TYPE OF SENTENCES

2. Grammar Review
Subject verb complemen
t
modifier
John and I ate a pizza Last night
We studied English Last week

3. The subject is the
agent of the
sentence in the
active voice; it is the
person or thing that
performs or
responsible for the
action of the
sentence, and it
normally precedes
the verb.
Note: Every sentence
in English must
have a subject.
Subject

4. The subject
may be a
single noun Coffee is delicious
 Milk contains calsium
The subject may be a noun or a phrase.
A noun phrase is a group of words
ending with a noun. ( It can not be
preceded by a preposition)
 The book is on the table.
 That new red car is John`s.

5. Example of
subjects
 George likes boats.
 Mary, John, George and I went to a
restaurant last night.
 The weather was very bad yesterday.
 The chemistry professor cancelled class
today.
 The bank closed at two o`clock

6. Description of it Example
It can act as a pronoun for a noun or
can be the subject of an impersonal
verb. As the subject of an impersonal
verb ,the pronoun is actually used in
the place of a noun,but is a part of an
idiomatic expression.
It rains quite often here in summer.
It is hard to believe that he is dead.

7. THERE
Desription of there Examples
In some sentences , the true
subject does not appear in normal
subject position. There can act as
a pseudo – subject and is treated
like a subject when changing word
order to a question. However, the
true subject appears after the verb,
the number of the true subject
controls the verb.
There was a fire
verb ( singular)
subject (singular)
in that building last month.
There were many
students
verb ( plural) subject (
plural)
in the room.

8. VERB
The verb follows the subject in a
declarative sentence; it generally shows
the action of the sentence. Note : Every
sentence must have a verb.The verb
may be a single word.
Example:
John drives too fast.
They ate spinach.

9. Verb
The verb may be a verb phrase. A verb
phrase consists of one or more
auxiliaries and one main verb. The
auxiliaries always precede the main
verb.
Example:
John is going to Miami tomorrow.
Is: auxiliary - going to: main verb
John has been reading that book.
( has been: auxiliaries-reading:main
verb

10. Example of Verbs
and Verb Phrases
She will go to Boston next week.
Jane is very tall.
She must have gone to the bank.
Joe has gone home.
Mary is watching television.
It was raining at six o`clock.
I am here.

11. A complement completes the
verb. It is similar to the
subject because it is usually
a noun and a noun phrase;
however, it generally follows
the verb when the sentence
is in the active voice. Note:
Every sentence does not
require a complement. The
complement CAN NOT
begin with preposition . A
complement answers the
question what? Or whom?
Complement

13. MODIFIER
A modifier tells the time, place, or
manner of the action. Very often it is a
prepositional phrase. A prepositional
phrase is a group of words that begin
with a preposition and ends with a
noun. Note: A modifier of time usually
comes last if more than one modifier is
present.

14. Example of
Prepositional Phrase
In the morning, at the university, on the table
A modifier can also be an adverb or
adverbial phrases.
Last night,hurriedly,next
year,outdoors,yesterday
Note: Every sentence does not require a
modifier. A modifier answer the question
when? Where?how?

15. Example of
Modifiers:
oJohn bought a book at the bookstore. (
Where did John buy a book?)
o Jill was swimming in the swimmingpool
yesterday.( Where was Jill swimming?)
oHe was driving very fast. ( How was he
driving?)
oShe drove the car on Main Street. ( Where
did she drive her car?)
oWe ate dinner at seven o`clock. ( when did
we eat dinner?)

16. Modifier
Note : The modifier normally follows the
complement, but not always. However, the
modifier, modifier, especially when it is a
prepositional phrase , usually can not separate
the verb and the complement.
Incorrect: She drove on the street the car.
verb
complement
Correct: She drove the car on the street.
verb complement

17. Exercise 1:
Subject,Verb,Complemen
t, and Modifier

18. Exercise 1:
Subject,Verb,Complemen
t, and Modifier
Identify the Subject,Verb,Complement, and Modifier in each of the
following sentences.
Remember that not every sentence has a
complement or modifier. Examples:
Jill/ is buying / a new hat / in the store.
subject/ verb phrase/complement /modifier
Betty / is shopping/ downtown.
subject/ verb phrase/ modifier place
1.George is cooking dinner tonight.
2.Henry and Marcia have visited the president.
3.We can eat lunch in this restaurant today.
4.Pat should have bought gasoline yesterday.
5.Trees grow.
6.It was raining at seven o `clock this morning.
7.She opened a checking account at the bank last week.
8.Harry is washing dishes right now.
9.She opened her book.
10.Paul,William,and Marry were watching tv a few minutes ago.

19. Subject – Verb
Agreement
Remember that the subject and verb in
a sentence must agree in person and
number.
The elevator works very well.
singular singular
The elevators work well.
plural plural

20. Subject separated
from the verb.
However sometimes difficult to decide
exactly what the subject is if the
subject and verb are separated.
The boys in the room are studying.

21. Very often ,if the subject and the verb
are separated, they will be separated
with a prepositional phrase has no effect
on the verb.
The study of languges is very
interesting.
Singular subj sing verb
Several theories on this subject
have proposed.
plural subj
plural verb
Subject+ ( prepositional phrase)+ verb

22. The following expressions also have no
effect on the verb.
The actress, along with her manager and
some
singular subject
friends, is going to a party tonight.
singular verb
Together with
along with
Accompanied by
as well as

23. Mr.Robbins,accompanied by his wife and
singular subject
children, is arriving tonight.
singular verb
NOTE: If the conjunction and is used instead of
one of these phrases, the verb would then be
plural.
The actress and her manager are going
Plural subj plural verb
to a party tonight.

24. Exercise : Subject – verb
Agreement
Choose the correct form of the verb in parantheses
in the following sentences.
1.John, along with twenty friends, (is/are) planning a
party (is/ are).
2.The picture of soldiers (bring/brings) back many
memories.
3.The quality of these recordings not very good.
4.If the duties of these officers (isn`t/aren`t)
reduced,there will not be enough time to finish the
project.
5.The effects of cigarette smoking (have/has) been
proven to be extremely harmful.

25. Exercise : Subject – verb
Agreement
6.The use of credit cards in place of cash (
have/has) increased rapidly recently in recent
years.
7.Advertisements on televisions (is/are)
becoming more competitive than ever before.
8.Living expenses in this country , as well as in
many others, (is,are) at an all-time high.
9.Mr. Jones , accompanied by several
members of the committee, (have/has)
proposed some changes of the rules.
10.The levels of intoxication ( vary/varies) from
subject to subject.

26. Pronoun
There five forms of pronoun in English
:subject pronoun, complement pronoun (
object pronoun),
Possesive pronouns, possesive
adjectives,and reflextive pronouns.
Subject Pronouns
Subject pronouns occur in the
subject position of a sentence or
after the verb be. Study the folowing
list of subject pronouns.

27. I We
you You
He
She They
It

28.  I am going to the
store.
 We have lived here
for twenty years.
 It was she who
called you.
 She and I have
seen this movie
before.
 We students are
going to have a
 I : subject
 We :subject
 She : subject ( after
the verb be)
 She and I : subject
 We students:
subject

29. Complements Pronouns
Complements pronouns occur in complements
position, whether they complement a verb or
a preposition. Study the following list.
Note: you and it are the same for subject or
complement position.
The others are different.
me us
you you
him
her
it

30.  They called us on
the telephone.
 The teacher give
him a bad grade.
 John told her a
story.
 us : complement
him :
complement
Her :
complement

31. Note:
 Remember that
many prepositions
can also functions as
other parts of
speech,like adverbs
or conjuntions .
 Therefore , you must
determine the part of
speech of the word
from the word from
context and simply
rely on your normal
understanding of the
word.
1.Janet will make
presentation after
him.
 after: preposition
 him: complement
pronoun
2.Janet will make her
presentation after he
finishes his speech.
after : conjunction
he : subject
pronoun

32. Possesive
Adjectives
Possesive adjectives are not the same as possesive
pronouns. These simply modify , rather than replace
, nouns; nouns; possesive pronouns replace nouns.
Possesive forms indicate ownership. Study the
following adjectives.
The actress, along with her manager and some
singular subject
friends, is going to a party tonight.
singular verb
my
your
his
Her
its

33. Note: Possesive adjectives are used to refer to parts of a body.
 John is eating his dinner.
 This is not my book.
 The cat has injured its food.
 The boy broke his arm yesterday.
 She forgot her homework this
morning.
 My food is cold.

34. Note: Its is not the same as it`s means it is or it has.
Possesive Pronouns
These pronouns can not precede a noun.
They are pronouns and thus replace the
noun. The noun is understood from the
context and is not repeated. Study the
following pronouns.
Note:
mine= my+noun; for example,my book
yours=your+noun;for exaple,your pen
hers=her+noun;for example,her dress

35. Examples of possesive
pronouns:
 This is my book.
This is mine.
 Your teacher is the same as his
teacher.
Yours is the same as his.
 Her dress is green and my dress
is red.
Her dress is green and mine is
red.

36. Reflexive pronoun
 The pronouns usually follow the verb
and indicate that the subject is both
giving and receiving the action.
Myself ourselves
Yourself yourselves
Himself themselves
Herself
itself

37. Note: JOHN BOUGHT HIM A NEW CAR. ( him: another person)
John bought himself a new car. ( himself= john)
Examples of reflexive:
 I washed myself
 He sent the letter to
himself.
 She served herself in
the cafetaria.
 We hurt ourselves
playing football.
 They were talking
among themselves.
 You can see the
difference for
yourselves.
 The underlined words
refers to reflexive.

38. Reflexive pronouns can also for emphasis:
 I myself washed.
 He himself sent the letter.
 She herself served in the cafetaria.
 We ourselves hurt playing football.
 They themselves were talking among.
 You yourselves can see the
difference.

39. Circle the correct form of the pronoun or possessive adjectives in
the following sentences.
1. I go to school with (he/him) evryday.
2. I see (she/her/herself) at Union every Friday.
3. She speaks to (we/us/ourselves) everymorning.
4. Isn`t (she/her) a nice person?
5. (He/Him) is going to New york on vacation.
6. (She/Her) and John gave the money to the boy.
7. (Yours/Your) record is scratched and (my/mine) is too.
8. I hurt (my/mine) leg.
9. John bought (himself/herself/hisself) a new coat.

40. Complex Sentence
1.Main clause and sub-
clause
 2.Relative clause
Example of Relative
Clause:
 Who ( subject,
people)
 That ( subject of
thing/people, object
of thing)
 Which ( subject,
thing)
 Whom ( object,
people)
 Whose ( possessive,
people)
 Its ( possessive,
thing)

41.  Who
 Prabu loves Ratu-
she is -studying in
MAN 1.
 Prabu loves Ratu-
who-is studying in
MAN I.

42.  Whom  Prabu has two
brothers.
 All of them are
married.
 Prabu has two
brothers-all of
them- are married.
 Prabu has two
brothers-all of
whom- are married.

43.  Whose  Nancy is in the
hospital.
 Her health has not
good lately.
 Nunung -her
health- has not
good lately – is in
the hospital.
 Nunung -whose
health- has not
good lately – is in
the hospital.

44.  Whose  She is looking for
a boy.
 You always
borrows his
motorbike.
 She is loking for a
boy-his motorbike
you always borrow.
She is loking for a
boy-whose
motorbike you
always borrow.

45.  Which  I saw a dog.It was
beaten by a boy.
 I saw the dog- it was
beaten by a boy.
 I saw the dog- which
was beaten by a boy.
 The book is best
seller.
 Everyone is talking
about it.
 The book –everyone –
is talking about it.
 The book which
everyone talking about
is best seller.

46.  That  Prabu loves Ratu-who-is
studying in MAN I.
 Prabu loves Ratu-that-is
studying in MAN I. Prabu
has two brothers-all of
whom- are married.
 Prabu has two brothers-all
of that- are married. She is
loking for a boy-whose
motorbike you always
borrow. She is loking for a
boy-that motorbike you
always borrow. The book
which everyone talking
about is best seller. The
book that everyone talking
about is best seller.

47. State if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
1. C It is important to fill out the form in the way that
you have been instructed.
2. I She is the girl that came here yesterday.
3. ----The rich man bought a car that cost ten billion
rupiahs.
4. ----We saw the girl whom we met at the bus stop.
5. ----She has not tasted the cake which you baked it
by yourself.
6. ---- The plane whom he was scheduled to take to
Hawai was delayed.
7. ----They are studying the lesson that has been
explained by the teacher.
8. ----I know the girl who the teacher is talking with her.
9. ----Have you read the novel whose I just mentioned it.
10. ----He is the man whose daughter became a doctor.