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1. Phrases,
Clauses
and
Sentences

2. Mother: What did
you buy with the
money I gave
you?
Daughter: I
bought a nice
money bag.

3. A phrase is a group of words
meaning something.
In the conversation above, a nice
moneybag is a phrase naming
something.

4. A phrase is any group of related
words that has no subject
predicate combination.
The words in a phrase act together
so that the phrase itself functions as
a single part of speech.

5. For example, some phrases act
as nouns, some as verbs, some
as adjectives or adverbs.
Remember that phrases
cannot stand alone as
sentences.

6. Kinds of Phrase
Prepositional Phrase Phrases Containing Verbals
Adjectives
Adverbs
Participial Phrase
Gerund Phrase
Noun Phrase

7. Prepositional Phrase
 Each prepositional phrase
begins with a preposition (in, of,
by, from, for, etc.) and includes
a noun or pronoun that is the
object of the preposition

8. Examples
in the room 01
03
02
from the teacher
by the river
04
05
of the people
for the party

9. Prepositional phrases function as
either
The woman in the
trench coat pulled out
her cellular phone.
Adjectives
Most of the audience
snoozed during the
tedious performance.
Adverbs
The prepositional phrase here
acts as an adjective describing
the noun woman.
The prepositional phrase
here acts as an adverb
modifying the verb snoozed.

10. Phrases Containing Verbals
Participial phrase
begin with a past or present participle and is
followed by its objects and modifiers
used as adjectives.

11. Phrases Containing Verbals
Participial phrase
Example:
Sniffing the fresh air, Jim realized he had found
paradise.
In the preceding sentence, the present participle sniffing
introduces the participial phrase, which includes the
participle’s object (air) and its modifiers (the, fresh). This
participial phrase acts as an adjective modifying the subject
of the sentence (Jim).

12. Phrases Containing Verbals
Participial phrase
Example:
The soldiers, trapped by the enemy, threw down
their guns.
Here, the past participle trapped introduces the participial phrase
trapped by the enemy. The entire phrase acts as an adjective
modifying the subject of the sentence (soldiers). Notice the
phrase-within-a-phrase here. By the enemy is a prepositional
phrase modifying the participle trapped. Remember that phrases
can act as modifiers in other phrases

13. Phrases Containing Verbals
Gerund phrase
At first, it may look like a participial phrase
because gerund phrases begin with the -ing form
of a verb (riding, seeing, talking, etc.) and have
objects and modifiers. But a gerund phrase always
acts as a noun in a sentence, not as an adjective.
can serve as the subject of a sentence, the object
of a verb or preposition, or the complement of a
linking verb.

14. Phrases Containing Verbals
Gerund phrase
Example:
Riding the black stallion terrified Hugo.
The gerund phrase Riding the black stallion
acts as a noun and is the subject of the verb
terrified.

15. Phrases Containing Verbals
Gerund phrase
Example:
The police officer reported seeing the suspect.
The gerund phrase seeing the suspect is the direct
object of the verb reported. Notice that the entire
phrase, not just the word suspect, is the direct
object

16. Phrases Containing Verbals
Noun phrase
are groups of words that function like a noun.
Typically, they act as subjects, objects, or
prepositional objects in a sentence.
Noun phrases are simply nouns with modifiers.
Just as nouns can act as subjects, objects, and
prepositional objects, so can noun phrases.

17. Phrases Containing Verbals
Noun phrase
The modifier can come before or after the
noun. If it comes before the noun it's likely to
be an article, possessive noun, possessive
pronoun, adjective, or participle.
Modifiers that come after the noun include
prepositional phrases, adjective clauses,
participle phrases, and infinitives

18. Phrases Containing Verbals
Noun phrase
Example:
The spotted puppy is up for adoption.
(Noun phrase as a subject)
I want a cute puppy for Christmas.
(Noun phrase as an object to the verb "want")

19. Read and analyze the
sentences below and
underline the phrase in
each item.

20. 1. I hope to win the first prize.
2. The girl in brown frock is my sister.
3. Did you enjoy watching the movie?
4. She always drives with care.
5. They were shouting in a loud voice.

21. 6. The train stopped at Victoria
Terminus.
7. Drinking water makes you healthier.
8. I am going to the beach.
9. Put the glass on the table first.
10.Going to my aunt’s house is my
favorite vacation

22. Let us see what you have learned. Try to identify
which kind of phrase is the underlined phrase in
sentences below.
Choose your answer among the following: noun
phrase, prepositional phrase, verbal phrase.

23. 1. The boy at the back likes to tease me.
2. Give the pencil to the teacher.
3. The test yesterday made me tired.
4. Marie walked extremely slowly to the
office.
5. Putting on makeup is something I don't
like to do.

24. 6. I really like to go at the market.
7. The man getting out of the car is my
dad.
8. The car wash was out of order.
9. The dog with the red leash is named
Rama.
10.I would like cheeseburgers and fries
for dinner.

25. Tell something about ME!
Look closely at the pictures
and write at least one
statement for each

26. Tell something about ME!

27. SENTENCE
 is a group of words which
communicate a complete thought
or idea.
 The most basic sentence in
English contains only a subject
and a verb.

28. Examples
I ran.
He slept.
Note: sometimes the subject may be
implied: Run! (you run, implied)

29. Statement Question
TYPES OF SENTENCE
Imperative Exclamation

30. TYPES OF SENTENCE
 used when stating information
Example:
I have written a book.
My name is Maria.
 Statement - (Declarative Sentences)

31. TYPES OF SENTENCE
 used when asking for information
Example:
Did you take his number?
What is your name?
 Question - (Interrogative Sentences)

32. TYPES OF SENTENCE
 used when giving commands
Example:
Open the door.
Tell me your name.
 Imperative - (Command Sentences)

33. TYPES OF SENTENCE
 used when expressing emotions
Example:
I won!
Yehey!
 Exclamation - (Exclamatory Sentences)

34. Note:
A sentence may contain only a couple of
words, as we’ve seen above, or can be
longer and have a more complex
construction, and this is when clauses
may be used.

35. CLAUSE
 is a group of words which contains at least a
subject and a verb.
 In this, clauses are like sentences, and a clause
may stand as a sentence if it makes sense as a
complete thought.
 Clauses are not always a complete thought and
so may need to be joined with
other clauses to express a complete
thought and become a sentence.

36. TYPES OF CLAUSE
01 02
Independent or
main clause
Dependent or
subordinate clause

37. Independent or main clause
 expresses a complete thought
and may stand as a sentence.
The structure is:
subject + verb
Emma arrived home.
Emma ate a sandwich.
01

38. Dependent or subordinate clause
 does not express a complete
thought so cannot stand on its
own and must be combined with
at least an independent clause
to make a complete thought and
therefore a sentence.
01

39. To make the dependent clause a
complete thought we need an
independent clause with it:
Example: After Emma arrived home,
she ate a sandwich.
(dependent clause + independent
clause = complete thought)

40. A dependent clause may come before or
after the independent clause, so this
sentence is just as accurate.
Example: Emma ate a sandwich after
she harrived home.
(independent clause e +conjunction+
dependent clause
= complete thought)

41. ASSIGNMENT
Which planet in the Solar System is
the second from the Sun?
__ __ __ __ __

42. Note: if the dependent clause comes before the
independent clause a comma comes between
the clauses:
Example/s:
After Emma arrived home, she ate a sandwich.
(dependent clause first – comma)
Emma ate a sandwich after she arrived home.
(independent clause first – no comma)

43. Four Structures of Sentences
1
2
3
4
Compound –
Complex Sentence
Simple sentence
Complex sentence
Compound sentence

44. Example/s:
Simple Sentence
contains just one independent clause.
John is moving to France.
John is learning French.

45. Example:
Compound sentence
contains two or more independent clauses
i.e. joins sentences together.
Compound sentences use coordinating
conjunctions (FANBOYS= for, and, nor,
but, or, yet, and so).
John is moving to France, so he is learning
French.

46. Example:
Complex sentence
 contains at least an independent clause and a
dependent clause.
 We saw above that dependent clauses use
subordinating conjunctions, so it is of no
surprise that a complex sentence will contain a
subordinating conjunction.
Because John is moving to France, he is
learning French

47. Example:
Compound – Complex Sentence
contains at least two independent clauses
and one dependent clause.
these sentences contain both coordinating
and subordinating conjunctions.
Because John is moving to France, he is learning
French so that he will understand the locals.

48. Decide if the clauses
below are dependent
or independent.

49. 1. When the temperatures drop below
freezing.
2. Because my weight has increased this year.
3. My parents came home early from their trip.
4. The class went on a trip to the museum.
5. Since the lights were turned off.

50. Identify which structure of
sentence each item below.
Write SS if the sentence is
simple, CS if it is compound,
CXS if complex and CCS if the
sentence is compound-complex.

51. 1. We met rather few people who
spoke English.
2. I have been on rather too many
planes and trains recently.
3. We drove right up to Helsinki in two
days.
4. I don’t care how expensive it is.
5. Two minutes ago the child was fast
asleep, but now he is wide awake.

52. 6. He is not tall enough to be a soldier.
7. I guess she just doesn’t respect you.
8. I have got four sisters and each of them is
quite different from the others.
9. You can either come with me now or walk
home.
10. He will never leave home because he
hasn’t got the courage to.

53. Identify the type of sentence.
There are 4 types of sentences
in Declarative, Imperative,
Interrogative, and Exclamatory.

54. 1.Did I say anything to make you
angry?
2. She is a successful writer.
3. Go at once.
4. Bring me that file.
5. She writes with her left hand.

55. 6. What a tragedy!
7. How beautiful she is!
8. I have two sisters.
9. How ridiculous this is!
10.I have lost my way.