fluida diam yang memenuhi sebuah ruangan di teruskan oleh fluida itu ke segala arah sama besarnya.
  • 31. Prinsip Pascal • Dengan Hk. Newton: – Tekanan merupakan fungsi kedalaman: ∆p = ρg∆y • Prinsip Pascal membahas bagaimana perubahan tekanan diteruskan melalui fluida Perubahan tekanan fluida pada suatu bejana tertutup akan diteruskan pada setiap bagian fluida dan juga pada dinding bejana tersebut. • Prinsip Pascal  tuas/pengungkit hidrolik – Penerapan gaya yang cukup kecil di tempat tertentu dapat menghasilkan gaya yang sangat besar di tempat yang lain. – Bagaimana dengan kekekalan energi?
  • 32. • Perhatikan sistem fluida di samping: – Gaya ke bawah F1 bekerja pada piston dengan luas A1. – Gaya diteruskan melalui fluida sehingga menghasilkan gaya ke atas F2. – Prinsip Pascal: perubahan tekanan akibat F1 yaitu F1/A1 diteruskan pada fluida. F F 1 2 d 2 d 1 A A21 2 2 1 1 A F A F = 1 2 12 A A FF = Prinsip Pascal
  • 33. • Misalkan F1 bekerja sepanjang jarak d1. – Berapa besar volume fluida yang dipindahkan? F F 1 2 d 2 d 1 A A21 • Usaha yang dilakukan F1 sama dengan usaha yang dilakukan F2  kekekalan energi volume ini menentukan seberapa jauh piston di sisi yang lain bergerak 111 dV A=∆ 12 VV ∆=∆ 2 1 12 A A dd = 1 2 1 1 1 2 1222 W A A d A A FdFW === Prinsip Pascal
  • 34. F1 A1 F2 A2 Di rumuskan : P1 = P2 (F1/A1) = (F2/A2) Dengan : F1 : gaya yang bekerja pd piston 1 F2 : gaya yang bekerja pd piston 2 A1 : luas penampang 1 A2 : luas penampang 2 Prinsip Pascal
  • 35. Beberapa peralatan yang prinsip kerjanya berdasarkan hkm. Pascal : 1. Dongkrak Hidrolik 2. Mesin Pres (Tekan) Hidrolik 3. Pengangkat mobil hidrolik 4. Rem Hidrolik, dll
  • 36. Hukum Archimedes  Kenapa kayu-kayu yang besar dan banyak lebih mudah diangkat dalam air daripada di darat?  Mengapa balon gas bisa naik ke atas ?  Mengapa kapal yang terbuat dari besi bisa terapung? Benda-benda yang dimasukkan pada fluida seakan akan mempunyai berat yang lebih kecil daripada saat berada di luar fluida. Misalnya, batu terasa lebih ringan ketika berada di dalam air dibandingkan ketika berada di udara. Berat di dalam air sesungguhnya tetap, tetapi air melakukan gaya yang arahnya ke atas. Hal ini menyebabkan berat batu akan berkurang, sehingga batu terasa lebih ringan.
  • 37. Bunyi Hk. Archimedes Hukum Archimedes menyatakan bahwa: “Gaya yang bekerja pada suatu benda yang dicelupkan sebagian atau selu- ruhnya ke dalam suatu fluida sama dengan berat fluida yang dipindahkan oleh benda tersebut” Perhatikan Ilustrasi berikut
  • 38. Prinsip Archimedes • Mengukur berat suatu benda di udara (W1) ternyata berbeda dengan berat benda tersebut di air (W2) W2?W1 W1 > W2 – Mengapa? • Karena tekanan pada bagian bawah benda lebih besar daripada bagian atasnya, air memberikan gaya resultan ke atas, gaya apung, pada benda.
  • 39. • Gaya apung sama dengan selisih tekanan dikalikan luas. fluidapindah_fluidafluida_dlm_bendafluidaB WgmVgF =⋅=⋅⋅= ρ )Ay-g(y)( 12ρ=⋅−= AppF 12B Archimedes: Gaya apung sama dengan berat volume fluida yang dipindahkan oleh benda. • Besar gaya apung menentukan apakah benda akan terapung atau tenggelam dalam fluida y1 y2 A p 1 p 2 F 1 F 2
  • 40. Terapung atau tenggelam? F mgB y • Kita dapat menghitung bagian benda terapung yang berada di bawah permukaan fluida: – Benda dalam keadaan setimbang mgFB = fluida benda benda bf V V ρ ρ = bendabendabffluida VgVg ⋅⋅=⋅⋅ ρρ
  • 41. Gaya ke atas : Maka di rumuskan : Wbf = w – Fa Fa = w – wbf atau Fa = F2 – F1 = P2 A – P1 A = (P2 – P1)A = ρf ghA = (ρf g) (hbf A) = (ρf g) Vbf maka gaya ke atas di rumuskan : Fa = (ρf g) Vbf FFaa W = mgW = mg FF22 FF11
  • 42. FFaa W = mgW = mg FF22 FF11 Gaya ke atas Di rumuskan : Wbf = w – Fa Fa = w – wbf atau Fa = F2 – F1 = P2 A – P1 A = (P2 – P1)A = ρf ghA = (ρf g) (hbf A) = (ρf g) Vbf maka gaya ke atas di rumuskan : Fa = (ρf g) Vbf • Dengan: ∀ ρf = massa jenis fluida (kg/m3 ) • Vbf= volume benda dalam fluida (m3 ) • Fa = gaya ke atas (N)
  • 43. Jadi dapat di simpulkan : • Suatu benda yang dicelupkan seluruhnya atau sebagian ke dalam fluida mengalami gaya ke atas yang sama dengan berat fluida yang dipindahkan
  • 44. Mengapung • Karena bendanya seimbang, maka : ∑Fy = 0 Fa – w = 0 Fa = w Fa = mb g Fa = (ρb Vb) g (ρf Vbf) g = (ρb Vb) g ρb = (Vbf/Vb) ρf ww FaFa hhbb hhbfbf ρρbb ρρff<<
  • 45. Atau ρb = (Vbf/Vb) ρf = (A hbf / A hb) ρf ρb = ( hbf / hb ) ρf • Dengan : ∀ ρb = massa jenis benda (kg / m3 ) ∀ ρf = masa jenis fluida (kg / m3 ) • hb = tinggi benda (m) • hbf = tinggi benda dalam fluida (m)
  • 46. Kesimpulan : • Benda yang dicelupkan ke dalam fluida akan mengapung, bila massa jenis rata – rata benda lebih kecil daripada massa jenis fluida. • Syarat benda mengapung : ρb < ρf
  • 47. Soal : Sebuah benda di celupkan ke dalam alkohol ( massa jenis = 0,9 gr/cm3 ). Hanya 1/3 bagian benda yang muncul di permukaan alkohol. Tentukan massa jenis benda!
  • 48. Soal : Sebuah benda di celupkan ke dalam alkohol ( massa jenis = 0,9 gr/cm3 ). Hanya 1/3 bagian benda yang muncul di permukaan alkohol. Tentukan massa jenis benda! Diket : ρf = 0,9 gr/cm3 Bagian yang muncul =( 1/3 )hb, sehingga : hbf = hb – (1/3)hb = (2/3)hb Ditanya : Massa jenis benda (ρb) Jawab : 36,0 9,03 2 cm g b b b b f b bf b h h h h = = = ρ ρ ρρ
  • 49. Melayang Syarat benda melayang : Fa = w (ρf Vbf) g = (ρb Vb) g (ρf Vb) g = (ρb Vb) g ρf = ρb FaFa ww ρρbb ρρff==
  • 50. • Benda yang dicelupkan ke dalam fluida akan melayang, bila massa jenis rata – rata benda sama dengan massa jenis fluida. • Syarat benda melayang: ρb = ρf
  • 51. Tenggelam Dengan cara yang sama di peroleh : ρb > ρf Kesimpulan : • Benda yang dicelupkan ke dalam fluida akan tenggelam, bila massa jenis rata – rata benda lebih besar daripada massa jenis fluida.ww FaFa
  • 53. • Contoh :  Silet dapat mengapung di air  Nyamuk dapat hinggap di atas air Secara matematis tegangan permukaan di rumuskan : l F =γ Dengan: F : gaya (N) l : panjang (m) γ ; tegangan permukaan (N/m)
  • 54. Atau • Di rumuskan : A W =γ Dengan : W = usaha (J) A = luas penampang (m2) γ = tegangan permukaan (J/m2 )
  • 55. Tegangan permukaan pd sebuah bola θγ θγ cos cos lF l F y y = = • Dari gambar di peroleh : • Karena • maka : rl π2= Fy = 2 π r γ cos θ
  • 56. Contoh : • Seekor serangga berada di atas permukaan air. Telapak kaki serangga tersebut dapat di anggap sebagai bola kecil dengan jari – jari 3 x 10-5 m. Berat serangga adalah 4,5 x 10-5 N dan tubuhnya di sangga oleh empat buah kaki. Tentukan sudut yang dibentuk kaki serangga dengan bidang vertikal.
  • 57. • Diket : •r = 3 x 10-5 m •w = 4,5 x 10-5 N •n = 4 ∀γ = 0,072 Nm-1 • Ditanya : θ

Editor's Notes

  1. Custom animation effects: line sweeps in picture and text (Basic) To reproduce the shape effects on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Lines click Line (first option from the left). On the slide, press and hold SHIFT, and then drag to draw a straight, vertical line. Select the line. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, in the Shape Width box, enter 7.5”. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane. In the Line Color pane, select Solid line, click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Style in the left pane. In the Line Style pane, in the Weight box, enter 2 pt. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Effects, point to Glow, and then under Glow Variations click Accent color 1, 5 pt glow (first row, first option from the left). Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Effects, point to Glow, point to More Glow Colors, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Center. Click Align Middle. On the slide, select the line. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, and then click Duplicate. Drag the duplicate line slightly off the right edge of the slide. With the duplicate line still selected, on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Picture. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert. On the slide, select the picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Size and Position dialog box, on the Size tab, resize or crop the picture as needed so that under Size and rotate, the Height box is set to 7.5” and the Width box is set to 5”. Resize the picture under Size and rotate by entering values into the Height and Width boxes. Crop the picture under Crop from by entering values into the Left, Right, Top, and Bottom boxes. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Right. Click Align Middle. To reproduce the text effects on this slide, do the following: On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Text Box. On the slide, drag to draw a text box. Enter text in the text box, and then select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, do the following: In the Font list, select Arial. In the Font Size list, select 28. Click Bold. Click the button next to Font Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Align Text Right to align the text right in the text box. Drag the text box onto the left half of the slide. To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following: Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left). Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows: Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 40%. Click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1, Lighter 50% (second row, second option from the left). To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following: On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click Custom Animation. Select the line off the right edge of the slide. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the animation effect (fly-in effect for the second line). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select After Previous. In the Direction list, select From Left. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click Select, and then click Selection Pane. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the first line you created (in the middle of the slide). In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the second animation effect (fly-in effect for the first line). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select After Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the slide, select the picture. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Wipe. Select the third animation effect (wipe effect for the picture). Under Modify: Wipe, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the slide, select the text box. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the fourth animation effect (fly-in effect for the text box). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast.
  2. Custom animation effects: line sweeps in picture and text (Basic) To reproduce the shape effects on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Lines click Line (first option from the left). On the slide, press and hold SHIFT, and then drag to draw a straight, vertical line. Select the line. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, in the Shape Width box, enter 7.5”. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane. In the Line Color pane, select Solid line, click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Style in the left pane. In the Line Style pane, in the Weight box, enter 2 pt. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Effects, point to Glow, and then under Glow Variations click Accent color 1, 5 pt glow (first row, first option from the left). Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Effects, point to Glow, point to More Glow Colors, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Center. Click Align Middle. On the slide, select the line. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, and then click Duplicate. Drag the duplicate line slightly off the right edge of the slide. With the duplicate line still selected, on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Picture. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert. On the slide, select the picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Size and Position dialog box, on the Size tab, resize or crop the picture as needed so that under Size and rotate, the Height box is set to 7.5” and the Width box is set to 5”. Resize the picture under Size and rotate by entering values into the Height and Width boxes. Crop the picture under Crop from by entering values into the Left, Right, Top, and Bottom boxes. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Right. Click Align Middle. To reproduce the text effects on this slide, do the following: On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Text Box. On the slide, drag to draw a text box. Enter text in the text box, and then select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, do the following: In the Font list, select Arial. In the Font Size list, select 28. Click Bold. Click the button next to Font Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Align Text Right to align the text right in the text box. Drag the text box onto the left half of the slide. To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following: Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left). Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows: Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 40%. Click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1, Lighter 50% (second row, second option from the left). To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following: On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click Custom Animation. Select the line off the right edge of the slide. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the animation effect (fly-in effect for the second line). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select After Previous. In the Direction list, select From Left. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click Select, and then click Selection Pane. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the first line you created (in the middle of the slide). In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the second animation effect (fly-in effect for the first line). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select After Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the slide, select the picture. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Wipe. Select the third animation effect (wipe effect for the picture). Under Modify: Wipe, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the slide, select the text box. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the fourth animation effect (fly-in effect for the text box). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast.
  3. Custom animation effects: line sweeps in picture and text (Basic) To reproduce the shape effects on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Lines click Line (first option from the left). On the slide, press and hold SHIFT, and then drag to draw a straight, vertical line. Select the line. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, in the Shape Width box, enter 7.5”. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane. In the Line Color pane, select Solid line, click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Style in the left pane. In the Line Style pane, in the Weight box, enter 2 pt. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Effects, point to Glow, and then under Glow Variations click Accent color 1, 5 pt glow (first row, first option from the left). Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Effects, point to Glow, point to More Glow Colors, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Center. Click Align Middle. On the slide, select the line. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, and then click Duplicate. Drag the duplicate line slightly off the right edge of the slide. With the duplicate line still selected, on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Picture. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert. On the slide, select the picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Size and Position dialog box, on the Size tab, resize or crop the picture as needed so that under Size and rotate, the Height box is set to 7.5” and the Width box is set to 5”. Resize the picture under Size and rotate by entering values into the Height and Width boxes. Crop the picture under Crop from by entering values into the Left, Right, Top, and Bottom boxes. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Right. Click Align Middle. To reproduce the text effects on this slide, do the following: On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Text Box. On the slide, drag to draw a text box. Enter text in the text box, and then select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, do the following: In the Font list, select Arial. In the Font Size list, select 28. Click Bold. Click the button next to Font Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Align Text Right to align the text right in the text box. Drag the text box onto the left half of the slide. To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following: Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left). Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows: Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 40%. Click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1, Lighter 50% (second row, second option from the left). To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following: On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click Custom Animation. Select the line off the right edge of the slide. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the animation effect (fly-in effect for the second line). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select After Previous. In the Direction list, select From Left. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click Select, and then click Selection Pane. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the first line you created (in the middle of the slide). In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the second animation effect (fly-in effect for the first line). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select After Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the slide, select the picture. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Wipe. Select the third animation effect (wipe effect for the picture). Under Modify: Wipe, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the slide, select the text box. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the fourth animation effect (fly-in effect for the text box). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast.
  4. Custom animation effects: line sweeps in picture and text (Basic) To reproduce the shape effects on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Lines click Line (first option from the left). On the slide, press and hold SHIFT, and then drag to draw a straight, vertical line. Select the line. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, in the Shape Width box, enter 7.5”. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane. In the Line Color pane, select Solid line, click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Style in the left pane. In the Line Style pane, in the Weight box, enter 2 pt. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Effects, point to Glow, and then under Glow Variations click Accent color 1, 5 pt glow (first row, first option from the left). Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Effects, point to Glow, point to More Glow Colors, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Center. Click Align Middle. On the slide, select the line. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, and then click Duplicate. Drag the duplicate line slightly off the right edge of the slide. With the duplicate line still selected, on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Picture. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert. On the slide, select the picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Size and Position dialog box, on the Size tab, resize or crop the picture as needed so that under Size and rotate, the Height box is set to 7.5” and the Width box is set to 5”. Resize the picture under Size and rotate by entering values into the Height and Width boxes. Crop the picture under Crop from by entering values into the Left, Right, Top, and Bottom boxes. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Right. Click Align Middle. To reproduce the text effects on this slide, do the following: On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Text Box. On the slide, drag to draw a text box. Enter text in the text box, and then select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, do the following: In the Font list, select Arial. In the Font Size list, select 28. Click Bold. Click the button next to Font Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Align Text Right to align the text right in the text box. Drag the text box onto the left half of the slide. To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following: Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left). Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows: Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 40%. Click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1, Lighter 50% (second row, second option from the left). To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following: On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click Custom Animation. Select the line off the right edge of the slide. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the animation effect (fly-in effect for the second line). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select After Previous. In the Direction list, select From Left. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click Select, and then click Selection Pane. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the first line you created (in the middle of the slide). In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the second animation effect (fly-in effect for the first line). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select After Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the slide, select the picture. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Wipe. Select the third animation effect (wipe effect for the picture). Under Modify: Wipe, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the slide, select the text box. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the fourth animation effect (fly-in effect for the text box). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast.
  5. Custom animation effects: line sweeps in picture and text (Basic) To reproduce the shape effects on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Lines click Line (first option from the left). On the slide, press and hold SHIFT, and then drag to draw a straight, vertical line. Select the line. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, in the Shape Width box, enter 7.5”. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane. In the Line Color pane, select Solid line, click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Style in the left pane. In the Line Style pane, in the Weight box, enter 2 pt. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Effects, point to Glow, and then under Glow Variations click Accent color 1, 5 pt glow (first row, first option from the left). Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Effects, point to Glow, point to More Glow Colors, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Center. Click Align Middle. On the slide, select the line. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, and then click Duplicate. Drag the duplicate line slightly off the right edge of the slide. With the duplicate line still selected, on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Picture. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert. On the slide, select the picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Size and Position dialog box, on the Size tab, resize or crop the picture as needed so that under Size and rotate, the Height box is set to 7.5” and the Width box is set to 5”. Resize the picture under Size and rotate by entering values into the Height and Width boxes. Crop the picture under Crop from by entering values into the Left, Right, Top, and Bottom boxes. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Right. Click Align Middle. To reproduce the text effects on this slide, do the following: On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Text Box. On the slide, drag to draw a text box. Enter text in the text box, and then select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, do the following: In the Font list, select Arial. In the Font Size list, select 28. Click Bold. Click the button next to Font Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Align Text Right to align the text right in the text box. Drag the text box onto the left half of the slide. To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following: Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left). Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows: Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 40%. Click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1, Lighter 50% (second row, second option from the left). To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following: On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click Custom Animation. Select the line off the right edge of the slide. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the animation effect (fly-in effect for the second line). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select After Previous. In the Direction list, select From Left. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click Select, and then click Selection Pane. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the first line you created (in the middle of the slide). In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the second animation effect (fly-in effect for the first line). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select After Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the slide, select the picture. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Wipe. Select the third animation effect (wipe effect for the picture). Under Modify: Wipe, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the slide, select the text box. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the fourth animation effect (fly-in effect for the text box). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast.
  6. Custom animation effects: line sweeps in picture and text (Basic) To reproduce the shape effects on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Lines click Line (first option from the left). On the slide, press and hold SHIFT, and then drag to draw a straight, vertical line. Select the line. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, in the Shape Width box, enter 7.5”. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane. In the Line Color pane, select Solid line, click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Style in the left pane. In the Line Style pane, in the Weight box, enter 2 pt. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Effects, point to Glow, and then under Glow Variations click Accent color 1, 5 pt glow (first row, first option from the left). Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Effects, point to Glow, point to More Glow Colors, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Center. Click Align Middle. On the slide, select the line. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, and then click Duplicate. Drag the duplicate line slightly off the right edge of the slide. With the duplicate line still selected, on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Picture. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert. On the slide, select the picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Size and Position dialog box, on the Size tab, resize or crop the picture as needed so that under Size and rotate, the Height box is set to 7.5” and the Width box is set to 5”. Resize the picture under Size and rotate by entering values into the Height and Width boxes. Crop the picture under Crop from by entering values into the Left, Right, Top, and Bottom boxes. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Right. Click Align Middle. To reproduce the text effects on this slide, do the following: On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Text Box. On the slide, drag to draw a text box. Enter text in the text box, and then select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, do the following: In the Font list, select Arial. In the Font Size list, select 28. Click Bold. Click the button next to Font Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Align Text Right to align the text right in the text box. Drag the text box onto the left half of the slide. To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following: Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left). Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows: Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 40%. Click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1, Lighter 50% (second row, second option from the left). To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following: On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click Custom Animation. Select the line off the right edge of the slide. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the animation effect (fly-in effect for the second line). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select After Previous. In the Direction list, select From Left. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click Select, and then click Selection Pane. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the first line you created (in the middle of the slide). In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the second animation effect (fly-in effect for the first line). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select After Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the slide, select the picture. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Wipe. Select the third animation effect (wipe effect for the picture). Under Modify: Wipe, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the slide, select the text box. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the fourth animation effect (fly-in effect for the text box). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast.
  7. Custom animation effects: line sweeps in picture and text (Basic) To reproduce the shape effects on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Lines click Line (first option from the left). On the slide, press and hold SHIFT, and then drag to draw a straight, vertical line. Select the line. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, in the Shape Width box, enter 7.5”. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane. In the Line Color pane, select Solid line, click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Style in the left pane. In the Line Style pane, in the Weight box, enter 2 pt. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Effects, point to Glow, and then under Glow Variations click Accent color 1, 5 pt glow (first row, first option from the left). Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Effects, point to Glow, point to More Glow Colors, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Center. Click Align Middle. On the slide, select the line. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, and then click Duplicate. Drag the duplicate line slightly off the right edge of the slide. With the duplicate line still selected, on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Picture. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert. On the slide, select the picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Size and Position dialog box, on the Size tab, resize or crop the picture as needed so that under Size and rotate, the Height box is set to 7.5” and the Width box is set to 5”. Resize the picture under Size and rotate by entering values into the Height and Width boxes. Crop the picture under Crop from by entering values into the Left, Right, Top, and Bottom boxes. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Right. Click Align Middle. To reproduce the text effects on this slide, do the following: On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Text Box. On the slide, drag to draw a text box. Enter text in the text box, and then select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, do the following: In the Font list, select Arial. In the Font Size list, select 28. Click Bold. Click the button next to Font Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Align Text Right to align the text right in the text box. Drag the text box onto the left half of the slide. To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following: Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left). Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows: Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 40%. Click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1, Lighter 50% (second row, second option from the left). To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following: On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click Custom Animation. Select the line off the right edge of the slide. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the animation effect (fly-in effect for the second line). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select After Previous. In the Direction list, select From Left. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click Select, and then click Selection Pane. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the first line you created (in the middle of the slide). In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the second animation effect (fly-in effect for the first line). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select After Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the slide, select the picture. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Wipe. Select the third animation effect (wipe effect for the picture). Under Modify: Wipe, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the slide, select the text box. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the fourth animation effect (fly-in effect for the text box). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast.
  8. Custom animation effects: line sweeps in picture and text (Basic) To reproduce the shape effects on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Lines click Line (first option from the left). On the slide, press and hold SHIFT, and then drag to draw a straight, vertical line. Select the line. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, in the Shape Width box, enter 7.5”. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane. In the Line Color pane, select Solid line, click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Style in the left pane. In the Line Style pane, in the Weight box, enter 2 pt. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Effects, point to Glow, and then under Glow Variations click Accent color 1, 5 pt glow (first row, first option from the left). Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Effects, point to Glow, point to More Glow Colors, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Center. Click Align Middle. On the slide, select the line. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, and then click Duplicate. Drag the duplicate line slightly off the right edge of the slide. With the duplicate line still selected, on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Picture. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert. On the slide, select the picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Size and Position dialog box, on the Size tab, resize or crop the picture as needed so that under Size and rotate, the Height box is set to 7.5” and the Width box is set to 5”. Resize the picture under Size and rotate by entering values into the Height and Width boxes. Crop the picture under Crop from by entering values into the Left, Right, Top, and Bottom boxes. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Right. Click Align Middle. To reproduce the text effects on this slide, do the following: On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Text Box. On the slide, drag to draw a text box. Enter text in the text box, and then select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, do the following: In the Font list, select Arial. In the Font Size list, select 28. Click Bold. Click the button next to Font Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Align Text Right to align the text right in the text box. Drag the text box onto the left half of the slide. To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following: Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left). Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows: Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 40%. Click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1, Lighter 50% (second row, second option from the left). To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following: On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click Custom Animation. Select the line off the right edge of the slide. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the animation effect (fly-in effect for the second line). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select After Previous. In the Direction list, select From Left. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click Select, and then click Selection Pane. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the first line you created (in the middle of the slide). In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the second animation effect (fly-in effect for the first line). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select After Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the slide, select the picture. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Wipe. Select the third animation effect (wipe effect for the picture). Under Modify: Wipe, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the slide, select the text box. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the fourth animation effect (fly-in effect for the text box). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast.
  9. Custom animation effects: line sweeps in picture and text (Basic) To reproduce the shape effects on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Lines click Line (first option from the left). On the slide, press and hold SHIFT, and then drag to draw a straight, vertical line. Select the line. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, in the Shape Width box, enter 7.5”. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane. In the Line Color pane, select Solid line, click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Style in the left pane. In the Line Style pane, in the Weight box, enter 2 pt. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Effects, point to Glow, and then under Glow Variations click Accent color 1, 5 pt glow (first row, first option from the left). Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Effects, point to Glow, point to More Glow Colors, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Center. Click Align Middle. On the slide, select the line. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, and then click Duplicate. Drag the duplicate line slightly off the right edge of the slide. With the duplicate line still selected, on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Picture. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert. On the slide, select the picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Size and Position dialog box, on the Size tab, resize or crop the picture as needed so that under Size and rotate, the Height box is set to 7.5” and the Width box is set to 5”. Resize the picture under Size and rotate by entering values into the Height and Width boxes. Crop the picture under Crop from by entering values into the Left, Right, Top, and Bottom boxes. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Right. Click Align Middle. To reproduce the text effects on this slide, do the following: On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Text Box. On the slide, drag to draw a text box. Enter text in the text box, and then select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, do the following: In the Font list, select Arial. In the Font Size list, select 28. Click Bold. Click the button next to Font Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Align Text Right to align the text right in the text box. Drag the text box onto the left half of the slide. To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following: Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left). Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows: Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 40%. Click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1, Lighter 50% (second row, second option from the left). To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following: On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click Custom Animation. Select the line off the right edge of the slide. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the animation effect (fly-in effect for the second line). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select After Previous. In the Direction list, select From Left. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click Select, and then click Selection Pane. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the first line you created (in the middle of the slide). In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the second animation effect (fly-in effect for the first line). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select After Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the slide, select the picture. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Wipe. Select the third animation effect (wipe effect for the picture). Under Modify: Wipe, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the slide, select the text box. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the fourth animation effect (fly-in effect for the text box). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast.
  10. Custom animation effects: line sweeps in picture and text (Basic) To reproduce the shape effects on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Lines click Line (first option from the left). On the slide, press and hold SHIFT, and then drag to draw a straight, vertical line. Select the line. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, in the Shape Width box, enter 7.5”. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane. In the Line Color pane, select Solid line, click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Style in the left pane. In the Line Style pane, in the Weight box, enter 2 pt. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Effects, point to Glow, and then under Glow Variations click Accent color 1, 5 pt glow (first row, first option from the left). Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Effects, point to Glow, point to More Glow Colors, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Center. Click Align Middle. On the slide, select the line. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, and then click Duplicate. Drag the duplicate line slightly off the right edge of the slide. With the duplicate line still selected, on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Picture. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert. On the slide, select the picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Size and Position dialog box, on the Size tab, resize or crop the picture as needed so that under Size and rotate, the Height box is set to 7.5” and the Width box is set to 5”. Resize the picture under Size and rotate by entering values into the Height and Width boxes. Crop the picture under Crop from by entering values into the Left, Right, Top, and Bottom boxes. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Right. Click Align Middle. To reproduce the text effects on this slide, do the following: On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Text Box. On the slide, drag to draw a text box. Enter text in the text box, and then select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, do the following: In the Font list, select Arial. In the Font Size list, select 28. Click Bold. Click the button next to Font Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Align Text Right to align the text right in the text box. Drag the text box onto the left half of the slide. To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following: Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left). Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows: Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 40%. Click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1, Lighter 50% (second row, second option from the left). To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following: On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click Custom Animation. Select the line off the right edge of the slide. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the animation effect (fly-in effect for the second line). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select After Previous. In the Direction list, select From Left. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click Select, and then click Selection Pane. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the first line you created (in the middle of the slide). In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the second animation effect (fly-in effect for the first line). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select After Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the slide, select the picture. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Wipe. Select the third animation effect (wipe effect for the picture). Under Modify: Wipe, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the slide, select the text box. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the fourth animation effect (fly-in effect for the text box). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast.
  11. Custom animation effects: line sweeps in picture and text (Basic) To reproduce the shape effects on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Lines click Line (first option from the left). On the slide, press and hold SHIFT, and then drag to draw a straight, vertical line. Select the line. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, in the Shape Width box, enter 7.5”. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane. In the Line Color pane, select Solid line, click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Style in the left pane. In the Line Style pane, in the Weight box, enter 2 pt. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Effects, point to Glow, and then under Glow Variations click Accent color 1, 5 pt glow (first row, first option from the left). Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Effects, point to Glow, point to More Glow Colors, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Center. Click Align Middle. On the slide, select the line. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, and then click Duplicate. Drag the duplicate line slightly off the right edge of the slide. With the duplicate line still selected, on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Picture. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert. On the slide, select the picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Size and Position dialog box, on the Size tab, resize or crop the picture as needed so that under Size and rotate, the Height box is set to 7.5” and the Width box is set to 5”. Resize the picture under Size and rotate by entering values into the Height and Width boxes. Crop the picture under Crop from by entering values into the Left, Right, Top, and Bottom boxes. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Right. Click Align Middle. To reproduce the text effects on this slide, do the following: On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Text Box. On the slide, drag to draw a text box. Enter text in the text box, and then select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, do the following: In the Font list, select Arial. In the Font Size list, select 28. Click Bold. Click the button next to Font Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Align Text Right to align the text right in the text box. Drag the text box onto the left half of the slide. To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following: Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left). Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows: Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 40%. Click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1, Lighter 50% (second row, second option from the left). To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following: On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click Custom Animation. Select the line off the right edge of the slide. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the animation effect (fly-in effect for the second line). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select After Previous. In the Direction list, select From Left. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click Select, and then click Selection Pane. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the first line you created (in the middle of the slide). In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the second animation effect (fly-in effect for the first line). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select After Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the slide, select the picture. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Wipe. Select the third animation effect (wipe effect for the picture). Under Modify: Wipe, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast. On the slide, select the text box. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Fly In. Select the fourth animation effect (fly-in effect for the text box). Under Modify: Fly In, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Direction list, select From Right. In the Speed list, select Fast.