Protected cultivation can be defined as a cropping technique where the micro climate surrounding the plant body is controlled partially/fully as per the requirement of the plant species grown during their period of growth.

2. “Design and development of climate
controlled greenhouse”
“Design and development of climate
controlled greenhouse”

3. Protected cultivationProtected cultivation
Protected cultivation
can be defined as a
cropping technique
where the micro climate
surrounding the plant
body is controlled
partially/fully as per the
requirement of the plant
species grown during
their period of growth.
Protected cultivation
can be defined as a
cropping technique
where the micro climate
surrounding the plant
body is controlled
partially/fully as per the
requirement of the plant
species grown during
their period of growth.
11

4. Classification on the basis of cost of
construction or Extent of enviromental control
Classification on the basis of cost of
construction or Extent of enviromental control
22

5. Low-cost Greenhouse
It is made of polythene sheet.
It has one opening which is kept
open for 1-2 hour during the
day, especially in the morning to
reduce the level of humidity
inside.
The temperature within
polyhouse increases by 6-10 °C
more than outside.
It is made of polythene sheet.
It has one opening which is kept
open for 1-2 hour during the
day, especially in the morning to
reduce the level of humidity
inside.
The temperature within
polyhouse increases by 6-10 °C
more than outside.
33

6. Medium-cost GreenhouseMedium-cost Greenhouse
This polyhouse has a single
layer covering Ultra Violet –
stabilized polythene. It has
heating system, thermostatically
controlled exhaust fans are used
for ventilation. Cooling pad is
used for humidifying the air
entering the polyhouse.
The polyhouse frame and
glazing material have a life
span of about 20 years and 2
years respectively.
This polyhouse has a single
layer covering Ultra Violet –
stabilized polythene. It has
heating system, thermostatically
controlled exhaust fans are used
for ventilation. Cooling pad is
used for humidifying the air
entering the polyhouse.
The polyhouse frame and
glazing material have a life
span of about 20 years and 2
years respectively.
44

7. Hi-tech GreenhouseHi-tech Greenhouse
In such type of green houses,
temperature, humidity and light
are automatically controlled.
These are indicated through
sensors or signal receivers.
Sensor measures the variables,
compare the measurement to a
standard value and finally
recommends to run the
corresponding device.
In such type of green houses,
temperature, humidity and light
are automatically controlled.
These are indicated through
sensors or signal receivers.
Sensor measures the variables,
compare the measurement to a
standard value and finally
recommends to run the
corresponding device.
55

8. Factors affecting production in greenhouse
Light
Heating
Cooling
Relative humidity
Co2 concentration
66

9. Light control mechanismLight control mechanism
• Three mechanisms are required to be
introduced in the greenhouse to provide proper
light intensity for :
(i) Maximization of sunlight in greenhouse.
(ii) Reduction of sunlight at daytime.
(iii) Provision of supplement light at poor
sunlight condition.
• Three mechanisms are required to be
introduced in the greenhouse to provide proper
light intensity for :
(i) Maximization of sunlight in greenhouse.
(ii) Reduction of sunlight at daytime.
(iii) Provision of supplement light at poor
sunlight condition.
77

10. Maximization of sunlight in greenhouseMaximization of sunlight in greenhouse
 Design of greenhouse : The thinner structural frame and
widely spaced frame of the roof.
 white paint or any reluctant (silver) colour for the frame.
 Covering material: Glass, single layer PE-film, double
layer PE-film has 90%, 88% and 77% capacity to transmit
the sunlight inside.
 Cleaning of covering material: The transmission
capacity of covering material reduces with time due to
deposition of dust etc.
 Spacing of windbreak: The windbreak is placed in such a
way that it should no cast shadow in the greenhouse.
 Design of greenhouse : The thinner structural frame and
widely spaced frame of the roof.
 white paint or any reluctant (silver) colour for the frame.
 Covering material: Glass, single layer PE-film, double
layer PE-film has 90%, 88% and 77% capacity to transmit
the sunlight inside.
 Cleaning of covering material: The transmission
capacity of covering material reduces with time due to
deposition of dust etc.
 Spacing of windbreak: The windbreak is placed in such a
way that it should no cast shadow in the greenhouse.
88

11. Reduction of sunlight in greenhouseReduction of sunlight in greenhouse
Reduce the entry of excess
solar radiation inside by
way of providing shade
Reduce the entry of excess
solar radiation inside by
way of providing shade
To block the light
completely to induce
darkness to enhance the
night-length
To block the light
completely to induce
darkness to enhance the
night-length
Reduce the entry of excess
solar radiation inside by
way of providing shade
Reduce the entry of excess
solar radiation inside by
way of providing shade
To block the light
completely to induce
darkness to enhance the
night-length
To block the light
completely to induce
darkness to enhance the
night-length
Shading methodShading method
Spray method
of shedding
Spray method
of shedding
Shade net methodShade net method
99

12.  Spray Method of Shading : The readymade commercial
shading compound may be purchased or can be made by mixing
white latex paint with water 1 : 10 provides a heavy shade while 1 :
20 provides a standard shade.
 Shade net Method: When shade is desired for a specific stage of
growth or when shade is required for a few hours (11 am to 3-4 pm)
in a very hot day, it is used to cut down the excessive solar radiation
to avoid temporary wilting as well as to reduce inside temperature.
• Instead of PE-shade-net, aluminum/steel shade-net may be used to
provide shade into the greenhouse.
• It is costlier, but its reflecting property, in particular, and durability
makes it technically a far better shading material than PE-shade-net.
 Spray Method of Shading : The readymade commercial
shading compound may be purchased or can be made by mixing
white latex paint with water 1 : 10 provides a heavy shade while 1 :
20 provides a standard shade.
 Shade net Method: When shade is desired for a specific stage of
growth or when shade is required for a few hours (11 am to 3-4 pm)
in a very hot day, it is used to cut down the excessive solar radiation
to avoid temporary wilting as well as to reduce inside temperature.
• Instead of PE-shade-net, aluminum/steel shade-net may be used to
provide shade into the greenhouse.
• It is costlier, but its reflecting property, in particular, and durability
makes it technically a far better shading material than PE-shade-net.
1010

13. Long-night methodLong-night method
• In short night-periods, which generally occur
in the summer initiate growth of short-day
plant in respect of flower and bud initiation a
black cloth may bed over the crop in late
afternoon.
• In short night-periods, which generally occur
in the summer initiate growth of short-day
plant in respect of flower and bud initiation a
black cloth may bed over the crop in late
afternoon.
1111

14. Supplement lighting in greenhouseSupplement lighting in greenhouse
• when the length of night is more than requirement, the
application of light inside the greenhouse can induce the
growth of crop.
• Different lamp used for provide light into greenhouse:
• Tungsten filament lamps
• Fluorescent lamps
• High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps
I. High-pressure Mercury (HPM) lamp
II. High-pressure sodium (HPS) lamp
III. Low-pressure sodium (LPS) lamps
• when the length of night is more than requirement, the
application of light inside the greenhouse can induce the
growth of crop.
• Different lamp used for provide light into greenhouse:
• Tungsten filament lamps
• Fluorescent lamps
• High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps
I. High-pressure Mercury (HPM) lamp
II. High-pressure sodium (HPS) lamp
III. Low-pressure sodium (LPS) lamps
1212

15. Heating and cooling methodsHeating and cooling methods
Passive greenhousePassive greenhouse Active greenhouseActive greenhouse
Heating Cooling HeatingHeating CoolingCoolingHeatingHeating CoolingCooling HeatingHeating CoolingCooling
Water storage
Rock – bed
storage
North wall
Mulching
Movable
insulation
Water storage
Rock – bed
storage
North wall
Mulching
Movable
insulation
 Natural
ventilation
Shading
 Natural
ventilation
Shading
Warm water
Ground air
collector
 Soil storage
(buried pipes )
Rock piles
Warm water
Ground air
collector
 Soil storage
(buried pipes )
Rock piles
Forced
ventilation
Evaporative
Misting
Forced
ventilation
Evaporative
Misting
1313

16. Passive greenhousePassive greenhouse
• In passive greenhouses, mechanical energy is not
generally required to move fluids for their
operation.
• Fluids and energy move by means of temperature
gradients developed through absorption of
radiation.
• The greenhouse walls, floor and roof are used as
structures for collecting, storing and distributing
solar energy within it by the natural process of
convection, radiation and conduction.
• In passive greenhouses, mechanical energy is not
generally required to move fluids for their
operation.
• Fluids and energy move by means of temperature
gradients developed through absorption of
radiation.
• The greenhouse walls, floor and roof are used as
structures for collecting, storing and distributing
solar energy within it by the natural process of
convection, radiation and conduction.
1414

18. Heating types of passive system : water storageHeating types of passive system : water storage
 In this system, plastic bags
or containers filled with
water are kept inside the
greenhouse. They store heat
by absorbing incident solar
radiations during the daytime
and release it inside the
greenhouse during night time
by natural convention or
radiation process.
 In this system, plastic bags
or containers filled with
water are kept inside the
greenhouse. They store heat
by absorbing incident solar
radiations during the daytime
and release it inside the
greenhouse during night time
by natural convention or
radiation process.
1515

19. Rock bed storageRock bed storage
 Rock bed is prepared with
gravels of 20-100 mm
diameter placed at a depth
of 40-50 cm in the
greenhouse.
 it is an economical heat
storage material.
 During daytime excess heat
inside the greenhouse is
transferred to the rock bed,
which is delivered inside the
greenhouse during night
time.
 Rock bed is prepared with
gravels of 20-100 mm
diameter placed at a depth
of 40-50 cm in the
greenhouse.
 it is an economical heat
storage material.
 During daytime excess heat
inside the greenhouse is
transferred to the rock bed,
which is delivered inside the
greenhouse during night
time.
1616

20. North wallNorth wall
 In the East-West oriented
greenhouses, maximum solar
radiations are received on the
South wall, which leaves the
greenhouse from the North
wall.
 In these types of greenhouses,
the North wall is made up of
thick thermal mass, which
absorbs solar radiations, which
stores the heat, and retain it in
the greenhouse in order to
increase the temperature at
nights.
 In the East-West oriented
greenhouses, maximum solar
radiations are received on the
South wall, which leaves the
greenhouse from the North
wall.
 In these types of greenhouses,
the North wall is made up of
thick thermal mass, which
absorbs solar radiations, which
stores the heat, and retain it in
the greenhouse in order to
increase the temperature at
nights.
1717

21. MulchingMulching
 Mulching can be used to
obtain higher soil
temperature and reduced
heat losss during night
time.
 Among the range of
monolayer mulching
films currently available
are clear, black/white
and thermic brown and
blue films.
 Mulching can be used to
obtain higher soil
temperature and reduced
heat losss during night
time.
 Among the range of
monolayer mulching
films currently available
are clear, black/white
and thermic brown and
blue films.
1818

22. Phase change materialPhase change material
 In this system, materials capable
of absorbing and releasing a
large quantity of heat at constant
temperature while undergoing
phase changes are used.
 At daytime, these materials
absorb heat from incident solar
radiations while changing their
phase and releasing heat to
increase the temperature of
greenhouse undergoing another
change to their original form at
night.
 In this system, materials capable
of absorbing and releasing a
large quantity of heat at constant
temperature while undergoing
phase changes are used.
 At daytime, these materials
absorb heat from incident solar
radiations while changing their
phase and releasing heat to
increase the temperature of
greenhouse undergoing another
change to their original form at
night.
1919

23. Movable insulationMovable insulation
 Movable insulations are
used to cover the
greenhouse in order to
reduce heat loss during
night time.
 These covers are
removed/uncovered
during daytime so that
incident solar radiations
can enter the greenhouse
for thermal heating.
 Movable insulations are
used to cover the
greenhouse in order to
reduce heat loss during
night time.
 These covers are
removed/uncovered
during daytime so that
incident solar radiations
can enter the greenhouse
for thermal heating.
2020

24. Active greenhousesActive greenhouses
• In active greenhouses, mechanical or electrical
energy is required to move the working fluid in
the system.
• An external thermal energy is made available
inside the greenhouse; either from
conventional fuel or solar energy through
collector panel.
• In active greenhouses, mechanical or electrical
energy is required to move the working fluid in
the system.
• An external thermal energy is made available
inside the greenhouse; either from
conventional fuel or solar energy through
collector panel.
2121

25. Warm waterWarm water
Warm water can be used as a heat source to
heat the greenhouse through pumped system.
It can be passed through a simple polyethylene
pipe network, buried just below the soil
surface.
Warm water can be used as a heat source to
heat the greenhouse through pumped system.
It can be passed through a simple polyethylene
pipe network, buried just below the soil
surface.
2222

26. Ground air collectorGround air collector
 The blackened sand or concrete bed
is heated up by the solar radiations
which are transmitted through the
glazing of ground air collector.
 This absorbed heat is conducted into
the conduit pipe fixed in the bed.
 A blower circulates the air in these
pipes, which is heated up by the heat
absorbed by the pipes.
 The inlet end of the pipe sucks the
cool air of greenhouse; then, the
outlet end allows the hot air into the
greenhouse
 The blackened sand or concrete bed
is heated up by the solar radiations
which are transmitted through the
glazing of ground air collector.
 This absorbed heat is conducted into
the conduit pipe fixed in the bed.
 A blower circulates the air in these
pipes, which is heated up by the heat
absorbed by the pipes.
 The inlet end of the pipe sucks the
cool air of greenhouse; then, the
outlet end allows the hot air into the
greenhouse 2323

27. Rock-pileRock-pile
 In this system, hot air from the greenhouse is passed
through a suitable designed rock bed using a blower
during the day.
 The heat is transferred to the rock bed and cool air is
again discharged in the greenhouse.
 During nighttime, cool air from the greenhouse is
sucked by the blower and passed through the rock bed
that acts as heat storage.
 In this system, hot air from the greenhouse is passed
through a suitable designed rock bed using a blower
during the day.
 The heat is transferred to the rock bed and cool air is
again discharged in the greenhouse.
 During nighttime, cool air from the greenhouse is
sucked by the blower and passed through the rock bed
that acts as heat storage.
2424

28. Soil thermal storage with buried pipeSoil thermal storage with buried pipe
 This approach makes use of the concept that soil
temperature remains 4-5 °C higher than the ambient
air temperature particularly in winter at a few meters
from the ground surface.
 Aluminum or plastic pipes are buried inside the
greenhouse and hot air of greenhouse is circulated
through these pipes during daytime to transfer heat
from air to ground.
 During night time, heat transfer takes place from
ground to air, which is used for thermal heating of the
greenhouse.
 This approach makes use of the concept that soil
temperature remains 4-5 °C higher than the ambient
air temperature particularly in winter at a few meters
from the ground surface.
 Aluminum or plastic pipes are buried inside the
greenhouse and hot air of greenhouse is circulated
through these pipes during daytime to transfer heat
from air to ground.
 During night time, heat transfer takes place from
ground to air, which is used for thermal heating of the
greenhouse.
2525

29. Forced ventilation.Forced ventilation.
• When the rate of heating
becomes higher than the
rate of heat removal
through roof vent, then
the heat removal is only
possible through forced
ventilation.
• In this system, a working
medium is put into motion
artificially by means of a
fan or compressor
• When the rate of heating
becomes higher than the
rate of heat removal
through roof vent, then
the heat removal is only
possible through forced
ventilation.
• In this system, a working
medium is put into motion
artificially by means of a
fan or compressor
2626

30. Evaporative fan-pad coolingEvaporative fan-pad cooling
 The system consist of
fan on one side and pads
on the other side of the
greenhouse.
 In this system, pump is
used to make water fall
continuously over the
pads and consequently,
fans withdraw air
through it on the
opposite side.
 The system consist of
fan on one side and pads
on the other side of the
greenhouse.
 In this system, pump is
used to make water fall
continuously over the
pads and consequently,
fans withdraw air
through it on the
opposite side.
2727

31. MistingMisting
The misting is
generally used for
creating high humidity
along with cooling.
The foggers are fitted
so as to provide
complete fog inside the
greenhouse.
The misting is
generally used for
creating high humidity
along with cooling.
The foggers are fitted
so as to provide
complete fog inside the
greenhouse.
2828

32. Co2 injectionCo2 injection
• Combustion of
hydrocarbons like LPG,
paraffin oil, kerosene
etc produces C02 along
with some other gases.
• A LPG gas burner can
maintain level of 1500
ppm in a 450m2
greenhouse.
• Combustion of
hydrocarbons like LPG,
paraffin oil, kerosene
etc produces C02 along
with some other gases.
• A LPG gas burner can
maintain level of 1500
ppm in a 450m2
greenhouse.
2929