Loss due to diseases range from 20 to 30 %, in case of severe infection, total crop may be lost. Estimated global loss due to insect pests in potential yields of all crops is -14%. In India losses due to insect pests ranges from 10 to 20 % Abiotic stresses reduce average yield of crops by upto50% (Bray EA 1997) Annually about 42% of the crop productivity is lost due to various abiotic stress factors (Oerkeet.al.,1994).

1. 1

2. Assignment on
‘Biotic and abiotic stress in cucurbitaceous crop’ IN
VEGETABLE CROPS
Assignment on
‘Biotic and abiotic stress in cucurbitaceous crop’ IN
VEGETABLE CROPS
2

3. IntroductionIntroduction
1. Introduction to biotic & abiotic stress.
2. Transgenic plant.
3. Grafting to improve abiotic stress tolerance of fruit vegetables.
4. Plant genetic resources management
5. Breeding for resistance
6. Powdery Mildew Resistance in a Worldwide Collection of Melon
(Cucumis melo L.) Germplasm.
7. New Sources of Resistance to CYSDV in Melon.
8. Salt Tolerance Potential of Turkish Bottle Gourd
(Lagenaria siceraria) Germplasm.
9. Turkish Bottle Gourd GermplasmReaction to Virus Diseases.
10. New Watermelon Hybrid ‘Shenmi-968’with Disease Resistance.
11. Transgenic cucumber
1. Introduction to biotic & abiotic stress.
2. Transgenic plant.
3. Grafting to improve abiotic stress tolerance of fruit vegetables.
4. Plant genetic resources management
5. Breeding for resistance
6. Powdery Mildew Resistance in a Worldwide Collection of Melon
(Cucumis melo L.) Germplasm.
7. New Sources of Resistance to CYSDV in Melon.
8. Salt Tolerance Potential of Turkish Bottle Gourd
(Lagenaria siceraria) Germplasm.
9. Turkish Bottle Gourd GermplasmReaction to Virus Diseases.
10. New Watermelon Hybrid ‘Shenmi-968’with Disease Resistance.
11. Transgenic cucumber
1. Introduction to biotic & abiotic stress.
2. Transgenic plant.
3. Grafting to improve abiotic stress tolerance of fruit vegetables.
4. Plant genetic resources management
5. Breeding for resistance
6. Powdery Mildew Resistance in a Worldwide Collection of Melon
(Cucumis melo L.) Germplasm.
7. New Sources of Resistance to CYSDV in Melon.
8. Salt Tolerance Potential of Turkish Bottle Gourd
(Lagenaria siceraria) Germplasm.
9. Turkish Bottle Gourd GermplasmReaction to Virus Diseases.
10. New Watermelon Hybrid ‘Shenmi-968’with Disease Resistance.
11. Transgenic cucumber
1. Introduction to biotic & abiotic stress.
2. Transgenic plant.
3. Grafting to improve abiotic stress tolerance of fruit vegetables.
4. Plant genetic resources management
5. Breeding for resistance
6. Powdery Mildew Resistance in a Worldwide Collection of Melon
(Cucumis melo L.) Germplasm.
7. New Sources of Resistance to CYSDV in Melon.
8. Salt Tolerance Potential of Turkish Bottle Gourd
(Lagenaria siceraria) Germplasm.
9. Turkish Bottle Gourd GermplasmReaction to Virus Diseases.
10. New Watermelon Hybrid ‘Shenmi-968’with Disease Resistance.
11. Transgenic cucumber
3

4. 12.Application of Induced Resistance in Cucumber Disease
13.Breeding of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) for resistance to
multiple diseases and other traits
14.Breeding for multiple disease resistance in cucurbits (water
melon, musk melon, cucumber.
15.Breeding of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) for resistance to
multiple diseases and other traits.
16.Cucurbit research in India for abiotic and biotic strss
17.In vitro screening methods for assessing plant disease
resistance
18.References
12.Application of Induced Resistance in Cucumber Disease
13.Breeding of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) for resistance to
multiple diseases and other traits
14.Breeding for multiple disease resistance in cucurbits (water
melon, musk melon, cucumber.
15.Breeding of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) for resistance to
multiple diseases and other traits.
16.Cucurbit research in India for abiotic and biotic strss
17.In vitro screening methods for assessing plant disease
resistance
18.References
12.Application of Induced Resistance in Cucumber Disease
13.Breeding of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) for resistance to
multiple diseases and other traits
14.Breeding for multiple disease resistance in cucurbits (water
melon, musk melon, cucumber.
15.Breeding of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) for resistance to
multiple diseases and other traits.
16.Cucurbit research in India for abiotic and biotic strss
17.In vitro screening methods for assessing plant disease
resistance
18.References
12.Application of Induced Resistance in Cucumber Disease
13.Breeding of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) for resistance to
multiple diseases and other traits
14.Breeding for multiple disease resistance in cucurbits (water
melon, musk melon, cucumber.
15.Breeding of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) for resistance to
multiple diseases and other traits.
16.Cucurbit research in India for abiotic and biotic strss
17.In vitro screening methods for assessing plant disease
resistance
18.References
4

5. Types of stress
5

6. Biotic & abiotic stress in cucurbits
6

7. Productivity losses due to stressProductivity losses due to stress
 Loss due to diseases range from 20 to 30 %, in case of
severe infection, total crop may be lost.
 Estimated global loss due to insect pests in potential yields
of all crops is -14%.
 In India losses due to insect pests ranges from 10 to 20 %
 Abiotic stresses reduce average yield of crops by upto50%
(Bray EA 1997)
 Annually about 42% of the crop productivity is lost due to
various abiotic stress factors (Oerkeet.al.,1994).
 Loss due to diseases range from 20 to 30 %, in case of
severe infection, total crop may be lost.
 Estimated global loss due to insect pests in potential yields
of all crops is -14%.
 In India losses due to insect pests ranges from 10 to 20 %
 Abiotic stresses reduce average yield of crops by upto50%
(Bray EA 1997)
 Annually about 42% of the crop productivity is lost due to
various abiotic stress factors (Oerkeet.al.,1994).
 Loss due to diseases range from 20 to 30 %, in case of
severe infection, total crop may be lost.
 Estimated global loss due to insect pests in potential yields
of all crops is -14%.
 In India losses due to insect pests ranges from 10 to 20 %
 Abiotic stresses reduce average yield of crops by upto50%
(Bray EA 1997)
 Annually about 42% of the crop productivity is lost due to
various abiotic stress factors (Oerkeet.al.,1994).
 Loss due to diseases range from 20 to 30 %, in case of
severe infection, total crop may be lost.
 Estimated global loss due to insect pests in potential yields
of all crops is -14%.
 In India losses due to insect pests ranges from 10 to 20 %
 Abiotic stresses reduce average yield of crops by upto50%
(Bray EA 1997)
 Annually about 42% of the crop productivity is lost due to
various abiotic stress factors (Oerkeet.al.,1994).
7

8. Elements of an enhanced breeding strategyElements of an enhanced breeding strategy
8

9. Strategies for overcome biotic and abiotic stesses
 Transgenic plant.
 Genetic improvement of crop plant.
 Gene transfer from wild resources.
 Grafting to improve abiotic stress tolerance in fruit
vegetables.
 Emergence of the Sweet Dessert Watermelon, Citrullus
lanatus,in Mediterranean Lands
 Transgenic plant.
 Genetic improvement of crop plant.
 Gene transfer from wild resources.
 Grafting to improve abiotic stress tolerance in fruit
vegetables.
 Emergence of the Sweet Dessert Watermelon, Citrullus
lanatus,in Mediterranean Lands
 Transgenic plant.
 Genetic improvement of crop plant.
 Gene transfer from wild resources.
 Grafting to improve abiotic stress tolerance in fruit
vegetables.
 Emergence of the Sweet Dessert Watermelon, Citrullus
lanatus,in Mediterranean Lands
 Transgenic plant.
 Genetic improvement of crop plant.
 Gene transfer from wild resources.
 Grafting to improve abiotic stress tolerance in fruit
vegetables.
 Emergence of the Sweet Dessert Watermelon, Citrullus
lanatus,in Mediterranean Lands
9

10. 1.Transgenic plant1.Transgenic plant

11. Development of transgenic plantDevelopment of transgenic plant
11

12. Development of transgenic
 Since 1970‘s rapid
progress has been done
in developing tools for
the manipulation of
genes in plants using
recombinant DNA
technology.
 Since 1970‘s rapid
progress has been done
in developing tools for
the manipulation of
genes in plants using
recombinant DNA
technology.
12

13. Pathogen Derived Resistence
 Is the first time the main antiviral transgenic approach used,
originally known as parasite-derived resistance.
 Pathogen sequence are deliberately engineered into host
plant genome.
 Cross –protection forms the basis of PDR i.e., presence of
the pathogen sequence may directly interference with the
replication of the pathogen or may induce some host
defense mechanism.
 Is the first time the main antiviral transgenic approach used,
originally known as parasite-derived resistance.
 Pathogen sequence are deliberately engineered into host
plant genome.
 Cross –protection forms the basis of PDR i.e., presence of
the pathogen sequence may directly interference with the
replication of the pathogen or may induce some host
defense mechanism.
 Is the first time the main antiviral transgenic approach used,
originally known as parasite-derived resistance.
 Pathogen sequence are deliberately engineered into host
plant genome.
 Cross –protection forms the basis of PDR i.e., presence of
the pathogen sequence may directly interference with the
replication of the pathogen or may induce some host
defense mechanism.
 Is the first time the main antiviral transgenic approach used,
originally known as parasite-derived resistance.
 Pathogen sequence are deliberately engineered into host
plant genome.
 Cross –protection forms the basis of PDR i.e., presence of
the pathogen sequence may directly interference with the
replication of the pathogen or may induce some host
defense mechanism.
13

14. Virus resistance
Pathogen derived resistance (PDR):
Interaction involving viral protein.
Involving viral RNA.
RNA Effect:
Satelite sequence
Antisense and ribozomes
Gene silencing/Co repression.
Pathogen derived resistance (PDR):
Interaction involving viral protein.
Involving viral RNA.
RNA Effect:
Satelite sequence
Antisense and ribozomes
Gene silencing/Co repression.
Pathogen derived resistance (PDR):
Interaction involving viral protein.
Involving viral RNA.
RNA Effect:
Satelite sequence
Antisense and ribozomes
Gene silencing/Co repression.
Pathogen derived resistance (PDR):
Interaction involving viral protein.
Involving viral RNA.
RNA Effect:
Satelite sequence
Antisense and ribozomes
Gene silencing/Co repression.
14

15. 2. Grafting to improve abiotic stress tolerance of
fruit vegetables
2. Grafting to improve abiotic stress tolerance of
fruit vegetables

16. Introduction
 Vegetable crops are often exposed to various environmental
stress factors, such as salinity, drought, soil alkalinity, heavy
metals and excessive amounts of trace elements, which
severely affect crop growth and productivity.
 One way to avoid or reduce losses in production caused by
adverse environmental conditions invegetables would be to
graft them into rootstocks capable of reducing the effect of
external stresses on the shoot.
 Grafted plants grown under adverse soil chemical
conditions often exhibited greater growth and yield, higher
photosynthesis, better water and nutritional status, and
lower accumulation of Na and/or Cl, heavymetals.
 Vegetable crops are often exposed to various environmental
stress factors, such as salinity, drought, soil alkalinity, heavy
metals and excessive amounts of trace elements, which
severely affect crop growth and productivity.
 One way to avoid or reduce losses in production caused by
adverse environmental conditions invegetables would be to
graft them into rootstocks capable of reducing the effect of
external stresses on the shoot.
 Grafted plants grown under adverse soil chemical
conditions often exhibited greater growth and yield, higher
photosynthesis, better water and nutritional status, and
lower accumulation of Na and/or Cl, heavymetals.
 Vegetable crops are often exposed to various environmental
stress factors, such as salinity, drought, soil alkalinity, heavy
metals and excessive amounts of trace elements, which
severely affect crop growth and productivity.
 One way to avoid or reduce losses in production caused by
adverse environmental conditions invegetables would be to
graft them into rootstocks capable of reducing the effect of
external stresses on the shoot.
 Grafted plants grown under adverse soil chemical
conditions often exhibited greater growth and yield, higher
photosynthesis, better water and nutritional status, and
lower accumulation of Na and/or Cl, heavymetals.
 Vegetable crops are often exposed to various environmental
stress factors, such as salinity, drought, soil alkalinity, heavy
metals and excessive amounts of trace elements, which
severely affect crop growth and productivity.
 One way to avoid or reduce losses in production caused by
adverse environmental conditions invegetables would be to
graft them into rootstocks capable of reducing the effect of
external stresses on the shoot.
 Grafted plants grown under adverse soil chemical
conditions often exhibited greater growth and yield, higher
photosynthesis, better water and nutritional status, and
lower accumulation of Na and/or Cl, heavymetals. 16

17. SALINITY
 Grafting the watermelon cultivar ‘Fantasy’ onto ‘Strongtosa’
pumpkin rootstock (Cucurbita maxima Duch. ×C. moschata
Duch.) ameliorated thedecrease of shoot weight and leaf
area due to increased salinity, in comparison with ungrafted
plants .
 Other experiments demonstrated that grafted‘Crimson Tide’
watermelon on squash (Cucurbita maxima) and two bottle
gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.) rootstocks had
higher plant growth than ungrafted plants under saline
conditions . Similarly, two melon cultivars grafted onto
three hybrids of squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch. ×C.
moschata Duch.) exhibitedhigher yield compared with
ungrafted ones when grown under saline conditions.
 Grafting the watermelon cultivar ‘Fantasy’ onto ‘Strongtosa’
pumpkin rootstock (Cucurbita maxima Duch. ×C. moschata
Duch.) ameliorated thedecrease of shoot weight and leaf
area due to increased salinity, in comparison with ungrafted
plants .
 Other experiments demonstrated that grafted‘Crimson Tide’
watermelon on squash (Cucurbita maxima) and two bottle
gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.) rootstocks had
higher plant growth than ungrafted plants under saline
conditions . Similarly, two melon cultivars grafted onto
three hybrids of squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch. ×C.
moschata Duch.) exhibitedhigher yield compared with
ungrafted ones when grown under saline conditions.
 Grafting the watermelon cultivar ‘Fantasy’ onto ‘Strongtosa’
pumpkin rootstock (Cucurbita maxima Duch. ×C. moschata
Duch.) ameliorated thedecrease of shoot weight and leaf
area due to increased salinity, in comparison with ungrafted
plants .
 Other experiments demonstrated that grafted‘Crimson Tide’
watermelon on squash (Cucurbita maxima) and two bottle
gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.) rootstocks had
higher plant growth than ungrafted plants under saline
conditions . Similarly, two melon cultivars grafted onto
three hybrids of squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch. ×C.
moschata Duch.) exhibitedhigher yield compared with
ungrafted ones when grown under saline conditions.
 Grafting the watermelon cultivar ‘Fantasy’ onto ‘Strongtosa’
pumpkin rootstock (Cucurbita maxima Duch. ×C. moschata
Duch.) ameliorated thedecrease of shoot weight and leaf
area due to increased salinity, in comparison with ungrafted
plants .
 Other experiments demonstrated that grafted‘Crimson Tide’
watermelon on squash (Cucurbita maxima) and two bottle
gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.) rootstocks had
higher plant growth than ungrafted plants under saline
conditions . Similarly, two melon cultivars grafted onto
three hybrids of squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch. ×C.
moschata Duch.) exhibitedhigher yield compared with
ungrafted ones when grown under saline conditions. 17

18. WATER STRESS
 In cucurbits, grafted mini-watermelons on acommercial
pumpkin rootstock (Cucurbita maxima Duch. ×Cucurbita
moschata Duch.‘PS 1313’) revealed higher yields (more
than 115% total and 60% marketable) whengrown under
conditions of deficit irrigation, compared with ungrafted
plants.
 a similar study conducted by Proietti on grafted mini-
watermelon grown under different irrigation, the nutritional
quality parameters of grafted watermelon such as fruit dry
matter, glucose, fructose, sucrose concentration and total
soluble solids (TSS) content weresimilar in grafted and
ungrafted plants, whereas titratable acidity (TA), juice
electrical conductivity.
 In cucurbits, grafted mini-watermelons on acommercial
pumpkin rootstock (Cucurbita maxima Duch. ×Cucurbita
moschata Duch.‘PS 1313’) revealed higher yields (more
than 115% total and 60% marketable) whengrown under
conditions of deficit irrigation, compared with ungrafted
plants.
 a similar study conducted by Proietti on grafted mini-
watermelon grown under different irrigation, the nutritional
quality parameters of grafted watermelon such as fruit dry
matter, glucose, fructose, sucrose concentration and total
soluble solids (TSS) content weresimilar in grafted and
ungrafted plants, whereas titratable acidity (TA), juice
electrical conductivity.
 In cucurbits, grafted mini-watermelons on acommercial
pumpkin rootstock (Cucurbita maxima Duch. ×Cucurbita
moschata Duch.‘PS 1313’) revealed higher yields (more
than 115% total and 60% marketable) whengrown under
conditions of deficit irrigation, compared with ungrafted
plants.
 a similar study conducted by Proietti on grafted mini-
watermelon grown under different irrigation, the nutritional
quality parameters of grafted watermelon such as fruit dry
matter, glucose, fructose, sucrose concentration and total
soluble solids (TSS) content weresimilar in grafted and
ungrafted plants, whereas titratable acidity (TA), juice
electrical conductivity.
 In cucurbits, grafted mini-watermelons on acommercial
pumpkin rootstock (Cucurbita maxima Duch. ×Cucurbita
moschata Duch.‘PS 1313’) revealed higher yields (more
than 115% total and 60% marketable) whengrown under
conditions of deficit irrigation, compared with ungrafted
plants.
 a similar study conducted by Proietti on grafted mini-
watermelon grown under different irrigation, the nutritional
quality parameters of grafted watermelon such as fruit dry
matter, glucose, fructose, sucrose concentration and total
soluble solids (TSS) content weresimilar in grafted and
ungrafted plants, whereas titratable acidity (TA), juice
electrical conductivity. 18

19. TRACE ELEMENTS TOXICITY
 Grafting cucumber, ‘Akito’ onto the commercial squash
rootstock ‘Shintoza’ restricted the uptake and translocation
of Cu to the shoot, thereby mitigating the adverse effects of
excessive Cu supply on plant biomass and fruit yield.
 Thus, the leaf Cu concentration in grafted plants treated
with a nutrient solution containing 47 and 94 μM Cu
increased by 138 and 181%, respectively, in comparison
with plants supplied with 0.3 μM Cu, while in ungrafted
plants the increase in the leaf Cu level was 235 and 392%,
respectively.
 Grafting cucumber, ‘Akito’ onto the commercial squash
rootstock ‘Shintoza’ restricted the uptake and translocation
of Cu to the shoot, thereby mitigating the adverse effects of
excessive Cu supply on plant biomass and fruit yield.
 Thus, the leaf Cu concentration in grafted plants treated
with a nutrient solution containing 47 and 94 μM Cu
increased by 138 and 181%, respectively, in comparison
with plants supplied with 0.3 μM Cu, while in ungrafted
plants the increase in the leaf Cu level was 235 and 392%,
respectively.
 Grafting cucumber, ‘Akito’ onto the commercial squash
rootstock ‘Shintoza’ restricted the uptake and translocation
of Cu to the shoot, thereby mitigating the adverse effects of
excessive Cu supply on plant biomass and fruit yield.
 Thus, the leaf Cu concentration in grafted plants treated
with a nutrient solution containing 47 and 94 μM Cu
increased by 138 and 181%, respectively, in comparison
with plants supplied with 0.3 μM Cu, while in ungrafted
plants the increase in the leaf Cu level was 235 and 392%,
respectively.
 Grafting cucumber, ‘Akito’ onto the commercial squash
rootstock ‘Shintoza’ restricted the uptake and translocation
of Cu to the shoot, thereby mitigating the adverse effects of
excessive Cu supply on plant biomass and fruit yield.
 Thus, the leaf Cu concentration in grafted plants treated
with a nutrient solution containing 47 and 94 μM Cu
increased by 138 and 181%, respectively, in comparison
with plants supplied with 0.3 μM Cu, while in ungrafted
plants the increase in the leaf Cu level was 235 and 392%,
respectively.
19

20.  Boron toxicity can also be mitigated by grafting onto
suitable rootstocks, as indicated by an experiment with
melon plants, which were exposed to five different B
concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 mg L-1 in the
irrigation water. In both experiments, the tissue B
concentrations were significantly lower in melon plants
grafted onto the commercial rootstock ‘TZ-148’ (Cucurbita
maxima ×Cucurbita moschata) than in self-rooted plants.
 The non-grafted plants were more sensitive to excess boron
supply than the grafted ones in terms of fruit yield and dry
weight accumulation in shoots and roots . These results
suggest that grafting fruit vegetables onto rootstocks
capable of restricting boron uptake may alleviate or even
prevent growth and yield decreases due to B toxicity.
 Boron toxicity can also be mitigated by grafting onto
suitable rootstocks, as indicated by an experiment with
melon plants, which were exposed to five different B
concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 mg L-1 in the
irrigation water. In both experiments, the tissue B
concentrations were significantly lower in melon plants
grafted onto the commercial rootstock ‘TZ-148’ (Cucurbita
maxima ×Cucurbita moschata) than in self-rooted plants.
 The non-grafted plants were more sensitive to excess boron
supply than the grafted ones in terms of fruit yield and dry
weight accumulation in shoots and roots . These results
suggest that grafting fruit vegetables onto rootstocks
capable of restricting boron uptake may alleviate or even
prevent growth and yield decreases due to B toxicity.
 Boron toxicity can also be mitigated by grafting onto
suitable rootstocks, as indicated by an experiment with
melon plants, which were exposed to five different B
concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 mg L-1 in the
irrigation water. In both experiments, the tissue B
concentrations were significantly lower in melon plants
grafted onto the commercial rootstock ‘TZ-148’ (Cucurbita
maxima ×Cucurbita moschata) than in self-rooted plants.
 The non-grafted plants were more sensitive to excess boron
supply than the grafted ones in terms of fruit yield and dry
weight accumulation in shoots and roots . These results
suggest that grafting fruit vegetables onto rootstocks
capable of restricting boron uptake may alleviate or even
prevent growth and yield decreases due to B toxicity.
 Boron toxicity can also be mitigated by grafting onto
suitable rootstocks, as indicated by an experiment with
melon plants, which were exposed to five different B
concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 mg L-1 in the
irrigation water. In both experiments, the tissue B
concentrations were significantly lower in melon plants
grafted onto the commercial rootstock ‘TZ-148’ (Cucurbita
maxima ×Cucurbita moschata) than in self-rooted plants.
 The non-grafted plants were more sensitive to excess boron
supply than the grafted ones in terms of fruit yield and dry
weight accumulation in shoots and roots . These results
suggest that grafting fruit vegetables onto rootstocks
capable of restricting boron uptake may alleviate or even
prevent growth and yield decreases due to B toxicity.
20

21.  Cucurbits belong to family Cucurbitaceae, includes about
118 genera and 82 species. In India, a number of major and
minor cucurbits are cultivated, which shareabout 5.6 % of
the total vegetable production. They are consumed in
various formsi.e
 About 112 open pollinated varieties of several cucurbits
have been recommended for cultivation at national and state
levels.
 Among these, 48 improved varieties in 8 major cucurbits
have been identified and recommended through All India
Coordinated Vegetable Improvement Project. Similarly, 26
hybrids and 7 disease resistant varieties of major cucurbits
have also been developed.
 Cucurbits belong to family Cucurbitaceae, includes about
118 genera and 82 species. In India, a number of major and
minor cucurbits are cultivated, which shareabout 5.6 % of
the total vegetable production. They are consumed in
various formsi.e
 About 112 open pollinated varieties of several cucurbits
have been recommended for cultivation at national and state
levels.
 Among these, 48 improved varieties in 8 major cucurbits
have been identified and recommended through All India
Coordinated Vegetable Improvement Project. Similarly, 26
hybrids and 7 disease resistant varieties of major cucurbits
have also been developed.
 Cucurbits belong to family Cucurbitaceae, includes about
118 genera and 82 species. In India, a number of major and
minor cucurbits are cultivated, which shareabout 5.6 % of
the total vegetable production. They are consumed in
various formsi.e
 About 112 open pollinated varieties of several cucurbits
have been recommended for cultivation at national and state
levels.
 Among these, 48 improved varieties in 8 major cucurbits
have been identified and recommended through All India
Coordinated Vegetable Improvement Project. Similarly, 26
hybrids and 7 disease resistant varieties of major cucurbits
have also been developed.
 Cucurbits belong to family Cucurbitaceae, includes about
118 genera and 82 species. In India, a number of major and
minor cucurbits are cultivated, which shareabout 5.6 % of
the total vegetable production. They are consumed in
various formsi.e
 About 112 open pollinated varieties of several cucurbits
have been recommended for cultivation at national and state
levels.
 Among these, 48 improved varieties in 8 major cucurbits
have been identified and recommended through All India
Coordinated Vegetable Improvement Project. Similarly, 26
hybrids and 7 disease resistant varieties of major cucurbits
have also been developed.
21

22. 3.Plant genetic resources management3.Plant genetic resources management

23. Introduction
 Rich genetic diversity in wild and cultivated species of
Luffa, Momordica, Citrullus, Cucumis, Coccinia,
Momordica, Cucurbita and Trichosanthes has been
augmented. Luffa sp are growing in natural habitat in
North-eastern region of India. L.acutangula var. amara
occurs in Peninsular India and L. echinata in the western
Himalaya and upper Gangetic plains Momordica balsamina
extensively occurs in the semi-dry North-western plains. M.
dioica and M. cochinchinensis occur as wild forms in the
Gangetic plains . Trichosanthes has 21 species and is
distributed along the Malabar Coast in Western-Ghats and
North-Eastern region of India.
 Rich genetic diversity in wild and cultivated species of
Luffa, Momordica, Citrullus, Cucumis, Coccinia,
Momordica, Cucurbita and Trichosanthes has been
augmented. Luffa sp are growing in natural habitat in
North-eastern region of India. L.acutangula var. amara
occurs in Peninsular India and L. echinata in the western
Himalaya and upper Gangetic plains Momordica balsamina
extensively occurs in the semi-dry North-western plains. M.
dioica and M. cochinchinensis occur as wild forms in the
Gangetic plains . Trichosanthes has 21 species and is
distributed along the Malabar Coast in Western-Ghats and
North-Eastern region of India.
 Rich genetic diversity in wild and cultivated species of
Luffa, Momordica, Citrullus, Cucumis, Coccinia,
Momordica, Cucurbita and Trichosanthes has been
augmented. Luffa sp are growing in natural habitat in
North-eastern region of India. L.acutangula var. amara
occurs in Peninsular India and L. echinata in the western
Himalaya and upper Gangetic plains Momordica balsamina
extensively occurs in the semi-dry North-western plains. M.
dioica and M. cochinchinensis occur as wild forms in the
Gangetic plains . Trichosanthes has 21 species and is
distributed along the Malabar Coast in Western-Ghats and
North-Eastern region of India.
 Rich genetic diversity in wild and cultivated species of
Luffa, Momordica, Citrullus, Cucumis, Coccinia,
Momordica, Cucurbita and Trichosanthes has been
augmented. Luffa sp are growing in natural habitat in
North-eastern region of India. L.acutangula var. amara
occurs in Peninsular India and L. echinata in the western
Himalaya and upper Gangetic plains Momordica balsamina
extensively occurs in the semi-dry North-western plains. M.
dioica and M. cochinchinensis occur as wild forms in the
Gangetic plains . Trichosanthes has 21 species and is
distributed along the Malabar Coast in Western-Ghats and
North-Eastern region of India.
23

24. Resistant variety to biotic and abiotic disease
 Cucumber;- AHC-2 INGR-98017- High yield and long fruit
 AHC-13 INGR-98018 Small fruit, drought and temperature
tolerant
 Cucumis melo var.callosus:-AHK-119 INGR-98013 -High
yield and drought tolerance
 Roundmelon HT-10 INGR-99038 -Tolerant to downy
mildew and root rot wilt
 Snapmelon:- AHS-10 INGR-98015 -High yield and drought
tolerance,AHS-82 INGR-98016 High yield and drought
tolerance , B-159 INGR-07044 Downy mildew resistance
 Cucumber;- AHC-2 INGR-98017- High yield and long fruit
 AHC-13 INGR-98018 Small fruit, drought and temperature
tolerant
 Cucumis melo var.callosus:-AHK-119 INGR-98013 -High
yield and drought tolerance
 Roundmelon HT-10 INGR-99038 -Tolerant to downy
mildew and root rot wilt
 Snapmelon:- AHS-10 INGR-98015 -High yield and drought
tolerance,AHS-82 INGR-98016 High yield and drought
tolerance , B-159 INGR-07044 Downy mildew resistance
 Cucumber;- AHC-2 INGR-98017- High yield and long fruit
 AHC-13 INGR-98018 Small fruit, drought and temperature
tolerant
 Cucumis melo var.callosus:-AHK-119 INGR-98013 -High
yield and drought tolerance
 Roundmelon HT-10 INGR-99038 -Tolerant to downy
mildew and root rot wilt
 Snapmelon:- AHS-10 INGR-98015 -High yield and drought
tolerance,AHS-82 INGR-98016 High yield and drought
tolerance , B-159 INGR-07044 Downy mildew resistance
 Cucumber;- AHC-2 INGR-98017- High yield and long fruit
 AHC-13 INGR-98018 Small fruit, drought and temperature
tolerant
 Cucumis melo var.callosus:-AHK-119 INGR-98013 -High
yield and drought tolerance
 Roundmelon HT-10 INGR-99038 -Tolerant to downy
mildew and root rot wilt
 Snapmelon:- AHS-10 INGR-98015 -High yield and drought
tolerance,AHS-82 INGR-98016 High yield and drought
tolerance , B-159 INGR-07044 Downy mildew resistance
24

25. Cucurbitaceous variety
 Cucumber Swarna Ageti, SwarnaSheetal, PCUC-28
 Ridgegourd:-Swarna Manjari, PRG-7,Arka sumeet
 Bottlegourd:-Pusa Naveen, OBOG-61,NDBG-104, NDBG-
132
 Spongegourd:-Pusa Chikni, CHSG-1,JSGL
 Ash gourd:- Kashi Ujawal, PusaUjawal
 Bitter gourd Priya, RHRBG-4-1,KBG-16, PBIG-1
 Pumpkin:-CM-14,PusaVishwas,Arka
Chandan,ArkaSuryamukh,i CM-350,NDPK-24,Cucumbe
Swarna Ageti, SwarnaSheetal, PCUC-28
 Watermelon:- Kashi Madhu, PusaSarbati, Hara
Madhu,Pusa, MHY-5, Madhuras,Arka Rajhans, Arka
 Cucumber Swarna Ageti, SwarnaSheetal, PCUC-28
 Ridgegourd:-Swarna Manjari, PRG-7,Arka sumeet
 Bottlegourd:-Pusa Naveen, OBOG-61,NDBG-104, NDBG-
132
 Spongegourd:-Pusa Chikni, CHSG-1,JSGL
 Ash gourd:- Kashi Ujawal, PusaUjawal
 Bitter gourd Priya, RHRBG-4-1,KBG-16, PBIG-1
 Pumpkin:-CM-14,PusaVishwas,Arka
Chandan,ArkaSuryamukh,i CM-350,NDPK-24,Cucumbe
Swarna Ageti, SwarnaSheetal, PCUC-28
 Watermelon:- Kashi Madhu, PusaSarbati, Hara
Madhu,Pusa, MHY-5, Madhuras,Arka Rajhans, Arka
 Cucumber Swarna Ageti, SwarnaSheetal, PCUC-28
 Ridgegourd:-Swarna Manjari, PRG-7,Arka sumeet
 Bottlegourd:-Pusa Naveen, OBOG-61,NDBG-104, NDBG-
132
 Spongegourd:-Pusa Chikni, CHSG-1,JSGL
 Ash gourd:- Kashi Ujawal, PusaUjawal
 Bitter gourd Priya, RHRBG-4-1,KBG-16, PBIG-1
 Pumpkin:-CM-14,PusaVishwas,Arka
Chandan,ArkaSuryamukh,i CM-350,NDPK-24,Cucumbe
Swarna Ageti, SwarnaSheetal, PCUC-28
 Watermelon:- Kashi Madhu, PusaSarbati, Hara
Madhu,Pusa, MHY-5, Madhuras,Arka Rajhans, Arka
 Cucumber Swarna Ageti, SwarnaSheetal, PCUC-28
 Ridgegourd:-Swarna Manjari, PRG-7,Arka sumeet
 Bottlegourd:-Pusa Naveen, OBOG-61,NDBG-104, NDBG-
132
 Spongegourd:-Pusa Chikni, CHSG-1,JSGL
 Ash gourd:- Kashi Ujawal, PusaUjawal
 Bitter gourd Priya, RHRBG-4-1,KBG-16, PBIG-1
 Pumpkin:-CM-14,PusaVishwas,Arka
Chandan,ArkaSuryamukh,i CM-350,NDPK-24,Cucumbe
Swarna Ageti, SwarnaSheetal, PCUC-28
 Watermelon:- Kashi Madhu, PusaSarbati, Hara
Madhu,Pusa, MHY-5, Madhuras,Arka Rajhans, Arka 25

26. 4.Breeding for resistance4.Breeding for resistance

27. Introduction
 Resistance sources are generally present in landraces and
wild relatives Resistance to downy mildew
(Pseudoperonospora cubensis) is reported in snapmelon (C.
melo var. momordica), resistance to fruitfly is reported in C.
callosus etc.
 Most of the resistant varieties in cucurbits have been
developed by simple selection
 Resistance sources are generally present in landraces and
wild relatives Resistance to downy mildew
(Pseudoperonospora cubensis) is reported in snapmelon (C.
melo var. momordica), resistance to fruitfly is reported in C.
callosus etc.
 Most of the resistant varieties in cucurbits have been
developed by simple selection
 Resistance sources are generally present in landraces and
wild relatives Resistance to downy mildew
(Pseudoperonospora cubensis) is reported in snapmelon (C.
melo var. momordica), resistance to fruitfly is reported in C.
callosus etc.
 Most of the resistant varieties in cucurbits have been
developed by simple selection
 Resistance sources are generally present in landraces and
wild relatives Resistance to downy mildew
(Pseudoperonospora cubensis) is reported in snapmelon (C.
melo var. momordica), resistance to fruitfly is reported in C.
callosus etc.
 Most of the resistant varieties in cucurbits have been
developed by simple selection
27

28. Major biotic stresses and their sources of resistance
Melon:-
 Powdery mildew- PMR 45, PMR 450, PMR 5, PMR 6, PI
124111
 Downy mildew -MR-1, PI 414723, DMDR-1, DMDR-2
 CGMMV -DVRM-1, 2, C. africanus, C. ficifolius, C.
anguria
 Fruitfly- C. callosus
 Nematode -C. metuliferus
 Whitefly- C. asper, C. denteri, C. dipsaceus, C. sagittatus
Melon:-
 Powdery mildew- PMR 45, PMR 450, PMR 5, PMR 6, PI
124111
 Downy mildew -MR-1, PI 414723, DMDR-1, DMDR-2
 CGMMV -DVRM-1, 2, C. africanus, C. ficifolius, C.
anguria
 Fruitfly- C. callosus
 Nematode -C. metuliferus
 Whitefly- C. asper, C. denteri, C. dipsaceus, C. sagittatus
Melon:-
 Powdery mildew- PMR 45, PMR 450, PMR 5, PMR 6, PI
124111
 Downy mildew -MR-1, PI 414723, DMDR-1, DMDR-2
 CGMMV -DVRM-1, 2, C. africanus, C. ficifolius, C.
anguria
 Fruitfly- C. callosus
 Nematode -C. metuliferus
 Whitefly- C. asper, C. denteri, C. dipsaceus, C. sagittatus
Melon:-
 Powdery mildew- PMR 45, PMR 450, PMR 5, PMR 6, PI
124111
 Downy mildew -MR-1, PI 414723, DMDR-1, DMDR-2
 CGMMV -DVRM-1, 2, C. africanus, C. ficifolius, C.
anguria
 Fruitfly- C. callosus
 Nematode -C. metuliferus
 Whitefly- C. asper, C. denteri, C. dipsaceus, C. sagittatus
28

29. Watermelon:-
 Fusarium wilt -Summit, Conqueror, Charleston gray, Dixilee, Crimson
sweet
 Anthracnose- Fair, Charleston gray, Congo, PI 189225
Bottle gourd:-
 CMV, SqMV, WMV -PI 271353
 Fusarium wilt- Taiwan variety Renshi
Cucumber:-
 Anthracnose -PI 175111, PI 175120, PI 179676, PI 182445, wise 2757
(USA)
 Downy mildew- B-184, B159, wise 2757 (USA)
 Powdery mildew -PI 200815, PI 200818, C. hardwikkii, wise 2757
(USA)
 CMV -Wisc SMR-12, SMR-15, SMR-18, wise 2757 (USA)
Watermelon:-
 Fusarium wilt -Summit, Conqueror, Charleston gray, Dixilee, Crimson
sweet
 Anthracnose- Fair, Charleston gray, Congo, PI 189225
Bottle gourd:-
 CMV, SqMV, WMV -PI 271353
 Fusarium wilt- Taiwan variety Renshi
Cucumber:-
 Anthracnose -PI 175111, PI 175120, PI 179676, PI 182445, wise 2757
(USA)
 Downy mildew- B-184, B159, wise 2757 (USA)
 Powdery mildew -PI 200815, PI 200818, C. hardwikkii, wise 2757
(USA)
 CMV -Wisc SMR-12, SMR-15, SMR-18, wise 2757 (USA)
Watermelon:-
 Fusarium wilt -Summit, Conqueror, Charleston gray, Dixilee, Crimson
sweet
 Anthracnose- Fair, Charleston gray, Congo, PI 189225
Bottle gourd:-
 CMV, SqMV, WMV -PI 271353
 Fusarium wilt- Taiwan variety Renshi
Cucumber:-
 Anthracnose -PI 175111, PI 175120, PI 179676, PI 182445, wise 2757
(USA)
 Downy mildew- B-184, B159, wise 2757 (USA)
 Powdery mildew -PI 200815, PI 200818, C. hardwikkii, wise 2757
(USA)
 CMV -Wisc SMR-12, SMR-15, SMR-18, wise 2757 (USA)
Watermelon:-
 Fusarium wilt -Summit, Conqueror, Charleston gray, Dixilee, Crimson
sweet
 Anthracnose- Fair, Charleston gray, Congo, PI 189225
Bottle gourd:-
 CMV, SqMV, WMV -PI 271353
 Fusarium wilt- Taiwan variety Renshi
Cucumber:-
 Anthracnose -PI 175111, PI 175120, PI 179676, PI 182445, wise 2757
(USA)
 Downy mildew- B-184, B159, wise 2757 (USA)
 Powdery mildew -PI 200815, PI 200818, C. hardwikkii, wise 2757
(USA)
 CMV -Wisc SMR-12, SMR-15, SMR-18, wise 2757 (USA)
29

30.  Pumpkin:
 PM and Viruses -C. lundelliana, C. martenezii
 ZYMV, WMV- C. ecuadorensis, C. faetidistima, C. martenezii
 Melon:
 Arka Rajhans Powdery mildew
 Punjab Rasila-Downy mildew
 DMDR-2, DMDR-2,DVRM-1, DVRM-2 Cucumber green mottle
mosaic virus
 Watermelon :
 Arka Manik -Anthracnose, powdery mildew, downy mildew (multiple
resistance)
 Pumpkin:
 PM and Viruses -C. lundelliana, C. martenezii
 ZYMV, WMV- C. ecuadorensis, C. faetidistima, C. martenezii
 Melon:
 Arka Rajhans Powdery mildew
 Punjab Rasila-Downy mildew
 DMDR-2, DMDR-2,DVRM-1, DVRM-2 Cucumber green mottle
mosaic virus
 Watermelon :
 Arka Manik -Anthracnose, powdery mildew, downy mildew (multiple
resistance)
 Pumpkin:
 PM and Viruses -C. lundelliana, C. martenezii
 ZYMV, WMV- C. ecuadorensis, C. faetidistima, C. martenezii
 Melon:
 Arka Rajhans Powdery mildew
 Punjab Rasila-Downy mildew
 DMDR-2, DMDR-2,DVRM-1, DVRM-2 Cucumber green mottle
mosaic virus
 Watermelon :
 Arka Manik -Anthracnose, powdery mildew, downy mildew (multiple
resistance)
 Pumpkin:
 PM and Viruses -C. lundelliana, C. martenezii
 ZYMV, WMV- C. ecuadorensis, C. faetidistima, C. martenezii
 Melon:
 Arka Rajhans Powdery mildew
 Punjab Rasila-Downy mildew
 DMDR-2, DMDR-2,DVRM-1, DVRM-2 Cucumber green mottle
mosaic virus
 Watermelon :
 Arka Manik -Anthracnose, powdery mildew, downy mildew (multiple
resistance)
30

31. 5. Emergence of the Sweet Dessert Watermelon,
Citrullus lanatus,
in Mediterranean Lands
5. Emergence of the Sweet Dessert Watermelon,
Citrullus lanatus,
in Mediterranean Lands
5. Emergence of the Sweet Dessert Watermelon,
Citrullus lanatus,
in Mediterranean Lands
5. Emergence of the Sweet Dessert Watermelon,
Citrullus lanatus,
in Mediterranean Lands

32.  The dessert watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.)
Matsum.&Nakai, is one of the most cooling, refreshing, and
appreciatedfood items on hot summer days.
 Watermelons are amongthe most widely grown vegetable
crops in the warmer regionsof the world, with over
3,400,000 hectares planted and over100,000,000 t harvested
annually (Wehner 2008).
 However, thesweet dessert watermelons that are so familiar
today are derivedfrom ancestors that, anthropocentrically,
were much inferior.
 The dessert watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.)
Matsum.&Nakai, is one of the most cooling, refreshing, and
appreciatedfood items on hot summer days.
 Watermelons are amongthe most widely grown vegetable
crops in the warmer regionsof the world, with over
3,400,000 hectares planted and over100,000,000 t harvested
annually (Wehner 2008).
 However, thesweet dessert watermelons that are so familiar
today are derivedfrom ancestors that, anthropocentrically,
were much inferior.
 The dessert watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.)
Matsum.&Nakai, is one of the most cooling, refreshing, and
appreciatedfood items on hot summer days.
 Watermelons are amongthe most widely grown vegetable
crops in the warmer regionsof the world, with over
3,400,000 hectares planted and over100,000,000 t harvested
annually (Wehner 2008).
 However, thesweet dessert watermelons that are so familiar
today are derivedfrom ancestors that, anthropocentrically,
were much inferior.
 The dessert watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.)
Matsum.&Nakai, is one of the most cooling, refreshing, and
appreciatedfood items on hot summer days.
 Watermelons are amongthe most widely grown vegetable
crops in the warmer regionsof the world, with over
3,400,000 hectares planted and over100,000,000 t harvested
annually (Wehner 2008).
 However, thesweet dessert watermelons that are so familiar
today are derivedfrom ancestors that, anthropocentrically,
were much inferior.
32

33.  The xerophytic genus Citrullus (2n = 2x = 22) is native to
Africa. In accordance with the classification of Chomicki
and Renner , there are seven species in the genus. Three of
them, C. ecirrhosus Cogn., C. rehmii De Winter, and C.
naudinianus (Sond.) Hooker f., grow wild in southern
Africa and have not been introduced to cultivation. The
other four Citrullus species are cultivated to a lesser or
greater extent. The colocynth,C. colocynthis (L.) Schrad., is
native to northern Africa.
 The citronwatermelon, C. amarus Schrad., is native to
southern Africa.The egusi watermelon, C. mucosospermus
(Fursa) Fursa, is nativeto western Africa.
 The xerophytic genus Citrullus (2n = 2x = 22) is native to
Africa. In accordance with the classification of Chomicki
and Renner , there are seven species in the genus. Three of
them, C. ecirrhosus Cogn., C. rehmii De Winter, and C.
naudinianus (Sond.) Hooker f., grow wild in southern
Africa and have not been introduced to cultivation. The
other four Citrullus species are cultivated to a lesser or
greater extent. The colocynth,C. colocynthis (L.) Schrad., is
native to northern Africa.
 The citronwatermelon, C. amarus Schrad., is native to
southern Africa.The egusi watermelon, C. mucosospermus
(Fursa) Fursa, is nativeto western Africa.
 The xerophytic genus Citrullus (2n = 2x = 22) is native to
Africa. In accordance with the classification of Chomicki
and Renner , there are seven species in the genus. Three of
them, C. ecirrhosus Cogn., C. rehmii De Winter, and C.
naudinianus (Sond.) Hooker f., grow wild in southern
Africa and have not been introduced to cultivation. The
other four Citrullus species are cultivated to a lesser or
greater extent. The colocynth,C. colocynthis (L.) Schrad., is
native to northern Africa.
 The citronwatermelon, C. amarus Schrad., is native to
southern Africa.The egusi watermelon, C. mucosospermus
(Fursa) Fursa, is nativeto western Africa.
 The xerophytic genus Citrullus (2n = 2x = 22) is native to
Africa. In accordance with the classification of Chomicki
and Renner , there are seven species in the genus. Three of
them, C. ecirrhosus Cogn., C. rehmii De Winter, and C.
naudinianus (Sond.) Hooker f., grow wild in southern
Africa and have not been introduced to cultivation. The
other four Citrullus species are cultivated to a lesser or
greater extent. The colocynth,C. colocynthis (L.) Schrad., is
native to northern Africa.
 The citronwatermelon, C. amarus Schrad., is native to
southern Africa.The egusi watermelon, C. mucosospermus
(Fursa) Fursa, is nativeto western Africa.
33

34. 6.Powdery Mildew Resistance
in a Worldwide Collection of Melon (Cucumis melo L.)
Germplasm
6.Powdery Mildew Resistance
in a Worldwide Collection of Melon (Cucumis melo L.)
Germplasm

35.  Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is one of the most important
vegetable crops worldwide. Identificationof the genes
conferring resistance to powdery mildew at the whole
genome level could provide an efficienttool for further
melon germplasm improvement and insights into the
molecular mechanisms of resistance.to facilitate gene
identification and marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding
in melon, 304 accessions were tested.
 The performance of 13 melon powdery mildew race
differential accessions to Podosphaera xanthii (Px) was
surveyed. According to differential reactions of 13 melon
powdery mildew race international differential lines,the
strain was identified as race 2F of Px.
 Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is one of the most important
vegetable crops worldwide. Identificationof the genes
conferring resistance to powdery mildew at the whole
genome level could provide an efficienttool for further
melon germplasm improvement and insights into the
molecular mechanisms of resistance.to facilitate gene
identification and marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding
in melon, 304 accessions were tested.
 The performance of 13 melon powdery mildew race
differential accessions to Podosphaera xanthii (Px) was
surveyed. According to differential reactions of 13 melon
powdery mildew race international differential lines,the
strain was identified as race 2F of Px.
 Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is one of the most important
vegetable crops worldwide. Identificationof the genes
conferring resistance to powdery mildew at the whole
genome level could provide an efficienttool for further
melon germplasm improvement and insights into the
molecular mechanisms of resistance.to facilitate gene
identification and marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding
in melon, 304 accessions were tested.
 The performance of 13 melon powdery mildew race
differential accessions to Podosphaera xanthii (Px) was
surveyed. According to differential reactions of 13 melon
powdery mildew race international differential lines,the
strain was identified as race 2F of Px.
 Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is one of the most important
vegetable crops worldwide. Identificationof the genes
conferring resistance to powdery mildew at the whole
genome level could provide an efficienttool for further
melon germplasm improvement and insights into the
molecular mechanisms of resistance.to facilitate gene
identification and marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding
in melon, 304 accessions were tested.
 The performance of 13 melon powdery mildew race
differential accessions to Podosphaera xanthii (Px) was
surveyed. According to differential reactions of 13 melon
powdery mildew race international differential lines,the
strain was identified as race 2F of Px.
35

36.  Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 12,938 in
number, werecharacterized by the technique of type IIB
endonucleases restriction-site associated DNA (2b-RAD).
Populationstructure analysis showed that K-3 was the most
appropriate cluster for this population and was used as
fixedeffects in genome-wide association study (GWAS) of
powdery mildew resistance.
 12 GWAS signals were detectedfor powdery mildew
resistance traits, 7 of them have been reported in previous
research and another 5 loci werenovels that need to be
further validated. This study provides resources for
genomics-enabled improvementsin melon breeding for
powdery mildew resistance trait.
 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 12,938 in
number, werecharacterized by the technique of type IIB
endonucleases restriction-site associated DNA (2b-RAD).
Populationstructure analysis showed that K-3 was the most
appropriate cluster for this population and was used as
fixedeffects in genome-wide association study (GWAS) of
powdery mildew resistance.
 12 GWAS signals were detectedfor powdery mildew
resistance traits, 7 of them have been reported in previous
research and another 5 loci werenovels that need to be
further validated. This study provides resources for
genomics-enabled improvementsin melon breeding for
powdery mildew resistance trait.
 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 12,938 in
number, werecharacterized by the technique of type IIB
endonucleases restriction-site associated DNA (2b-RAD).
Populationstructure analysis showed that K-3 was the most
appropriate cluster for this population and was used as
fixedeffects in genome-wide association study (GWAS) of
powdery mildew resistance.
 12 GWAS signals were detectedfor powdery mildew
resistance traits, 7 of them have been reported in previous
research and another 5 loci werenovels that need to be
further validated. This study provides resources for
genomics-enabled improvementsin melon breeding for
powdery mildew resistance trait.
 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 12,938 in
number, werecharacterized by the technique of type IIB
endonucleases restriction-site associated DNA (2b-RAD).
Populationstructure analysis showed that K-3 was the most
appropriate cluster for this population and was used as
fixedeffects in genome-wide association study (GWAS) of
powdery mildew resistance.
 12 GWAS signals were detectedfor powdery mildew
resistance traits, 7 of them have been reported in previous
research and another 5 loci werenovels that need to be
further validated. This study provides resources for
genomics-enabled improvementsin melon breeding for
powdery mildew resistance trait.
36

37.  The traditional breeding approach of phenotypic selection is
laborious, time-consuming, and not mistake-proof. Marker-
assisted selection (MAS) promises a more efficient and
rapid selection method of desired phenotypes, which could
save much effort, time, and expenses of field work, and
eliminate the need for pathogen inoculum.
 However, many of the genesfor resistance to powdery
mildew carried by approximately 30 resistant cultivars still
have not been located and annotated.Recently, a genome-
wide association study (GWAS) has been employed to
search for more loci conditioning desirable agronomic traits
in worldwide collections of rice (Huang et al. 2012) and
soybeans.
 The traditional breeding approach of phenotypic selection is
laborious, time-consuming, and not mistake-proof. Marker-
assisted selection (MAS) promises a more efficient and
rapid selection method of desired phenotypes, which could
save much effort, time, and expenses of field work, and
eliminate the need for pathogen inoculum.
 However, many of the genesfor resistance to powdery
mildew carried by approximately 30 resistant cultivars still
have not been located and annotated.Recently, a genome-
wide association study (GWAS) has been employed to
search for more loci conditioning desirable agronomic traits
in worldwide collections of rice (Huang et al. 2012) and
soybeans.
 The traditional breeding approach of phenotypic selection is
laborious, time-consuming, and not mistake-proof. Marker-
assisted selection (MAS) promises a more efficient and
rapid selection method of desired phenotypes, which could
save much effort, time, and expenses of field work, and
eliminate the need for pathogen inoculum.
 However, many of the genesfor resistance to powdery
mildew carried by approximately 30 resistant cultivars still
have not been located and annotated.Recently, a genome-
wide association study (GWAS) has been employed to
search for more loci conditioning desirable agronomic traits
in worldwide collections of rice (Huang et al. 2012) and
soybeans.
 The traditional breeding approach of phenotypic selection is
laborious, time-consuming, and not mistake-proof. Marker-
assisted selection (MAS) promises a more efficient and
rapid selection method of desired phenotypes, which could
save much effort, time, and expenses of field work, and
eliminate the need for pathogen inoculum.
 However, many of the genesfor resistance to powdery
mildew carried by approximately 30 resistant cultivars still
have not been located and annotated.Recently, a genome-
wide association study (GWAS) has been employed to
search for more loci conditioning desirable agronomic traits
in worldwide collections of rice (Huang et al. 2012) and
soybeans.
37

38. 7.New Sources of Resistance to CYSDV in
Melon
7.New Sources of Resistance to CYSDV in
Melon
7.New Sources of Resistance to CYSDV in
Melon

39.  Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) is a
whitefly-transmitted closterovirus that reducesmelon
(Cucumis melo) fruit yield and quality in greenhouse and
open-field production systems in the Middle East,the
Mediterranean Basin, the Americas, and Asia. Resistance to
CYSDV has been reported in melon accessions
 TGR 1551 (PI 482420) and PI 313970, both members of the
C. melo ssp. agrestis Acidulus Group. Their non-sweet,
vegetable-type fruits are similar: small, oval, thin flesh, and
extremely hard and bitter at maturity, though
slightlyaromatic. This poses a challenge to development of
sweet, western U.S. shipping-type muskmelon (C. melo ssp.
melo Group Reticulatus) and green flesh honeydew (C. melo
ssp. melo Inodorus Group) cultivars.
 Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) is a
whitefly-transmitted closterovirus that reducesmelon
(Cucumis melo) fruit yield and quality in greenhouse and
open-field production systems in the Middle East,the
Mediterranean Basin, the Americas, and Asia. Resistance to
CYSDV has been reported in melon accessions
 TGR 1551 (PI 482420) and PI 313970, both members of the
C. melo ssp. agrestis Acidulus Group. Their non-sweet,
vegetable-type fruits are similar: small, oval, thin flesh, and
extremely hard and bitter at maturity, though
slightlyaromatic. This poses a challenge to development of
sweet, western U.S. shipping-type muskmelon (C. melo ssp.
melo Group Reticulatus) and green flesh honeydew (C. melo
ssp. melo Inodorus Group) cultivars.
 Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) is a
whitefly-transmitted closterovirus that reducesmelon
(Cucumis melo) fruit yield and quality in greenhouse and
open-field production systems in the Middle East,the
Mediterranean Basin, the Americas, and Asia. Resistance to
CYSDV has been reported in melon accessions
 TGR 1551 (PI 482420) and PI 313970, both members of the
C. melo ssp. agrestis Acidulus Group. Their non-sweet,
vegetable-type fruits are similar: small, oval, thin flesh, and
extremely hard and bitter at maturity, though
slightlyaromatic. This poses a challenge to development of
sweet, western U.S. shipping-type muskmelon (C. melo ssp.
melo Group Reticulatus) and green flesh honeydew (C. melo
ssp. melo Inodorus Group) cultivars.
 Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) is a
whitefly-transmitted closterovirus that reducesmelon
(Cucumis melo) fruit yield and quality in greenhouse and
open-field production systems in the Middle East,the
Mediterranean Basin, the Americas, and Asia. Resistance to
CYSDV has been reported in melon accessions
 TGR 1551 (PI 482420) and PI 313970, both members of the
C. melo ssp. agrestis Acidulus Group. Their non-sweet,
vegetable-type fruits are similar: small, oval, thin flesh, and
extremely hard and bitter at maturity, though
slightlyaromatic. This poses a challenge to development of
sweet, western U.S. shipping-type muskmelon (C. melo ssp.
melo Group Reticulatus) and green flesh honeydew (C. melo
ssp. melo Inodorus Group) cultivars.
39

40.  whitefly-transmitted closterovirus that reduces melon
(Cucumis melo L.) fruit yield and quality in greenhouse and
open-field production systems in the Middle East, the
Mediterranean Basin, the Americas, and Asia.
 Resistance to CYSDV is available to melon breeders in
melon accessions TGR 1551 PI 482420 and PI 3139 , both
members of theC. melo ssp. agrestis Acidulus Group.
 whitefly-transmitted closterovirus that reduces melon
(Cucumis melo L.) fruit yield and quality in greenhouse and
open-field production systems in the Middle East, the
Mediterranean Basin, the Americas, and Asia.
 Resistance to CYSDV is available to melon breeders in
melon accessions TGR 1551 PI 482420 and PI 3139 , both
members of theC. melo ssp. agrestis Acidulus Group.
 whitefly-transmitted closterovirus that reduces melon
(Cucumis melo L.) fruit yield and quality in greenhouse and
open-field production systems in the Middle East, the
Mediterranean Basin, the Americas, and Asia.
 Resistance to CYSDV is available to melon breeders in
melon accessions TGR 1551 PI 482420 and PI 3139 , both
members of theC. melo ssp. agrestis Acidulus Group.
40

41. 8.S-Gene and R-Gene Candidates for Disease
Resistance in Watermelon
8.S-Gene and R-Gene Candidates for Disease
Resistance in Watermelon
8.S-Gene and R-Gene Candidates for Disease
Resistance in Watermelon

42.  The mainstream research on plant genes for disease
resistance has focussed on different classes ofresistance
genes (R-genes), pathogen effectors directly or indirectly
recognized by proteins encoded by R-genes,and
downstream defence cascades. Most of the R-genes belong
to the NB-LRR family.
 Whole genome sequence allow readily positioning of
putative resistance genes on chromosomes of plants.
Watermelon has a relatively lo frequency (66) of NB-LRR-
like R-genes. An emerging topic is resistance provided by
impaired susceptibility genes (S-genes). S-genes are plant
genes that are “abused” by a pathogen for its own benefit
during the infection process. Loss of a functional S-gene
can lead to durable resistance.
 The mainstream research on plant genes for disease
resistance has focussed on different classes ofresistance
genes (R-genes), pathogen effectors directly or indirectly
recognized by proteins encoded by R-genes,and
downstream defence cascades. Most of the R-genes belong
to the NB-LRR family.
 Whole genome sequence allow readily positioning of
putative resistance genes on chromosomes of plants.
Watermelon has a relatively lo frequency (66) of NB-LRR-
like R-genes. An emerging topic is resistance provided by
impaired susceptibility genes (S-genes). S-genes are plant
genes that are “abused” by a pathogen for its own benefit
during the infection process. Loss of a functional S-gene
can lead to durable resistance.
 The mainstream research on plant genes for disease
resistance has focussed on different classes ofresistance
genes (R-genes), pathogen effectors directly or indirectly
recognized by proteins encoded by R-genes,and
downstream defence cascades. Most of the R-genes belong
to the NB-LRR family.
 Whole genome sequence allow readily positioning of
putative resistance genes on chromosomes of plants.
Watermelon has a relatively lo frequency (66) of NB-LRR-
like R-genes. An emerging topic is resistance provided by
impaired susceptibility genes (S-genes). S-genes are plant
genes that are “abused” by a pathogen for its own benefit
during the infection process. Loss of a functional S-gene
can lead to durable resistance.
 The mainstream research on plant genes for disease
resistance has focussed on different classes ofresistance
genes (R-genes), pathogen effectors directly or indirectly
recognized by proteins encoded by R-genes,and
downstream defence cascades. Most of the R-genes belong
to the NB-LRR family.
 Whole genome sequence allow readily positioning of
putative resistance genes on chromosomes of plants.
Watermelon has a relatively lo frequency (66) of NB-LRR-
like R-genes. An emerging topic is resistance provided by
impaired susceptibility genes (S-genes). S-genes are plant
genes that are “abused” by a pathogen for its own benefit
during the infection process. Loss of a functional S-gene
can lead to durable resistance.
42

43.  Whereas resistance caused by R-genes is dominantly
inherited, resistance due to impaired S-genes inherits
recessively. The most well-known group of impaired S-genes
consists of mlo-genes, providing durable resistance to
powdery mildew in a series of plant species. Three groups
of S-genes have been distinguished, differing in time of their
action:
(1) those that provide early pathogen establishment;
(2) those that interfere with defence responses by the host;
(3) those involved in feeding of thepathogen.
 We listed amino-acid sequences of 121 proteins, encoded by
genes that were functionally characterized as S-genes in
several plant species, mainly Arabidopsis thaliana.
 Whereas resistance caused by R-genes is dominantly
inherited, resistance due to impaired S-genes inherits
recessively. The most well-known group of impaired S-genes
consists of mlo-genes, providing durable resistance to
powdery mildew in a series of plant species. Three groups
of S-genes have been distinguished, differing in time of their
action:
(1) those that provide early pathogen establishment;
(2) those that interfere with defence responses by the host;
(3) those involved in feeding of thepathogen.
 We listed amino-acid sequences of 121 proteins, encoded by
genes that were functionally characterized as S-genes in
several plant species, mainly Arabidopsis thaliana.
 Whereas resistance caused by R-genes is dominantly
inherited, resistance due to impaired S-genes inherits
recessively. The most well-known group of impaired S-genes
consists of mlo-genes, providing durable resistance to
powdery mildew in a series of plant species. Three groups
of S-genes have been distinguished, differing in time of their
action:
(1) those that provide early pathogen establishment;
(2) those that interfere with defence responses by the host;
(3) those involved in feeding of thepathogen.
 We listed amino-acid sequences of 121 proteins, encoded by
genes that were functionally characterized as S-genes in
several plant species, mainly Arabidopsis thaliana.
 Whereas resistance caused by R-genes is dominantly
inherited, resistance due to impaired S-genes inherits
recessively. The most well-known group of impaired S-genes
consists of mlo-genes, providing durable resistance to
powdery mildew in a series of plant species. Three groups
of S-genes have been distinguished, differing in time of their
action:
(1) those that provide early pathogen establishment;
(2) those that interfere with defence responses by the host;
(3) those involved in feeding of thepathogen.
 We listed amino-acid sequences of 121 proteins, encoded by
genes that were functionally characterized as S-genes in
several plant species, mainly Arabidopsis thaliana.
43

44.  Watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. &
Nakaibelongs to the cucurbit family (Cucurbitaceae) and
suffers from diseases such as downy (Pseudoperonospora
cubensis)and powdery (Podosphaera xanthii) mildews,
gummy stemblight (Didymella bryoniae), Fusarium wilt
(Fusariumoxysporum f. sp. niveum), anthracnose
(Colletotrichum orbiculare), fruit rots (Pythium
aphanidermatum, P. debaryanum and Phytophthora
capsici), and leaf spot (Alternaria cucumerina).
 Other cucurbit crops such as cucumber suffer from most of
thesediseases too. Co-localization of QTLs with known S-
genes in cucumber has facilitated the cloning of a mutant of
CsaMLO8 providing hypocotyl resistance to powdery
mildew’
 Watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. &
Nakaibelongs to the cucurbit family (Cucurbitaceae) and
suffers from diseases such as downy (Pseudoperonospora
cubensis)and powdery (Podosphaera xanthii) mildews,
gummy stemblight (Didymella bryoniae), Fusarium wilt
(Fusariumoxysporum f. sp. niveum), anthracnose
(Colletotrichum orbiculare), fruit rots (Pythium
aphanidermatum, P. debaryanum and Phytophthora
capsici), and leaf spot (Alternaria cucumerina).
 Other cucurbit crops such as cucumber suffer from most of
thesediseases too. Co-localization of QTLs with known S-
genes in cucumber has facilitated the cloning of a mutant of
CsaMLO8 providing hypocotyl resistance to powdery
mildew’
 Watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. &
Nakaibelongs to the cucurbit family (Cucurbitaceae) and
suffers from diseases such as downy (Pseudoperonospora
cubensis)and powdery (Podosphaera xanthii) mildews,
gummy stemblight (Didymella bryoniae), Fusarium wilt
(Fusariumoxysporum f. sp. niveum), anthracnose
(Colletotrichum orbiculare), fruit rots (Pythium
aphanidermatum, P. debaryanum and Phytophthora
capsici), and leaf spot (Alternaria cucumerina).
 Other cucurbit crops such as cucumber suffer from most of
thesediseases too. Co-localization of QTLs with known S-
genes in cucumber has facilitated the cloning of a mutant of
CsaMLO8 providing hypocotyl resistance to powdery
mildew’
 Watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. &
Nakaibelongs to the cucurbit family (Cucurbitaceae) and
suffers from diseases such as downy (Pseudoperonospora
cubensis)and powdery (Podosphaera xanthii) mildews,
gummy stemblight (Didymella bryoniae), Fusarium wilt
(Fusariumoxysporum f. sp. niveum), anthracnose
(Colletotrichum orbiculare), fruit rots (Pythium
aphanidermatum, P. debaryanum and Phytophthora
capsici), and leaf spot (Alternaria cucumerina).
 Other cucurbit crops such as cucumber suffer from most of
thesediseases too. Co-localization of QTLs with known S-
genes in cucumber has facilitated the cloning of a mutant of
CsaMLO8 providing hypocotyl resistance to powdery
mildew’
44

45. 9.Salt Tolerance Potential of Turkish Bottle Gourd
(Lagenaria siceraria) Germplasm
9.Salt Tolerance Potential of Turkish Bottle Gourd
(Lagenaria siceraria) Germplasm

46.  Turkish bottle gourd accessions as well as introduced
germplasm from international gene banks were screened at
10 dSm-1 salinity in a hydroponic system. Two commercial
Lagenaria rootstocks, ‘Macis’ and ‘Argentario’, and two
watermelon cultivars, ‘Crisby’ and ‘CrimsonTide’, were
grown for comparison. Electrical conductivity of the
solution was 1.5 dSm-1 in the control treatment and the
experiment was continued for three weeks.
 All accessions were negatively affected by salt application
and plant growth parameters were reduced at different
levels. with the control.
 Turkish bottle gourd accessions as well as introduced
germplasm from international gene banks were screened at
10 dSm-1 salinity in a hydroponic system. Two commercial
Lagenaria rootstocks, ‘Macis’ and ‘Argentario’, and two
watermelon cultivars, ‘Crisby’ and ‘CrimsonTide’, were
grown for comparison. Electrical conductivity of the
solution was 1.5 dSm-1 in the control treatment and the
experiment was continued for three weeks.
 All accessions were negatively affected by salt application
and plant growth parameters were reduced at different
levels. with the control.
 Turkish bottle gourd accessions as well as introduced
germplasm from international gene banks were screened at
10 dSm-1 salinity in a hydroponic system. Two commercial
Lagenaria rootstocks, ‘Macis’ and ‘Argentario’, and two
watermelon cultivars, ‘Crisby’ and ‘CrimsonTide’, were
grown for comparison. Electrical conductivity of the
solution was 1.5 dSm-1 in the control treatment and the
experiment was continued for three weeks.
 All accessions were negatively affected by salt application
and plant growth parameters were reduced at different
levels. with the control.
 Turkish bottle gourd accessions as well as introduced
germplasm from international gene banks were screened at
10 dSm-1 salinity in a hydroponic system. Two commercial
Lagenaria rootstocks, ‘Macis’ and ‘Argentario’, and two
watermelon cultivars, ‘Crisby’ and ‘CrimsonTide’, were
grown for comparison. Electrical conductivity of the
solution was 1.5 dSm-1 in the control treatment and the
experiment was continued for three weeks.
 All accessions were negatively affected by salt application
and plant growth parameters were reduced at different
levels. with the control.
46

47.  Decreases in leaf area compared with the control varied
from 5% to 90%. Leaf number per plant under salinity stress
ranged from 3 to 14 leaves/plant. Main stem length varied
from 3.4 cm to 66.9 cm and the decrease in main stem
length due to salinity ranged from 9% to 92% as compared
with control plants.
 Bottle gourd accessions showed significant differences
under salinity stress. Some promising accessions for use in
rootstocks breeding programs against salinity stress were
identified.
 Decreases in leaf area compared with the control varied
from 5% to 90%. Leaf number per plant under salinity stress
ranged from 3 to 14 leaves/plant. Main stem length varied
from 3.4 cm to 66.9 cm and the decrease in main stem
length due to salinity ranged from 9% to 92% as compared
with control plants.
 Bottle gourd accessions showed significant differences
under salinity stress. Some promising accessions for use in
rootstocks breeding programs against salinity stress were
identified.
 Decreases in leaf area compared with the control varied
from 5% to 90%. Leaf number per plant under salinity stress
ranged from 3 to 14 leaves/plant. Main stem length varied
from 3.4 cm to 66.9 cm and the decrease in main stem
length due to salinity ranged from 9% to 92% as compared
with control plants.
 Bottle gourd accessions showed significant differences
under salinity stress. Some promising accessions for use in
rootstocks breeding programs against salinity stress were
identified.
 Decreases in leaf area compared with the control varied
from 5% to 90%. Leaf number per plant under salinity stress
ranged from 3 to 14 leaves/plant. Main stem length varied
from 3.4 cm to 66.9 cm and the decrease in main stem
length due to salinity ranged from 9% to 92% as compared
with control plants.
 Bottle gourd accessions showed significant differences
under salinity stress. Some promising accessions for use in
rootstocks breeding programs against salinity stress were
identified.
47

48.  There are numbers of studies have been carried out to
develop salt tolerant plants by transgenic plant technology.
Although the improvement of salt tolerance was reported by
transfer of a single gene due to the polygenic nature of
abiotic stress as such, salinity requires transfer of more
genes for the improvement salt-tolerance.
 Determining the effect of root characteristics, at least
partially, on the salinity response of tomato was reported by
Santa–Cruz et al ,and they suggested grafting as a valid
strategy for the alleviation of the deleterious effect of salt
stress on the shoot growth.
 There are numbers of studies have been carried out to
develop salt tolerant plants by transgenic plant technology.
Although the improvement of salt tolerance was reported by
transfer of a single gene due to the polygenic nature of
abiotic stress as such, salinity requires transfer of more
genes for the improvement salt-tolerance.
 Determining the effect of root characteristics, at least
partially, on the salinity response of tomato was reported by
Santa–Cruz et al ,and they suggested grafting as a valid
strategy for the alleviation of the deleterious effect of salt
stress on the shoot growth.
 There are numbers of studies have been carried out to
develop salt tolerant plants by transgenic plant technology.
Although the improvement of salt tolerance was reported by
transfer of a single gene due to the polygenic nature of
abiotic stress as such, salinity requires transfer of more
genes for the improvement salt-tolerance.
 Determining the effect of root characteristics, at least
partially, on the salinity response of tomato was reported by
Santa–Cruz et al ,and they suggested grafting as a valid
strategy for the alleviation of the deleterious effect of salt
stress on the shoot growth.
 There are numbers of studies have been carried out to
develop salt tolerant plants by transgenic plant technology.
Although the improvement of salt tolerance was reported by
transfer of a single gene due to the polygenic nature of
abiotic stress as such, salinity requires transfer of more
genes for the improvement salt-tolerance.
 Determining the effect of root characteristics, at least
partially, on the salinity response of tomato was reported by
Santa–Cruz et al ,and they suggested grafting as a valid
strategy for the alleviation of the deleterious effect of salt
stress on the shoot growth.
48

49.  Grafting in vegetables was first performed in Korea and
Japan in the late 1920s by grafting watermelon, Citrullus
lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai, onto bottle or calabash
gourd, Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Rootstocks.
 Some purposes of grafting in watermelons are to control
Fusarium wilt, to increase low-temperature tolerance and
yield and quality with increased water and nutrient uptake .
For these purposes, watermelons have been grafted onto
Cucurbita moschata Duchesne, C. maxima Duchesne,
Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn., and L. siceraria.
 Grafting in vegetables was first performed in Korea and
Japan in the late 1920s by grafting watermelon, Citrullus
lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai, onto bottle or calabash
gourd, Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Rootstocks.
 Some purposes of grafting in watermelons are to control
Fusarium wilt, to increase low-temperature tolerance and
yield and quality with increased water and nutrient uptake .
For these purposes, watermelons have been grafted onto
Cucurbita moschata Duchesne, C. maxima Duchesne,
Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn., and L. siceraria.
 Grafting in vegetables was first performed in Korea and
Japan in the late 1920s by grafting watermelon, Citrullus
lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai, onto bottle or calabash
gourd, Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Rootstocks.
 Some purposes of grafting in watermelons are to control
Fusarium wilt, to increase low-temperature tolerance and
yield and quality with increased water and nutrient uptake .
For these purposes, watermelons have been grafted onto
Cucurbita moschata Duchesne, C. maxima Duchesne,
Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn., and L. siceraria.
 Grafting in vegetables was first performed in Korea and
Japan in the late 1920s by grafting watermelon, Citrullus
lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai, onto bottle or calabash
gourd, Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Rootstocks.
 Some purposes of grafting in watermelons are to control
Fusarium wilt, to increase low-temperature tolerance and
yield and quality with increased water and nutrient uptake .
For these purposes, watermelons have been grafted onto
Cucurbita moschata Duchesne, C. maxima Duchesne,
Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn., and L. siceraria.
49

50.  L. siceraria is used as rootstocks for watermelon against
soil-borne diseases, particularly for Fusarium wilt and low
soil temperature. L. siceraria shows high compatibility with
watermelon
 bottle gourd accessions possess significant variation with
regard to plant growth parameters under saline conditions.
The majority of the bottle gourd accessions were found to
be more tolerant to salinity than two watermelon cultivars,
‘Crisby’ and ‘Crimson Tide’. Furthermore, a significant
number of accessions showed better plant growth than two
leading commercial rootstocks, ‘Argentario’ and ‘Macis’.
 Thus, Turkish L. siceraria germplasm is promising material
as a good resource for rootstock/cultivar (as vegetables)
breeding programs for tolerance to salinity stress.
 L. siceraria is used as rootstocks for watermelon against
soil-borne diseases, particularly for Fusarium wilt and low
soil temperature. L. siceraria shows high compatibility with
watermelon
 bottle gourd accessions possess significant variation with
regard to plant growth parameters under saline conditions.
The majority of the bottle gourd accessions were found to
be more tolerant to salinity than two watermelon cultivars,
‘Crisby’ and ‘Crimson Tide’. Furthermore, a significant
number of accessions showed better plant growth than two
leading commercial rootstocks, ‘Argentario’ and ‘Macis’.
 Thus, Turkish L. siceraria germplasm is promising material
as a good resource for rootstock/cultivar (as vegetables)
breeding programs for tolerance to salinity stress.
 L. siceraria is used as rootstocks for watermelon against
soil-borne diseases, particularly for Fusarium wilt and low
soil temperature. L. siceraria shows high compatibility with
watermelon
 bottle gourd accessions possess significant variation with
regard to plant growth parameters under saline conditions.
The majority of the bottle gourd accessions were found to
be more tolerant to salinity than two watermelon cultivars,
‘Crisby’ and ‘Crimson Tide’. Furthermore, a significant
number of accessions showed better plant growth than two
leading commercial rootstocks, ‘Argentario’ and ‘Macis’.
 Thus, Turkish L. siceraria germplasm is promising material
as a good resource for rootstock/cultivar (as vegetables)
breeding programs for tolerance to salinity stress.
 L. siceraria is used as rootstocks for watermelon against
soil-borne diseases, particularly for Fusarium wilt and low
soil temperature. L. siceraria shows high compatibility with
watermelon
 bottle gourd accessions possess significant variation with
regard to plant growth parameters under saline conditions.
The majority of the bottle gourd accessions were found to
be more tolerant to salinity than two watermelon cultivars,
‘Crisby’ and ‘Crimson Tide’. Furthermore, a significant
number of accessions showed better plant growth than two
leading commercial rootstocks, ‘Argentario’ and ‘Macis’.
 Thus, Turkish L. siceraria germplasm is promising material
as a good resource for rootstock/cultivar (as vegetables)
breeding programs for tolerance to salinity stress.
50

51. 10.Turkish Bottle Gourd Germplasm reaction to Virus
Diseases
10.Turkish Bottle Gourd Germplasm reaction to Virus
Diseases
10.Turkish Bottle Gourd Germplasm reaction to Virus
Diseases

52.  Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) is one of the most
damaging diseases of cucurbit crops.
 The possibility of seed-transmission of ZYMV makes it an
even more dangerous virus,Therefore, identification of
potential sources of ZYMV resistance in bottle gourd is
important.
 we have become convinced that bottle gourd rootstock
germplasm needs to be resistant to ZYMV.
 The high adaptability of bottle gourd to different soil and
growth conditions and resistance to some soil-borne
diseases has made bottle gourd a suitable rootstock for
watermelon.
 Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) is one of the most
damaging diseases of cucurbit crops.
 The possibility of seed-transmission of ZYMV makes it an
even more dangerous virus,Therefore, identification of
potential sources of ZYMV resistance in bottle gourd is
important.
 we have become convinced that bottle gourd rootstock
germplasm needs to be resistant to ZYMV.
 The high adaptability of bottle gourd to different soil and
growth conditions and resistance to some soil-borne
diseases has made bottle gourd a suitable rootstock for
watermelon.
 Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) is one of the most
damaging diseases of cucurbit crops.
 The possibility of seed-transmission of ZYMV makes it an
even more dangerous virus,Therefore, identification of
potential sources of ZYMV resistance in bottle gourd is
important.
 we have become convinced that bottle gourd rootstock
germplasm needs to be resistant to ZYMV.
 The high adaptability of bottle gourd to different soil and
growth conditions and resistance to some soil-borne
diseases has made bottle gourd a suitable rootstock for
watermelon.
 Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) is one of the most
damaging diseases of cucurbit crops.
 The possibility of seed-transmission of ZYMV makes it an
even more dangerous virus,Therefore, identification of
potential sources of ZYMV resistance in bottle gourd is
important.
 we have become convinced that bottle gourd rootstock
germplasm needs to be resistant to ZYMV.
 The high adaptability of bottle gourd to different soil and
growth conditions and resistance to some soil-borne
diseases has made bottle gourd a suitable rootstock for
watermelon.
52

53. Surveyed viruses and testing methods.
 Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) -ELISA
 Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV)- ELISA/RT-PCR
 Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) -ELISA
 Squash mosaic virus (SqMV) -ELISA
 Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV)- ELISA
 Cucumber vein yellowing virus (CVYV) -RT-PCR -
 Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus(CGMMV) -RT-PCR -
 Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus(CABYV) -RT-PCR -
 Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus(CYSDV) -RT-PCR
 Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) -RT-PCR
 Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) -ELISA
 Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV)- ELISA/RT-PCR
 Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) -ELISA
 Squash mosaic virus (SqMV) -ELISA
 Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV)- ELISA
 Cucumber vein yellowing virus (CVYV) -RT-PCR -
 Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus(CGMMV) -RT-PCR -
 Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus(CABYV) -RT-PCR -
 Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus(CYSDV) -RT-PCR
 Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) -RT-PCR
 Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) -ELISA
 Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV)- ELISA/RT-PCR
 Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) -ELISA
 Squash mosaic virus (SqMV) -ELISA
 Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV)- ELISA
 Cucumber vein yellowing virus (CVYV) -RT-PCR -
 Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus(CGMMV) -RT-PCR -
 Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus(CABYV) -RT-PCR -
 Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus(CYSDV) -RT-PCR
 Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) -RT-PCR
 Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) -ELISA
 Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV)- ELISA/RT-PCR
 Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) -ELISA
 Squash mosaic virus (SqMV) -ELISA
 Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV)- ELISA
 Cucumber vein yellowing virus (CVYV) -RT-PCR -
 Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus(CGMMV) -RT-PCR -
 Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus(CABYV) -RT-PCR -
 Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus(CYSDV) -RT-PCR
 Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) -RT-PCR
53

54. Distorted seeds harvested from infected bottle
gourd plants.
54

55.  Leaf distortion, green mosaic (ZYMV), mosaic (WMV),
and shoestring (CMV) symptoms in Lagenaria siceraria
leaves caused by single or mixed infections by viruses.
55

56. 11.New watermelon hybrid ‘Shenmi-968’
with disease resistance
11.New watermelon hybrid ‘Shenmi-968’
with disease resistance
11.New watermelon hybrid ‘Shenmi-968’
with disease resistance

57.  The objective of this study was to break the linkage drag
between disease resistance and poor qualityand improve
both disease resistance and quality traits for watermelons
adapted to protected cultivation.
 resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fusarium
wilt). Multiple parents and four-way crosses were used to
develop inbred lines with the pedigree method.
 In multiple regional tests, ‘Shenmi-968’ has shown strong
resistance to multiple diseases and broad adaptation.
 In the continuous cultivation field, its incidence of
Fusarium wilt was less than 5%. It is medium-early,
ripening about 33 days after flowering.
 The objective of this study was to break the linkage drag
between disease resistance and poor qualityand improve
both disease resistance and quality traits for watermelons
adapted to protected cultivation.
 resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fusarium
wilt). Multiple parents and four-way crosses were used to
develop inbred lines with the pedigree method.
 In multiple regional tests, ‘Shenmi-968’ has shown strong
resistance to multiple diseases and broad adaptation.
 In the continuous cultivation field, its incidence of
Fusarium wilt was less than 5%. It is medium-early,
ripening about 33 days after flowering.
 The objective of this study was to break the linkage drag
between disease resistance and poor qualityand improve
both disease resistance and quality traits for watermelons
adapted to protected cultivation.
 resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fusarium
wilt). Multiple parents and four-way crosses were used to
develop inbred lines with the pedigree method.
 In multiple regional tests, ‘Shenmi-968’ has shown strong
resistance to multiple diseases and broad adaptation.
 In the continuous cultivation field, its incidence of
Fusarium wilt was less than 5%. It is medium-early,
ripening about 33 days after flowering.
 The objective of this study was to break the linkage drag
between disease resistance and poor qualityand improve
both disease resistance and quality traits for watermelons
adapted to protected cultivation.
 resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fusarium
wilt). Multiple parents and four-way crosses were used to
develop inbred lines with the pedigree method.
 In multiple regional tests, ‘Shenmi-968’ has shown strong
resistance to multiple diseases and broad adaptation.
 In the continuous cultivation field, its incidence of
Fusarium wilt was less than 5%. It is medium-early,
ripening about 33 days after flowering.
57

58.  It has a high fruit setting abilityunder cool and weak light
conditions in the spring in southern of China. Its fruit shape
is round-oval sphere, size ranges from 5.0 to 8.0 kg. It has a
high yield potential, exceeding 49 t·ha-1. It has light green
skin with dark green stripes and dark pink flesh.
 The fruit flesh is very tasty, juicy, and delicate with over
12.5% soluble solids content in the center and over 8.5%
near the rind. This new hybrid variety is suitable for
protected cultivation in spring, summer, or fall in China.
‘Shenmi-968’ has good quality, high yield, strong resistance
to Fusarium wilt, and broad adaptation
 It has a high fruit setting abilityunder cool and weak light
conditions in the spring in southern of China. Its fruit shape
is round-oval sphere, size ranges from 5.0 to 8.0 kg. It has a
high yield potential, exceeding 49 t·ha-1. It has light green
skin with dark green stripes and dark pink flesh.
 The fruit flesh is very tasty, juicy, and delicate with over
12.5% soluble solids content in the center and over 8.5%
near the rind. This new hybrid variety is suitable for
protected cultivation in spring, summer, or fall in China.
‘Shenmi-968’ has good quality, high yield, strong resistance
to Fusarium wilt, and broad adaptation
 It has a high fruit setting abilityunder cool and weak light
conditions in the spring in southern of China. Its fruit shape
is round-oval sphere, size ranges from 5.0 to 8.0 kg. It has a
high yield potential, exceeding 49 t·ha-1. It has light green
skin with dark green stripes and dark pink flesh.
 The fruit flesh is very tasty, juicy, and delicate with over
12.5% soluble solids content in the center and over 8.5%
near the rind. This new hybrid variety is suitable for
protected cultivation in spring, summer, or fall in China.
‘Shenmi-968’ has good quality, high yield, strong resistance
to Fusarium wilt, and broad adaptation
 It has a high fruit setting abilityunder cool and weak light
conditions in the spring in southern of China. Its fruit shape
is round-oval sphere, size ranges from 5.0 to 8.0 kg. It has a
high yield potential, exceeding 49 t·ha-1. It has light green
skin with dark green stripes and dark pink flesh.
 The fruit flesh is very tasty, juicy, and delicate with over
12.5% soluble solids content in the center and over 8.5%
near the rind. This new hybrid variety is suitable for
protected cultivation in spring, summer, or fall in China.
‘Shenmi-968’ has good quality, high yield, strong resistance
to Fusarium wilt, and broad adaptation
58

59. 12.Transgenic cucumber12.Transgenic cucumber12.Transgenic cucumber

60. ABBREVIATIONS
 ACB – acylbinding protein gene from A. thaliana
 pASO – cucumber ascorbate oxidase promoter
 CBF – C-repeat binding factor
 CHN – a chitinase gene from petunia (acidic), tobacco
(basic), or bean (basic)
 CMV-C cp – coat protein gene of cucumber mosaic virus C
 CMV-O cp – coat protein gene of cucumber mosaic virus O
 CMV – cucumber mosaic virus
 CMVR – CMV resistant
 CMV/ZYMVT – CMV/ZYMV tolerant
 ACB – acylbinding protein gene from A. thaliana
 pASO – cucumber ascorbate oxidase promoter
 CBF – C-repeat binding factor
 CHN – a chitinase gene from petunia (acidic), tobacco
(basic), or bean (basic)
 CMV-C cp – coat protein gene of cucumber mosaic virus C
 CMV-O cp – coat protein gene of cucumber mosaic virus O
 CMV – cucumber mosaic virus
 CMVR – CMV resistant
 CMV/ZYMVT – CMV/ZYMV tolerant
 ACB – acylbinding protein gene from A. thaliana
 pASO – cucumber ascorbate oxidase promoter
 CBF – C-repeat binding factor
 CHN – a chitinase gene from petunia (acidic), tobacco
(basic), or bean (basic)
 CMV-C cp – coat protein gene of cucumber mosaic virus C
 CMV-O cp – coat protein gene of cucumber mosaic virus O
 CMV – cucumber mosaic virus
 CMVR – CMV resistant
 CMV/ZYMVT – CMV/ZYMV tolerant
 ACB – acylbinding protein gene from A. thaliana
 pASO – cucumber ascorbate oxidase promoter
 CBF – C-repeat binding factor
 CHN – a chitinase gene from petunia (acidic), tobacco
(basic), or bean (basic)
 CMV-C cp – coat protein gene of cucumber mosaic virus C
 CMV-O cp – coat protein gene of cucumber mosaic virus O
 CMV – cucumber mosaic virus
 CMVR – CMV resistant
 CMV/ZYMVT – CMV/ZYMV tolerant
60

61. Introduction
 Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is one of the most popular
vegetables worldwide. Its first transformation either through
an Agrobacterium-mediated system (Sarmento et al. 1989,
Trulson et al. 1986) or direct gene transfer (Chee and
Slightom 1992) was described two decades ago. In addition
to the marker and reporter genes, various types of
transgenes with agronomic potential have been introduced.
 The enhanced biotic resistance was observed after
introduction of cucumber mosaic virus coat protein (CMV-
cp) gene (Chee and Slightom 1991,Nishibayashi et al. 1996
a), zucchini green mottle mosaic virus coat protein
(ZGMMV-cp) gene (Lee et al. 2002) and chitinase genes.
 Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is one of the most popular
vegetables worldwide. Its first transformation either through
an Agrobacterium-mediated system (Sarmento et al. 1989,
Trulson et al. 1986) or direct gene transfer (Chee and
Slightom 1992) was described two decades ago. In addition
to the marker and reporter genes, various types of
transgenes with agronomic potential have been introduced.
 The enhanced biotic resistance was observed after
introduction of cucumber mosaic virus coat protein (CMV-
cp) gene (Chee and Slightom 1991,Nishibayashi et al. 1996
a), zucchini green mottle mosaic virus coat protein
(ZGMMV-cp) gene (Lee et al. 2002) and chitinase genes.
 Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is one of the most popular
vegetables worldwide. Its first transformation either through
an Agrobacterium-mediated system (Sarmento et al. 1989,
Trulson et al. 1986) or direct gene transfer (Chee and
Slightom 1992) was described two decades ago. In addition
to the marker and reporter genes, various types of
transgenes with agronomic potential have been introduced.
 The enhanced biotic resistance was observed after
introduction of cucumber mosaic virus coat protein (CMV-
cp) gene (Chee and Slightom 1991,Nishibayashi et al. 1996
a), zucchini green mottle mosaic virus coat protein
(ZGMMV-cp) gene (Lee et al. 2002) and chitinase genes.
 Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is one of the most popular
vegetables worldwide. Its first transformation either through
an Agrobacterium-mediated system (Sarmento et al. 1989,
Trulson et al. 1986) or direct gene transfer (Chee and
Slightom 1992) was described two decades ago. In addition
to the marker and reporter genes, various types of
transgenes with agronomic potential have been introduced.
 The enhanced biotic resistance was observed after
introduction of cucumber mosaic virus coat protein (CMV-
cp) gene (Chee and Slightom 1991,Nishibayashi et al. 1996
a), zucchini green mottle mosaic virus coat protein
(ZGMMV-cp) gene (Lee et al. 2002) and chitinase genes.61

62.  Whereas, the introduction of DHN10 gene was associated
with a slightly enhanced tolerance to abiotic stresses.The
introduction of thaumatin II cDNA construct enhanced
sweet taste in fruits (Szwacka et al. 1996, 2002 a), whereas
mSOD1 gene caused higher level of superoxide dismutase
(SOD) and might be useful as a functional cosmetic material
The introduction of UGT and ACB genes resulted in an
increased yield , and iaaM gene led to parthenocarpic fruit
production.
 The number of field trials with transgenic cucumber is
sparse, as compared to many other species. First of all, the
effectiveness of coat protein-mediated protection was
investigated under field conditions
 Whereas, the introduction of DHN10 gene was associated
with a slightly enhanced tolerance to abiotic stresses.The
introduction of thaumatin II cDNA construct enhanced
sweet taste in fruits (Szwacka et al. 1996, 2002 a), whereas
mSOD1 gene caused higher level of superoxide dismutase
(SOD) and might be useful as a functional cosmetic material
The introduction of UGT and ACB genes resulted in an
increased yield , and iaaM gene led to parthenocarpic fruit
production.
 The number of field trials with transgenic cucumber is
sparse, as compared to many other species. First of all, the
effectiveness of coat protein-mediated protection was
investigated under field conditions
 Whereas, the introduction of DHN10 gene was associated
with a slightly enhanced tolerance to abiotic stresses.The
introduction of thaumatin II cDNA construct enhanced
sweet taste in fruits (Szwacka et al. 1996, 2002 a), whereas
mSOD1 gene caused higher level of superoxide dismutase
(SOD) and might be useful as a functional cosmetic material
The introduction of UGT and ACB genes resulted in an
increased yield , and iaaM gene led to parthenocarpic fruit
production.
 The number of field trials with transgenic cucumber is
sparse, as compared to many other species. First of all, the
effectiveness of coat protein-mediated protection was
investigated under field conditions
 Whereas, the introduction of DHN10 gene was associated
with a slightly enhanced tolerance to abiotic stresses.The
introduction of thaumatin II cDNA construct enhanced
sweet taste in fruits (Szwacka et al. 1996, 2002 a), whereas
mSOD1 gene caused higher level of superoxide dismutase
(SOD) and might be useful as a functional cosmetic material
The introduction of UGT and ACB genes resulted in an
increased yield , and iaaM gene led to parthenocarpic fruit
production.
 The number of field trials with transgenic cucumber is
sparse, as compared to many other species. First of all, the
effectiveness of coat protein-mediated protection was
investigated under field conditions
62

63. PRACTICAL EVALUATION
 Various aspects of the practical value of the mentioned
transgenic lines were discussed. Expression of the
transgenes, either at RNA or protein level, may confer the
expected phenotype. However, in some cases, such positive
relationship did not exist. In addition to transgene-related
phenotype, other agronomic traits,
metabolic profiles, as well as an environmental risk were
evaluated.
 Various aspects of the practical value of the mentioned
transgenic lines were discussed. Expression of the
transgenes, either at RNA or protein level, may confer the
expected phenotype. However, in some cases, such positive
relationship did not exist. In addition to transgene-related
phenotype, other agronomic traits,
metabolic profiles, as well as an environmental risk were
evaluated.
 Various aspects of the practical value of the mentioned
transgenic lines were discussed. Expression of the
transgenes, either at RNA or protein level, may confer the
expected phenotype. However, in some cases, such positive
relationship did not exist. In addition to transgene-related
phenotype, other agronomic traits,
metabolic profiles, as well as an environmental risk were
evaluated.
 Various aspects of the practical value of the mentioned
transgenic lines were discussed. Expression of the
transgenes, either at RNA or protein level, may confer the
expected phenotype. However, in some cases, such positive
relationship did not exist. In addition to transgene-related
phenotype, other agronomic traits,
metabolic profiles, as well as an environmental risk were
evaluated.
63

64. Pathogen protection
 Breeding for disease resistance has long been one of the
crucial objectives incucumber cultivation. Transformation
techniques make it possible to use isolatedgenes from a
variety of sources. Such transgenic material might serve as
a uniquebreeding material for producing cultivars with
enhanced resistance to biotic and abiotic stress.
 pathogen-derived coat protein gene, CMV-cp gene (Chee
and Slightom 1991, Nishibayashi et al. 1996 b) and
zucchini green mottle mosaic virus coat protein (ZGMMV-
cp) gene , as well as the plant-derived pathogenesis-related
(PR) chitinase gene have been introduced into the
cucumber genome.
 Breeding for disease resistance has long been one of the
crucial objectives incucumber cultivation. Transformation
techniques make it possible to use isolatedgenes from a
variety of sources. Such transgenic material might serve as
a uniquebreeding material for producing cultivars with
enhanced resistance to biotic and abiotic stress.
 pathogen-derived coat protein gene, CMV-cp gene (Chee
and Slightom 1991, Nishibayashi et al. 1996 b) and
zucchini green mottle mosaic virus coat protein (ZGMMV-
cp) gene , as well as the plant-derived pathogenesis-related
(PR) chitinase gene have been introduced into the
cucumber genome.
 Breeding for disease resistance has long been one of the
crucial objectives incucumber cultivation. Transformation
techniques make it possible to use isolatedgenes from a
variety of sources. Such transgenic material might serve as
a uniquebreeding material for producing cultivars with
enhanced resistance to biotic and abiotic stress.
 pathogen-derived coat protein gene, CMV-cp gene (Chee
and Slightom 1991, Nishibayashi et al. 1996 b) and
zucchini green mottle mosaic virus coat protein (ZGMMV-
cp) gene , as well as the plant-derived pathogenesis-related
(PR) chitinase gene have been introduced into the
cucumber genome.
 Breeding for disease resistance has long been one of the
crucial objectives incucumber cultivation. Transformation
techniques make it possible to use isolatedgenes from a
variety of sources. Such transgenic material might serve as
a uniquebreeding material for producing cultivars with
enhanced resistance to biotic and abiotic stress.
 pathogen-derived coat protein gene, CMV-cp gene (Chee
and Slightom 1991, Nishibayashi et al. 1996 b) and
zucchini green mottle mosaic virus coat protein (ZGMMV-
cp) gene , as well as the plant-derived pathogenesis-related
(PR) chitinase gene have been introduced into the
cucumber genome.
64