Inoculation with a specific biological substance (antigen) to stimulate resistance or immunity to a particular disease.
Purpose of vaccination
To prevent or reduce problems that can occur from infection of a field strain of a disease organism
To incite high levels of immunity to protect birds in the face of aggressive endemic disease challenges.
To prevent heavy losses in the form of high mortality, morbidity and lowered protective performance by building up resistance in birds
To hyper immunize hens to maximize maternally derived antibody passed through the egg to the hatching progeny.
2. VACCINATION
Inoculation with a specific biological substance (antigen) to stimulate
resistance or immunity to a particular disease.
Purpose of vaccination
• To prevent or reduce problems that can occur from infection of a field
strain of a disease organism
• To incite high levels of immunity to protect birds in the face of aggressive
endemic disease challenges.
• To prevent heavy losses in the form of high mortality, morbidity and
lowered protective performance by building up resistance in birds
• To hyper immunize hens to maximize maternally derived antibody passed
through the egg to the hatching progeny.
3. TYPES OF VACCINES
1.Live vaccines : They contain live
attenuated organisms (attenuation is
a process by which the
pathogenicity/capability of producing
disease is brought down without
disturbing the immunogenicity).
• eg: lasota vaccine, F1 , R2B, IBD
• Rapid onset of immunity
• Relatively limited combinations-
due to interference of multiple
microbes if given at the same time
• Danger of vaccine contamination
• Tissue reactions- commonly
referred to as “vaccine reaction “
is possible and frequently visible
in a variety of tissues
• Can be mass administrated like
drinking water ,spray method.
2.Killed vaccines: contains
pathogens(virus/bacteria) that have
been chemically inactivated so that
they will produce immunity ,but are
unable to transmit the disease.
• eg : Newcastle killed vaccine,
Avian influenza inactivated
vaccine, Marek`s killed vaccine
• Slower onset of immunity
• Combination are less likely to
interfere
• No danger of vaccine
contamination
• No microbe replication
;therefore, no tissue reaction.
• Almost always injected
4. Vaccine Delivery System
• The most commonly used application system in poultry include in ovo
vaccination at 17-19 days of embryonation.
• subcutaneous or intramuscular injection at day of hatch, spray in the
hatchery, intraocular or nasal drop in the hatchery.
• Spray on the farm ,through drinking water , wing web stab and
subcutaneous or intramuscular injection on the farm
5. In Ovo Vaccination
• Performed generally during the process of
transferring incubating eggs in the hatchery
from the setter to the hatchery. After poking a
hole in the shell, vaccine( Marek`s disease
vaccine) is injected just under the membranes
at the floor of the air cell.
Subcutaneous or intramuscular injection at day
of hatch
• For day old vaccination, most commonly using
Marek`s disease vaccine, is generally
accomplished by giving 0.2 ml of vaccine
subcutaneously under the skin at the back of
the neck or 0.5 ml intramuscularly in the leg.
6. Spray In The Hatchery
• Generally done using a spray box that is
triggered each time a box of chicks is placed
inside or an inline spray cabinet that sprays
boxes as they move down a controlled speed
conveyor line in an automated hatchery.
• It works well if the droplets generated have a
particle diameter of approximately 100-150
microns. Particle size is very important.
7. Vaccination On The Farm
1. Intraocular method
• Hold the chick with one eye
turned up.
• Take the reconstituted vaccine in
a sterile syringe using a blunt
needle of 16 gauge or take into
dropper bottle.
• Install one eye drop in the eye .
• Ensure that the vaccine drop is
completely absorbed in the eye.
Dilute the vaccine
solution
Drop at least 0.03ml of the
vaccine into the chickens eye
8. 2. Subcutaneous method
• Injection can be given in two
spots : In the dorsal part (neck) or
in the inguinal fold (pocket created
between abdomen and thigh)
• Pick the spot which is easier and
comfortable to you.
• Take the reconstituted vaccine in a
holder , which is attached with an
automatic syringe.
• Inject subcutaneously in the lower
half of the neck ,under the loose
skin at the point midway between
the birds head and base of the
neck.
Sterilize your injection site
Insert the needle into the chicken’s
skin and inject the vaccine.
9. 3. Intramuscular method
• Inject the needle of the syringe
into the pectoral (breast)/
thigh muscles of the bird and
push the plunger of the
syringe so as to deliver the
required quantity of vaccine in
the muscle.
10. 4. Wing Web method
• Process of injecting vaccine
into the skin on the underside
of the wing web at the elbow.
• Dip the sterile lancet in the
reconstituted vaccine.
• Prick the lancet in the wing
web region of the bird.
• The needles of the lancet
should be dipped in the
vaccine before every prick.
11. 5. Spray method
• Vaccine is mixed in a total
quantity of water ,which is
required for spray vaccination.
• By using sprayer, spray the
vaccine on the birds with a hose.
• Care is to be taken, that every
bird gets exposed to the vaccine.
12. 6. Drinking water
method
• Vaccine should be mixed with a
small quantity of water mixed with
skim milk powder.
• Subsequently this should be mixed
in a total quantity of water in which
the skim milk powder is dissolved.
• Provide ample water space so that all
birds can drink vaccine treated water
comfortably.
• For stabilizing water : skim milk
powder (500g smp for 200L of
water) or Chlorine neutraliser like
Cevamune (1 tablet for every 100L of
water)
15. Pre vaccination care
Do not vaccinate the birds in
disease
Vaccinate in cool hours of the
day
Store vaccine always in deep
freeze
Prepare vaccine in suitable
diluents, preferably one
supplied by manufacturer
Use sterile glassware ,syringe,
needles, vaccine guns
Provide one week interval
between two vaccinations
Keep record of all
vaccinations, including batch
no, brand , manufacturer etc
Post vaccination care
To reduce the stress of
vaccination ,anti stress
medicines are used (3 days)
Anti stress medicines are vit A
and E,
Probiotics,antibiotics,liver
tonics and glucose
They are given through water
In case of vaccine failure give
immunostimulants, vit A and
E ,selenium preparation and
probiotics.
16. MEDICATION
It is the administration of therapeutic agents to treat various infectious diseases
or condition.
Worms - anthelmintics (dewormers)
Bacteria – antibiotics
Coccidia – coccidiostats
Fungi – antifungals
Lice and mites – insecticide/acaricide
Vitamin/mineral deficiencies – vitamin/ mineral supplements
17. Commonly Used Medications are
Coccidiostat : Amprolium, Monensin, Maduramycin and DOT
Anthelmintics : Albendazole ,Fenbendazole and piperazine
Insecticide/Acaricide : Butox, Sumithion ,Malathion
Vitamin/Mineral supplements : mineral mixture, vit AB2D3K,Vit B
Complex
Antibiotics : Enrofloxacin, Neomycin, Ciproflaxacin, Tyiosin and
Gentamicin
18. Sl no Disease Drug used
1 Infectious coryza Sulphaquinoxaline, sulphathiazole
2 Colibacillosis Furazolidine, OTC,CTC
3 Pullorum (bacillary
white diarrhea)
Sulphamezathine,auromycin,furazolidi
ne
4 Fowl typhoid Furazolidine, sulphadimidine,
trimethprim
5 Fowl cholera Tetracyclines
6 Chronic respiratory
disease
Broad spectrum antibiotcs -
neomycin, doxycyclin, Thiamutin
(tylosin tartarate)
7 Botulism Epsom salt
8 Omphalitis Antibiotics
