New generation PGR,bioformulation and their uses

1. 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 1

2. Panchaal Bhattacharjee
UHS16PGM713
Sr. M. Sc. Horticulture
(Fruit science)
Seminar-II
on
Advances in use of plant bio-
regulators for fruit production
University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot
K.R.C College of Horticulture, Arabhavi
Department of Fruit Science

3. Demand
Urbanization
Purchasing power
GDP and
Per capita
income
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 3
Population
Growth drivers
Financial Express,2017

4. Topic division
Conclusion
Constrains & Do’s and don’ts in use of PBR’s
Advances in applications of PBR’s with case studies
New Generation of PBR’s with relevant case studies
Types of PBR’s
Mechanism of action of PBR’s
Introduction-PBR
Problems in fruit crops
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 4

5.  Less number of flowers
 Flower drop
 Fruit drop
 Less number of seeds
 Hard seed coat
 Less plant growth rate
 Late maturity
 Less germination
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 5
Problems in fruit crops

6. Account for 5-10% of the world agrochemical sales. (Mori, 2011)
Bioregulators are endogenous or synthetically produced
substances that can control one or more specific bio
chemical and physiological function of many spp.
Probably by their influence on gene and enzyme
interacttion (Olaiya, 2013)
Introduction
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 6

7. Plant bio-regulators,
previously termed as plant
growth regulators. In 1992
at Jerusalem in the 7th
international symposium
the name changes from
plant growth regulators to
plant bio-regulators. Which
was conducted by ISHS
(International Society for
Horticultural Sciences)
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 7

8. 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 8
ISHS, started this kind of symposium in 1972, for
order to achieve summarized compendium of
worldwide research regarding the bio-regulator’s
application on fruit.

9.  Reduction of fruit/flower abscission
 Vegetative growth control & increase fruit set
Rooting, water sprouts
 Increase/ inhibit flower bud formation
 Reduce pre-harvest drop
Improve fruit shape
Stress tolerance
 Fruit colour & ripening
Physiological responses that are regulate/influenced by PBR’s
Greene (2010)11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 9

10. Schematic representation of plant bio-regulator (PBR) application
and their unified mechanism
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 10
Ursini et al. (2016)

11. Plant bio-regulator (PBR) mode of action
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Ursini et al. (2016)

12. Chemical based PBRs :- Thiourea, Silicon,
Potassium, Polyamines, Hydrogen Peroxide,
Hydrogen Sulfide, H2-Rich
Water
Hormone based PBRs :- Auxins,
Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene,
Abscisic acid
Fig : Thiourea
Fig : GA3
Types of bio-regulator
based on chemical nature
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 12
Srivastava et al. (2016)

13. PBR’s Dose Stress Mode of
application
Effect Reference
1.Thiourea 7.5 mM Drought Seed soaking
+ foliar
Increased plant
growth and yield
Sahu et al.
(2006)
2.Silicon 2 mM
Sodium
silicate
K, Ca
stress
Soil
application
Enhanced
potassium use
efficiency
Miao et al.
(2010)
3. Potassium 6–21
mM
KNO3
Salt stress Soil
application
Stress Alleviation
of salt stress
symptom with
enhanced K+
accumulation
Zheng et al.
(2010)
4.Polyamines 2 mM Flooding
stress
Soil
application
Enhanced
antioxidant
capacitance and
flooding tolerance
Yiu et al.
(2009)
Chemical-based PBRs, their mode of application and effect on plants
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 13

14. PBR’s Dose Stress Mode of
application
Effect Referenc
e
5.
Hydrogen
peroxide
100 μM Drought,
salt
In culture
medium,
foliar spray
Activation of myo-
inositol pathway and
maintenance of leaf
water content
Ishibashi
et al.
(2011)
6. Nitric
oxide
10 μM
Sodium
nitroprus
side
Drought Seed soaking Improved
photosynthetic
performance of leaves
and stress
amelioration
Liao et al.
(2012)
7.
Hydrogen
sulfide
400 μM
Sodium
hydrosulf
ide
Multiple
abiotic
stress
In growth
medium
Enhanced antioxidant
capacitance
Yu et al.
(2013)
8.
Hydrogen
rich water
50%
saturatio
n
Salt In growth
medium
Activation of zinc-
finger transcription
factor and related
antioxidant defense
Xie et al.
(2012)
Contd...
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 14

15. PBR’s Origin Role
Auxin F. W. Went (1926)
Produced by the growing
apex of roots and stems of
the plant
Apical dominance, cell division and cell
enlargement, shoot and root growth, flower
initiation etc.
Gibberellines Fungus (Gibberella fujikuroi)
Kurosawa et al., 1926.
Prevention of genetic dwarfism, bolting and
flowering, germination, fruit setting, breaking
of dormancy etc.
Cytokinine Isolated from coconut milk,
Miller, Skoog and their
coworkers (1951)
Cell division, cell and organ enlargement
Seed germination, breaking dormancy
bud development and shoot growth etc.
Ethylene Neljubow (1901), colorless
gaseous hormone
Fruit ripening , growth inhibition, epinasty,
thining in apple, flowering and sex expression
etc.
Abscisic Acid Addicot et al. (1964), acts as
anti-Gibberellins ,
Abscission, Dormancy, Inhibit seed
development and germination, Stomatal
closing, Antagonism etc.
Hormone -based PBR’s their origin & role on crop plants
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 15

16. New generation of PBR’s
Brassino
steroids (BRs)
Prohexadio
ne – Ca
Jasmonic acid
(JA)
Salicylic
acid
1-MCP Polyamines
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 16

17. WHAT ARE
BRASSINOSTEROIDS
……………….?
Steroidal substances
Isolated from the pollen of rape plants (Brassica napus L.)
The exogenous BR application in submicromolar concentration
stimulates various physiological and bio chemical responses in
various systems in plants.
BRASSINOSTEROIDS
(Gomes et al., 2006)

18. Role of brassinosteroids in plants
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19. In India, Godrej Agrovet Ltd., Mumbai, introduced 28-
homobrassinolide (Double).
Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd.,Nasik,introduced
brassinolide (Cadmore) in the market.
Commercially available brassinosteroids in India
₹ 825 (250ml) ₹ 793 (250ml) ₹ 2200 (1000ml)
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 19

20.  Increasing yield of yellow
passion fruit plants and
produced the highest number
of fruits per plant
 Grapes
 Cluster weight
 Berry weight
 Berry softening
 Maintained external colour
 Stabilized anthocyanins
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 20
Applications of Brassinosteroid

21. 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 21

22. Objective: To verify the effects of the application of brassinosteroid analogue
(BB-16) on passion fruit yield under field condition.
Case study-1
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23. Treatment details
T1 Control Sprayed with water
T2 BR-1 One BR application after the appearance of
first flower
T3 BR-2 BR application in two consecutive weeks after
the appearance of first flower
T4 BR-3 BR application in three consecutive weeks
after the appearance of first flower
T5 BR-4 BR application in four consecutive weeks
after the appearance of first flower
T6 BR-5 BR application in five consecutive weeks after
the appearance of first flower
(Gomes et al., 2006)
Conc. of brassinosteroid : 0.1 mg l-1
Dosage: 2 l/plant spray
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 23

24. Table 1: Effect of foliar spray of brassinosteroid analogue (BB-16) on number
of fruits per plant and juice soluble solids content of passion fruits.
Treatments Number of fruits per
plant
Soluble solids content (°B)
Control 52.5±4.83b 12.65±0.45b
BR-1 60.9±4.69b 13.40±0.42b
BR-2 69.6±4.73ab 14.55±0.46a
BR-3 82.5±8.35a 15.02±0.48a
BR-4 59.9±4.02b 13.95±0.54ab
BR-5 67.0±2.56ab 14.30±0.51ab
(Gomes et al., 2006)11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 24
Mean of 105 fruits for each treatment (for soluble solid contents). a Means ±S.E.
(means followed by the same letter are not significantly different, Tukey test, 5%).

25. Table 2: Effect of foliar spray of brassinosteroid analogue (BB-16) on fruit
yield of passion fruits.
Treatments Yield (t/ha)
Control 11.02e
BR-1 14.75d
BR-2 17.48b
BR-3 22.19a
BR-4 15.02cd
BR-5 16.74bc
S.Em. ± 0.325
C.D.@5% 1.459
CV% 3.551
(Gomes et al., 2006)11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 25

26. 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 26
Fig.1-Graphic dispersion of six
treatments based on the first two
canonic variables obtained from
the analysis of seven
discriminatory traits.
Fig.2-Dendrogram with treatments distance
estimated among six treatments
(control, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 foliar spray of
the BR) obtained by hierarchical
Closest Method on the Mahalanobis
distance, based on seven
characteristics.
(Gomes et al., 2006)

27. Production problems in Almond:
Fruit set 5-30%
Self incompatibility .
Objective: The effects of three commercially available PBRs were
evaluated on pollen germination and pollen tube growth and
fruit set in almond.
Case study-2
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 27

28. 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 28
Treatments cv. Non Pareil cv. Carmel
2013 2014 2013 2014
Control 90.0d 90.9c 89.2c 91.9b
BL 10 mg L-1 95.3a 97.7a 95.5ab 95.1a
BL 30 mg L-1 92.4cd 94.4abc 92.6bc 94.0ab
BL 50 mg L-1 91.0d 91.4bc 90.4c 93.6ab
GA3 10 μL L-1 90.9d 91.3bc 92.4bc 94.3ab
GA3 30 μL L-1 92.6bcd 95.2abc 96.7ab 94.8ab
GA3 50 μL L-1 95.1ab 96.6ab 96.9a 95.1a
KN 10 μL L-1 90.7d 92.8abc 92.9abc 92.8ab
KN 30 μL L-1 92.0cd 94.5abc 93.3abc 94.3ab
KN 50 μL L-1 94.1abc 95.9abc 94.4abc 94.7ab
Table 3: Percentage of pollen germination in vitro on almond cultivars after 4 h,
in the presence of plant bio-regulators in the 2013 and 2014 growing
seasons.
Maita and Sotomayor (2015)

29. 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 29
Treatments cv. Non Pareil cv. Carmel
2013 2014 2013 2014
Control 937.1f 945.0h 917.7e 921.3g
BL 10 mg L-1 1067.4b 1078.8b 1117.0c 1100.1e
BL 30 mg L-1
1032.6c 1043.0d 1059.7d 973.1f
BL 50 mg L-1
963.9e 971.6f 921.3e 964.0f
GA3 10 μL L-1 977.0e 971.7f 1183.0b 1144.6d
GA3 30 μL L-1 1000.0d 997.7e 1199.4b 1168.1c
GA3 50 μL L-1 1100.6a 1096.0a 1226.6ab 1183.5b
KN 10 μL L-1
942.0f 947.3h 1198.4b 1179.9bc
KN 30 μL L-1 965.1e 960.6g 1212.5ab 1186.2b
KN 50 μL L-1 1056.8b 1066.9c 1243.4a 1215.9a
Table 4: Pollen tube length in almond cultivars after 8 h, in the presence of plant
bio-regulators in the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons (values in μm).
Maita and Sotomayor (2015)

30. 11/29/2018
Dept of FSC 30
Table 5: Percentage of fruit set in cv. Carmel almond cultivar at 60 days after
full bloom, with plant bio-regulators treatments at two phenological
stages (2013 and 2014).
Treatments Pink Bud Fallen Petals
2013 2014 2013 2014
Control 11.8b 12.2b 13.8c 13.1b
BL 10 mg L-1 19.5a 20.4a 20.0ab 20.1a
BL 30 mg L-1 17.7a 15.6ab 15.2abc 16.4ab
BL 50 mg L-1 15.2ab 14.1b 14.0bc 13.7b
GA3 10 μL L-1 17.6a 16.6ab 15.5abc 17.2ab
GA3 30 μL L-1 19.4a 17.5ab 18.6abc 19.7a
GA3 50 μL L-1 15.4ab 13.0b 16.4abc 17.8ab
KN 10 μL L-1
17.2ab 14.4b 15.3abc 15.6ab
KN 30 μL L-1 19.8a 20.3a 21.0a 20.4a
KN 50 μL L-1 18.2a 20.2a 20.6a 20.0a
Maita and Sotomayor (2015)

31. 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 31
Treatments Pink Bud Fallen Petals
2013 2014 2013 2014
Control 17.1d 16.7d 15.6c 16.5c
BL 10 mg L-1
24.6ab 22.3bcd 21.7abc 22.6ab
BL 30 mg L-1
22.5abcd 19.2cd 19.5abc 20.4abc
BL 50 mg L-1 22.1abcd 18.9cd 17.8bc 16.7bc
GA3 10 μL L-1 23.7ab 26.2ab 19.8abc 22.5abc
GA3 30 μL L-1 27.1a 28.0ab 26.2a 22.7ab
GA3 50 μL L-1 18.0cd 22.7bcd 20.6abc 19.8abc
KN 10 μL L-1 20.1bcd 22.7bcd 22.1ab 19.8abc
KN 30 μL L-1 23.5abc 24.8abc 23.7ab 25.6a
KN 50 μL L-1 25.8ab 31.0a 22.1ab 24.0a
Table 6: Percentage of fruit set in cv. Non Pareil almond cultivar at 60 days
after full bloom, with plant bio-regulators treatments at two
phenological stages (2013 and 2014).
Maita and Sotomayor (2015)

32. 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 32
JA is plant immune hormone
derived from Linolenic acid.
It’s role in plant defence
was first shown by Farmer
& Ryan (1990).
₹ 850 (250ml)
Jasmonic Acid (JA)

33.  Methyl jasmonate (MeJA), initially MeJA was
discovered as a secondary metabolite in
essential oils of jasmine.
 Regulated plant growth and development.
 Senescence
 Flower development, leaf abscission.
 Response to wounding of plants
 Transcription
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 33
Role of Jasmonic Acid (JA) in Plants

34. Applications of JA
1
• N-propyl di-hydrojasmonate (PDJ) improve
apple fruit quality and colour.
2
• Regulates ethylene biosynthesis and influence
aroma volatiles.
3
• Defence against environmental stress.
4
• Decreased low temperature injuries such as
splitting and spotting in apple fruit.
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 34

35. Ortho-hydroxybenzoic acid
Secondary metabolite
Extracted as Saliciline,
White willow (Salix alba)
Salicylic Acid
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 35

36. Stomatal
conductance
Photo
Synthesis &
glycolysis
Endogenous
signal
molecules
Disease
resistance &
seed
germination
Transpiration
Sex
polarization
Ion
uptake &
transport
Role of
Salicylic Acid
(Malamy and Klessig,1992)
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 36

37. Chitinase β-1,3 -
glucanase,
Phenylalanine
ammonia-lyase &
Polyphenoloxidase
enzymes increased
total phenolic
compounds & lignin in
mango
SA and ASA
provide
multiple
stress
tolerance in
strawberry
plants
Maintained
fruit firmness
Applications of Salicylic Acid:
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 37

38. Polyamines
Polyamines
•Interfering with ethylene
biosynthesis and perception,
lead to a less ripe fruit - quality
control in the postharvest
handling chain.
•LMW organic compound
having two or more primary
amino groups, linear
polyamines perform essential
functions in all living cells.
Polyamines
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 38

39. Cell division
Embryo development
Regulate fruit ripening
Flower development
Microbial infection
Abiotic stress
Role of Polyamines:
Reduce PLW
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 39

40. Reduce respiration rate
Anti senescence
Ethylene production rate
Potassium and proline induction
Applications of polyamines:
Reduce chilling injury
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 40

41. Phenolic Compounds and Total Sugar Content in ‘Oro Azteca’ Peach
Fruit Sprayed with Putrescine
O. Franco-Mora1, O. Pérez-Huerta2, E.J. Morales-Rosales1, A. González-Huerta1 and
M. Huerta-Lara2
1Laboratorio de Horticultura, Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma del
Estado de México, Campus El Cerrillo, Toluca, C.P. 50000, Mexico
2Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Teziutlán, Puebla, Mexico
Objectives:
To determine the effect of three
doses of putrescine application at
15 DAFB on the levels of
phenolic compounds and total
sugars in peach fruit during
growth and harvest.
Case study-3
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 41
Putrescine,Cadaverine,Spermi
dine,Spermine-Main polyamines
in plants.

42. Table 7. Fruit weight of ‘Oro Azteca’ peach treated with putrescine
Fig. 3. Total sugar content peach fruit growth after putrescine treatment. Data are
mean of 3 replicates.
Mora et al. (2016)11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 42
Putrescine (mM) Weight (g)
0.0 100 a
2.5 108 ab
5.0 117 b

43. Fig. 4. Phenolic compounds in peach fruit growing after putrescine treatment.
Conclusion:
Increasing fruit TSS and phenolics are related to the expression of taste, aroma,
and astringency, and antioxidant potential in case of peach, which makes them
important for human consumption.
Such exogenous putrescine applications also have positive effects on plum fruit
development, in pear increased fruit set and in mango fruit size was positively
affected.
Mora et al. (2016)11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 43

44. 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 44
5mM Putrescine treated fruit 17g heavier the control.
This increase in weight mostly related to high cell
division and cell enlargement.
Fruits treated with 2.5 and 5mM had higher sugar
content this might have an effect as a signal to increase
the transport of carbohydrate from source to sink and
more accumulation of hexose.
Higher phenolic compound content was observed at 19
to 60 days might be related to higher metabolic activity
and endocarp lignifications.

45. Problems with hydroponic production of
strawberry:
 Low yield
 Poor fruit quality
 Sensitivity to unfavourable indoor conditions.
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 45
Case study-IV
Objective: To evaluate the effect of PBR’s on various aspects of
vegetative and reproductive growth of strawberry.
PBR’s used-
1. Salicylic acid (SA)
2. Spermidine (Spd)
3. Putrescine (Put)
4. Manganese sulfate(MnSO4)
Polyamines

46. Eshghia and Jamali (2014)11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 46
SA
(mM)
Number
of fruits
Yield (g)
Ascorbic acid
(mg/100 g
fresh weight)
Anthocayanins
concentration
(mg/Kg Fresh
weight)
0 7.48 c 84.06 d 55.67 d 20.63c
1 12.87 a 166.49 c 60.80 c 25.83 b
2 13.64 a 191.05 a 68.77 b 26.96 ab
3 9.19 b 169.47 b 71.86 a 27.84 a
Table 8: The effect of SA on number of fruits, yield, ascorbic acid and
anthocyanins concentration of strawberry fruits .

47. Table 10: The effect of Spd on chlorophyll content and mean weight and
diameter of primary and secondary fruits of strawberry ‘Paros’.
Eshghia and Jamali (2014)11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 47
Spd
(mM)
Chlorophyll content
(mg/g)
Mean weight of
primary and
secondery fruits(g)
Mean diameter of
primary and
secondery
fruits(cm)
0 1.02 c 15.07 c 3.00 c
0.5 1.25 b 17.12 c 3.57 b
1 1.43 a 27.52 b 3.72 b
1.5 1.47 a 32.57 a 4.88 a
Put
(mM)
Chlorophyll content
(mg/g)
Mean weight of
primary and
secondery fruits(g)
Mean diameter of
primary and
secondery
fruits(cm)
0 1.03 a 15.12 d 3.00 c
0.5 0.98 ab 22.23 c 3.42 b
1 0.93 b 29.50 b 3.61 b
1.5 1.05 a 35.00 a 4.27 a
Table 9: The effect of Put. on chlorophyll content and mean weight and
diameter of primary and secondary fruits of strawberry ‘Paros’ .

48. 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 48
Table 12: The effect of Spd on chlorophyll content and mean weight and
diameter of primary and secondary fruits of strawberry ‘Selva’.
Put
(mM)
Chlorophyll content
(mg/g)
Mean weight of
primary and
secondery fruits(g)
Mean diameter of
primary and
secondery fruits(cm)
0 1.05 c 14.52 c 2.45 d
0.5 1.23 b 17.56 c 2.87 cd
1 1.33 b 20.28 bc 3.22 bc
1.5 1.37 ab 31.23 a 4.56 a
Put
(mM)
Chlorophyll content
(mg/g)
Mean weight of
primary and
secondery fruits(g)
Mean diameter of
primary and
secondery fruits(cm)
0 1.08 a 14.57 c 2.43c
0.5 1.12 a 15.72 c 2.78 bc
1 1.10 a 22.58 b 2.91 b
1.5 1.05 a 30.25 a 3.81 a
Table 11: The effect of Put on chlorophyll content and mean weight and
diameter of primary and secondary fruits of strawberry ‘Selva’.

49. 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 49
MnSO4
(g/L)
Number of fruits Ascorbic acid
(mg/100g fresh
weight)
TSS
(%)
0 19.17 b 109.30 c 7.72 b
1.5 23.87 a 118.30 a 8.20 a
3 25.50 a 111.5 b 7.85 ab
Table 13: The effect of MnSO4 on number of fruits, ascorbic acid
concentration and TSS of fruits of strawberry ‘Selva’.

50. 1-Methyl Cyclo Propane
Synthetic cyclic oliphene, gaseous PBR.
Delays fruit softening & improves quality
Ripening, senescence & pigment changes
Checks softening and cell wall metabolism
Flavour and aroma
Retaining nutritional properties
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 50

51. Role
Interacts with ethylene sensitive site
 Delays ripening, softening and
senescence
Maintains firmness
Decreases storage disorders
Delays chlorophyll degradation
Role of 1-MCP
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 51

52. Less wt. loss & retention of more
green colour.
Control blue mould and postharvest
pitting.
More firmness at 6 DAS.
Applications of 1-MCP:
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 52

53. Role
Prohexadione –
Ca
• Reduces longitudinal shoot growth
by blocking dioxygenases, involved
in biosynthesis of gibberellin.
•Reduces ethylene formation.
•Reduces alternate bearing.
•Alternative for paclobutrazol.
Carboxylic group.
Anti- gibberellin.
 It is a mimic of 2-oxoglutaric acid &
ascorbic acid.
Prohexadione – Ca:
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 53

54. 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 54
Utilization of bio-technological tools to
determine the use of PBR
 Expression analysis of certain genes regulating the
physiological functions in fruit crops can help to
improvise the stage specific usage of PBR.
 Genes regulating polygalactouronase activity for
ripening and storage related studies.
 Genes modulating flowering pathways- FT, SOC1
and LFY, determining their expressions
elucidate the interactions among these integrators,
genetic analyses were performed.

55. Changes in the Expression of Genes Involved in Ethylene Signalling in
Peach Fruit with Different Flesh Texture and Softening Patterns
A. Ghiani, F. Baldin, S. Morgutti, N. Negrini, F.F. Nocito, I. Mignani, D. Bassi and M.
Cocucci
Università degli Studi di Milano, itali
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 55
Objective: Determination of peach fruit texture, firmness and
shelf-life under different condition of ethylene evolution.
Case study-V

56. Fig 5: Ethylene evolution in fruit of two NMF (‘Oro A’ and ‘Andross’) and two MF
(‘Bolero’ and ‘Springcrest’) peach cultivars at different softening stages.
(Vertical bars: ± SD; N: Newton).
Ghiani et al. (2017)11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 56

57. Fig 6: Expression analysis in fruit of two NMF
(‘Oro A’ and ‘Andross’) and two MF (‘Bolero’
and ‘Springcrest’) peach cultivars at different
softening stages of a few genes involved in
ethylene signalling and flesh softening.
Fig 7: Expression analysis in fruit with
comparable firmness of NMF (‘Oro A’) and
MF (‘Bolero’) peach cultivars at different
softening stages of a few genes involved in
ethylene signalling and flesh softening
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 57

58. Some of the advances and unique
applications of PBR’s in fruit crops

59.  Fruit thinning by transiently blackening flowers and leaves of apple trees
with the water soluble food colorant- Brilliant Schwarz.
 They have compared the efficiency of Brilliant Schwarz food colorant with
common chemical flower and fruit thinner
 Fruit set was calculated as number of fruit per 100 flower clusters for 2
years.
 Chemical thinning agents-Ammonium thiosulphate (ATS)- (67.2%,
47%), ATS+BA-(66.3%, 40.3%) with significant decrease in fruit weight.
 Blackening with Brilliant Schwarz reduced fruit set by 33.1 and 26.6%
with a increased rate of fruit weight.
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 59

60. Lime sulphur, fish emulsion, fish oil,
potassium bicarbonate and sodium
chloride are potential blossom thinners for
reduction of crop load in Apple.
Retamales et al. (2015)
Bound (2017)
AVG has been developed to
increase fruit set in walnut trees
by controlling pistillate flower
abscission (PFA)
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61. Fidelibus & Cathline (2016)
Marino et al. (2017)
In vitro treatment with low molecular
weight humic acid (@ 0.5 and 1 mg L-1 )
extracted from peat sphagnum can improve
growth and mineral uptake of pear plantlets
during acclimatization.
Application of methyl jasmonate
(MeJA) can reduce FDF, promote the
development of dry stem scars in
Grapes, avoiding post harvest
infections.
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62. Ozkaya et al. (2014)
Marino et al. (2017)
Applications of a soybean oil adjuvant plus
ethephon reduce peach flower bud survival,
acting as potential thinning agent.
Treatment with 1-MCP along with MAP
significantly increase the shelf life of fruit,
maintain firmness and reduce chilling injury in
nectarine fruit
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63. Objectives:
To know the potentiality of PBR’s for boost up growth yield and quality of Pears
(Pyrus pyrifolia)
Case study-VI
Problems :
Vigorous growth with shy bearing, fruit drop and poor fruit growth , low yield &
inferior quality.
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64. C: Control, G: GA3 at 250 mg L-1, B: BA at 250 mg L-1, GB: GA3 + BA at 250 mg L-1
each, PPT: soil application of PP333 by 0.2g cm-1 trunk diameter of the tree, GBPP:
combined application of GA3 + BA at 250 mg L-1 each + PP333 at 0.2g cm-1 trunk
diameter of the tree and PP: foliar spray of PP333 at 250 mg L-1.
Manoj et al. (2013)
Table 14: Effect of PBR’s on fruit growth, quality and productivity of pear cv.
Gola
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 64
Treatment Fruit volume
(cc)
Fruit weight
(g)
Productivity
(ton/ha)
Fruit
quality
Total
sugar(%)
TSS to Acid
ratio
C 158.80 ± 0.98 167.03 ± 1.20 8.48 ± 0.29 6.98 ± 0.08 17.55 ± 0.28
G 169.65* ± 2.07 173.31* ± 1.76 9.28 ± 0.38 7.39* ± 0.08 21.91* ± 0.34
B 175.57* ± 1.72 178.71* ± 0.88 9.69* ± 0.48 7.43* ± 0.06 20.45* ± 0.18
GB 182.50* ± 0.82 180.91* ± 1.16 9.78* ± 0.10 7.95* ± 0.03 23.09* ± 0.37
PPT 163.74* ± 0.57 172.49* ± 0.58 10.32* ± 0.14 7.64* ± 0.04 23.90* ± 0.22
GBPP 165.64* ± 0.52 170.83* ± 0.88 9.17 ± 0.14 7.11 ± 0.08 19.50* ± 0.25
PP 157.25 ± 0.60 173.75* ± 1.20 11.08* ± 0.27 7.19* ± 0.07 23.23* ± 0.77
CD0.05
3.92 3.77 0.97 0.20 1.20

65. Fig 8: Effect of different PBRs on fruit length (A) and diameter (B) of Gola pear. Horizontal
axis indicate the period of fruit growth starting after fruit attained a minimal length
and diameter of four cm to till harvesting at fifteen days interval. Vertical bars
indicate the mean value.
A B
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66. Inferences:
These two treatments can
be used as effective tool for
successful cultivation of
pear.
Further studies are needed
to investigate the effect of
paclobutrazol on storage
life, shipping quality as well
as cost benefit ratio.
Fig 9: Effect of different PBRs on prevention of fruit drops of Gola pear during the whole
fruit growing season at fifteen days interval. Vertical axis indicates the fruit drop
percentage. Horizontal axis indicates the period of fruit growth during whole fruit
growing season.
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67. Constraints in the use of PBR’s
Unpredictable response
High Cost of tradional
PBR’s
Human health hazard.
E.g- Dominozoid and MH.
Lack of knowledge
Supply
Support
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68. Do’s and don’ts in use of PBR’s
Do’s/
Don’ts
• Sprayed in afternoon
• Avoid windy hours
Do’s/
Don’ts
• Spray uniform and rationally distribute
• Use distilled water
Do’s/
Don’ts
• Surfactant or adhesive material
• Appropriate stage
Do’s/
Don’ts
• Uniform dissolving
• Fresh solution
Do’s/
Don’ts
• Hand atomizer
• Wash thoroughly
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69. 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 69
Fruit have major role in socio- economic upliftment in India as
they provide vast employment opportunity through off- season
production, and export.
Quality fruits are the basic factor and act as carrier of modern
technologies.
On the evidences of some growth regulators activity in adverse
effects, PBR in small quantity have been found greater in
applications and economic importance for farmers and
horticulturists.

70. 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 70