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2.  Disinfection is a process of killing harmful
microorganism (excluding bactirial spores)
present of any instrument or object. It is very
effective in infection prevention activities.
Disinfection can reduce expenditure of treatment
of diseases.

3.  Disinfectant- it is a chemical or physical agent
that destroys disease causing pathogens or
harmful microorganisms It refers to
applied to inanimate objects to disinfect it

4.  1. disinfectant should have a wide antimicrobial
spectrum.
 2. It should be a fast killer.
 3. it should be active in the presence of organic
matter (e.g., blood, sputum, faeces)

5.  4. it should not harm instruments and metallic
surfaces, and should not cause the deterioration
of cloth, rubber, plastics, and other materials.
 5. It should have a pleasant odour or no odour
to facilitate its routine use

6.  6. It should not be too costly to afford.
 7. It should be soluble in water so that can be
diluted as per desired concentration.
 8. it should be ecofriendly and not damage the
environment on disposal.

7.  Disinfectants may be classified as-
Natural disinfectants.
Physical disinfectants.
Chemical disinfectants.

8.  Natural Disinfectants are air and sunlight. Exposure to open
air (airing) acts by drying or evaporation of moisture which
is lethal to most bacteria. In the same way Direct and
continuous exposure to sunlight is destructive to many
disease producing organisms. The ultraviolet rays of sunlight
are particularly lethal to bacteria and some viruses.

9.  (1) Burning : Burning or incineration is an excellent method
of disinfection. Inexpensive articles such as contaminated
dressings, rags and swabs can be disposed off by burning.
Addition of sawdust, paper, kerosene or other combustible
material aid in burning. Faeces can be disposed off by
burning.

10.  (2) Hot air : Hot air is very useful for sterilizing
articles such as glassware, swabs, dressings, oils,
vaseline and sharp instruments. Hot air
disinfection is usually done in a hot air oven.

11.  (3) Boiling : Boiling is an effective method of
disinfection. It provides an atmosphere of
boiling and steam. Boiling for 5-10 minutes
(rolling boil) will kill bacteria, but not spores or
viruses.

12.  Phenol and cresol: Phenol or carbolic acid is a
chemical disinfectant. Pure phenol is not an
disinfectant. Crude phenol (mixture of phenol
an effective disinfectant. 10 per cent strength
disinfection of faeces. In 5 per cent strength, it
for mopping floors and cleaning drains.

13.  Cresol alone is also an excellent disinfectant. It
is more powerful than phenol, yet no more
toxic. Cresol is best used in 5 to 10 per cent
strength for disinfection of faeces and urine.
Cresol is an all-purpose general disinfectant.

14.  Cresol emulsified with soap is known as "saponified
cresol". Lysol, izal and cyllin are cresol emulsions.
Lysol contains 50-60 per cent cresol. They are very
powerful disinfectants. A 2 per cent solution of lysol
may be used for disinfection of faeces.

15.  Chlorhexidine : This is one of the most useful
skin antiseptics. It is soluble in water and
inactivated by soaps and detergents. 0.5 per
or aqueous solutions can be used as effective
Creams and lotions containing 1 per cent
recommended for burns and hand disinfection.

16.  Hexachlorphane : This disinfectant is
highly active against gram-positive
slow in action, but shows a cumulative
skin and is compatible with soaps. Thus it
incorporated in soap preparations without
activity.

17.  Chloroxylenol: chloroxylenol is a relatively non-
toxic antiseptic and can be used safely in high
concentrations. It is more easily inactivated by
matter than many other phenolic disinfectants.
is suitable for disinfection of instruments and
equipment; a contact of at least 15 minutes will
for disinfection.

18.  Cetrimide : It is an ammonia
compound. It is actively bactericidal
vegetative gram-positive organisms,
less so against gramnegative
soapy feel. It may be used in 1-2 per
strength.

19.  Bleaching powder: Bleaching powder or
chlorinated lime (CaOCl2) is a white amorphous
a pungent smell of chlorine. It kills most of the
when used in the strength of 1 to 3 percent.
powder is widely used for disinfection of water,
urine; and as a deodorant.

20.  Hypochlorites : Hypochlorites are the most
widely used chlorine disinfectant, available
(e.g. sodium hypochlorite) or solid (e.g.
hypochlorite). They have a broad spectrum
antimicrobial activity, do not leave toxic
used for large scale sanitization activities

21.  Iodine: Iodine solutions or tinctures have been
used by health professionals primarily as
(e.g.to prepare incision site prior to surgery) or
long time. Iodine is bactericidal, fungicidal,
lethal to spore-bearing organisms. Iodine is
available and quick in action.

22.  Alcohols: Ethyl and isopropyl alcohols are
commonly used as antiseptics and disinfectants.
alcohol in the form of industrial methylated
alcohol most commonly used for skin
sanitization. Pure alcohol has no powers of
70% solution is potent bactericidal, fungicidal

23.  Formaldehyde: It is effective against vegetative
bacteria, fungi and many viruses but only slowly
against bacterial spores and acid-fast bacteria.
injure fabrics and metals. It may be used as a 2-
solution for spraying rooms, walls and furniture.
Formaldehyde gas is most commonly used for
rooms

24.  Potassium permanganate : It is a purplish
black crystalline oxidizing agent . It is used
aquariums and is also widely used in
swimming pools to disinfect ones feet
entering the pool. It is also used to
vegetables.

25.  Hydrogen peroxide: Hydrogen peroxide is
bactericidal, virucidal, sporicidal and fungicidal. It is
hospital setting to disinfect surfaces. A 0.5 per cent
peroxide demonstrated bactericidal and virucidal
minute and mycobactericidal and fungicidal activity
A 3 per cent solution is also used as an antiseptic
wounds and discharging ulcers.

26.  Disinfection is classified into three types-
 1) concurrent disinfection.
 2) Terminal disinfection.
 3) prophylactic disinfection.

27.  Concurrent disinfection is defined as “disinfection of infectious
material as soon as it is discharged from the body of an infected
person, or after the soiling of articles with such infectious
discharges” . In other words, the pathogenic agent is destroyed
as soon as it is released from the body, and in this way further
spread of the agent is stopped.

28.  Concurrent disinfection consists of usually disinfection of
urine, faeces, sputum, vomitus, contaminated linen,
clothes, hands, dressings, aprons, gloves, etc. throughout
the course of an illness. This disinfection is carried out
time to time during stay of the patient in the unit.

29.  Terminal disinfection is defined as “disinfection of
infectious material after discharge or death of the patient.
way further spread of the agent is stopped. Terminal
disinfection includes disinfection of instruments,
furniture,bedding and room/unit (using formaldehyde
gas)

30.  Prophylactic disinfection is defined as disinfection before
starting of disease. Disinfection of water by chlorine,
pasteurization of milk and handwashing may be cited as
examples of prophylactic or precurrent disinfection

31.  Sterilization is a process used to make a product free of
all forms of viable microorganisms including bacterial
spores. This process is essential in surgical procedures. All
instruments used in surgery should be sterilized before
using.

32.  Autoclaving : autoclaving is very
effective method of sterilization.
Sterilizers which operate at high
pressure are called autoclaves.
generate steam under pressure
steam) which is the most effective
agent.

33.  Autoclaving is widely used in hospital and laboratory
practice. It destroys all forms of life, including spores. Steam
attains a higher temperature under pressure, and has
greater powers of penetration than ordinary steam.
Normally autoclaving is done at 121 degree centigrade and
15 psi pressure for 15 minutes

34.  Radiation: Ionizing radiation is used for sterilization of
bandages, dressings, catgut and surgical instruments.
The objects to be sterilized are placed in plastic bags
before radiation, and they will remain sterile until
opened. Ionizing radiation has great penetrating powers
with little or no heating effect.

35.  Ethylene Oxide gas : Heat-sensitive articles may be
sterilized at 55-60 degree Centigrade by ethylene oxide
gas which kills bacteria, spores and also viruses.
Ethylene oxide is explosive, therefore, it is mixed with
carbon dioxide and Water vapour is also often added to
the mixture as it increases the efficiency of the gas.

36.  Microwave: Microwaves are used for sterilization of soft contact
lenses, dental instruments, dentures, milk, and urinary catheters for
intermittent self catheterization. The microwaves produce friction of
water molecules in an alternating electrical field. The intermolecular
friction derived from the vibrations generates heat. The microwaves
produced by a microwave oven (2.45 GHz) completely inactivate
bacterial cultures, mycobacteria and viruses.

37.  Ultraviolet radiation : The wavelength of UV radiation
ranges from 328 nm to 210 nm. Its maximum bactericidal
effect occurs at 240-280 nm. UV radiation is used in the
sterilization of water, air, titanium implants and contact
lenses. Bacteria and viruses are more easily killed by UV
light than the bacterial spores.

38. By – SURESH KUMAR ( Nursing Tutor )