3. Effective cleaning and disinfecting (C&D) methods can
decrease transmission by reducing pathogens in the
environment below infectious level.
By reducing the number of surviving pathogens, the
chance of disease being passed to an uninfected flock
will be reduced.
Through C&D coupled with all-in, all-out farm
replacement is recommended to prevent disease
transmission from old flock to new ones.
4. Cleaning & disinfecting should also be applied to all
aspects of human and mechanical traffic between
farms and flocks, in addition to sanitizing poultry
houses between flocks.
5. Preparing the house begins with removing the previous flock
and continuous through removing all manure and
providing a sufficient empty house down period to allow
for a die-off of residual pathogens that may have survived
the C&D process.
Its important steps are
Bird removal
Litter or manure removal
Feed system sanitation
Water system sanitation
6. Vector control
Housing and equipment sanitation
Idle time between flocks
7. Removal of bird is essential to breaking a disease cycle
from flock to flock.
Fugitive birds are a perfect reservoir of pathogens and
will meander from house to house in their search for
feed and water.
All the birds must be caught and disposed of before
the C&D process can be complete.
8. It should be completely removed from the house and
transported as far away as possible.
Manure and litter contain disease vectoring insects
and bacteria or viruses that were shed by the previous
flock.
Distance from the poultry house is an important
consideration because M&L can be very attractive to
free-flying wild birds that can transmit poultry
pathogens.
9. All remaining feed from the previous flock should be
removed from the system.
Residual feed left in the house is an attractive food
source for rodents and beetles, which can act as vectors
for pathogens.
Feed bin should be thoroughly cleaned to prevent
mold buildup.
After the bins have dried completely , the boot can be
reassembled.
10. Feed pans should be removed from line feeders and
completely cleaned with , paying particular attention
to removing any mold buildup.
After applying a disinfectant , placing the pans outside
in the sun to dry will allow ultraviolet rays to aid in
killing pathogens.
Caution:
Do not return pan feeders to the house until the total
house C&D has been completed.
11. Water lines should be flushed by openings the line at
the end , to remove any buildup of loose slime or scale.
All water filters should be replaced between flocks.
Chlorine compounds are good disinfectant in the
absence of organic debris.
Chlorine is effective against bacteria and many viruses.
These compounds are also more active in warm water
than in cold water.
12. With the use of a medication proportion, the water
system can be chlorinated.
Clean and remove all feed and other organic material
from waterers before chlorination.
The best way to distribute the chlorine solution
quickly throughout the drinking system is to remove
the drain plug at the end of the each line, and left for
24 hours
13. Caution:
Great care is required with chlorine
concentration greater than 5% because they may cause
corrosion of metal equipment or parts.
14. It is important to reduce or eliminate insects, free
flying birds, and rodents as they can transmit
pathogens.
Insects can be finished by applying an insecticide
while,
Cleaning of feed system can greatly reduce rodent
population.
Free flying birds can be excluded from the houses by
eliminating openings in excess of ¾ inch.
15. Be sure to sweep away all dead insects and remove any
dead rodents before disinfecting the house.
16. The house should be swept from top to bottom and
thoroughly dry cleaned including fan blades, louvers,
lighting fixtures, curtains and walls.
Then it should be washed with a detergent solution
that is best applied with a high pressure sprayer.
The spray should be applied with a minimum pressure
of 200 psi to remove any remaining debris.
Then high-pressure clean water should be sprayed , to
wash off residual detergent and organic material.
17. Finally, after the is allowed to dry, apply a high pressure
spray disinfectant – through covering all surfaces. It is
important that good penetration into cracks and
crevices.
Two applications are recommended when the previous
flock has had a disease history.
18. Idle time between flocks is the final step, and one of
the most important part of C&D.
After the final disinfection, close and lock the house
while it is drying.
Be sure to exclude all traffic including employees, and
specially animal vectors.
Pathogens vary in their ability to survive outside the
host, so the longer the idle period between flocks, the
greater will be the reduction in pathogens.
19. Ideally, poultry houses should be left idle for a
minimum of two weeks.
20.
21. Disinfectants are chemicals that kill pathogens on
contact. The lethal action of disinfectant for various
pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa) depends
on the chemical composition of the disinfectant and
the type of organism. When choosing a disinfectant,
consider these characteristics:
Cost
Efficacy
Activity
Toxicity
Residual activity
22. Effect on fabrics and metals
Activity with soap
Solubility
Contact time
Temperature requirement
23. Disinfectants that used on poultry farms can be divided
into the following classes based their chemical
composition:
Phenols
Hypochlorites
Iodophors
Quaternary
Formaldehyde
Oxidizing agents
Natural disinfecting agents
24. Phenols are coal-tar derivatives.
They turn milky in water.
Phenols are effective antibacterial agents, are effective
against fungi and many viruses.
They also retain more activity in the presence of
organic material than iodine or chlorine-containing
disinfectants.
They are not effective against bacterial spores.
25. Chlorine compounds are good disinfectant on clean
surfaces, but quickly inactivated by dirt.
Chlorine is effective against bacteria and many viruses.
These compounds are also much more active in war
water than in cold water.
Chlorine solutions can be somewhat irritating to the
skin and corrosive to metal.
They are relatively inexpensive disinfectants.
26. Iodine compounds are available as Iodophors, which
are combinations of elemental iodine and a substance
that makes the iodine soluble in water.
They are good disinfectant, but do not work well in the
presence of organic material.
Iodophors are effective against bacteria, fungi, and
many viruses.
In hatcheries, iodine is used on equipment and walls,
and for water disinfection.
It is the least toxic of all other disinfectants.
27. QA compounds are greatly odorless, colorless,
nonirritating, and deodorizing.
They also have some detergent action, and when used
properly, all are good disinfectants.
However, some QA compounds are inactivated in the
presence of some soaps or soap residues, so careful
product selection is important.
Like most disinfectant, their antibacterial activity is
reduced in the presence of organic material.
QA compounds are effective against bacteria and
somewhat effective against fungi and viruses.
28. Formaldehyde gas is the most commonly used
fumigant.
Crystals of formalin are mixed with chromic acid that
react to release formaldehyde into the air.
In order to be an effective disinfectant method because
the toxic gas can penetrate well into small cracks and
crevices.
Caution:
Formaldehyde gas can be extremely toxic to humans
and other animals and its use may not be allowed in
some areas.
29. Hydrogen peroxide and other oxidizing agents like per
acetic acid and propionic acids or acid peroxygen
systems are used in commercial poultry operations.
They are active against bacteria, bacterial, viruses, and
fungi at quite low concentrations.
30. The natural forces that reduce the pathogen load in
the environment are important and can often be used
to our advantage.
These include sunlight are tremendously potent killers
of microorganism.
This can be extremely effective outside of buildings,
but unfortunately the ultraviolet rays cannot pass
through glass, roofs, or dust.
Drying from fresh air and wind will also kill
pathogens, particularly when directly exposed after the
facilities have been cleaned.
31. A well – designed C&D program is one of the best
methods we have of maintaining a farm free of disease
– producing microbial agents. It is one of the most
difficult tasks to accomplish, but when it is
successfully done, the improvements in flock
performance generally more than justify the effort.
32. C&D process is necessary to gain high production.
First of all dry cleaning or dusting is done.
Then all the remaining debris is removed by the
washing of detergent solution.
After drying an disinfectant is applied.
Disinfectant should be powerful and less expensive.
Phenols, QA, Iodophors, Hypochlorites, and oxidizing
agents are most commonly used on poultry farms.
