There are several routes of drug administration that determine how quickly a drug acts and is absorbed in the body. Oral administration is the most common and involves swallowing drugs, but this can result in first-pass liver metabolism. Sublingual and buccal routes under the tongue and cheek provide rapid absorption bypassing the liver. Parenteral routes like intravenous injection place drugs directly in the bloodstream for immediate effect. Other routes include intramuscular, rectal, inhalation and topical application to skin or mucous membranes. Proper administration depends on the drug properties and patient needs.
It will provide you a complete journey through the routes of drug administration, with all the basics covered I hope this presentation will make your fundamentals crystal clear.
The document discusses the different routes of drug administration including topical, oral, parenteral, rectal, and inhalation. It provides details on the classification, advantages, and disadvantages of each route. The oral route is the most common due to convenience and low cost but has disadvantages like first-pass metabolism and food interactions. Parenteral routes like intravenous provide precise dosing but carry risks while topical routes only produce local effects. The inhalation route provides a fast onset due to the lungs' large surface area.
This ppt is for pharmacology students of MBBS UG&PG and other healthcare persons who needs basic science like BDS, Nursing Ayurveda unani homeopathy etc.
This document describes different types of dosage forms used to deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body. It discusses 10 needs for dosage forms such as accurate dosing and protection. Dosage forms are classified based on route of administration such as oral, topical, rectal, etc. Various oral dosage forms are outlined including tablets, capsules, liquids. Topical dosage forms include ointments, creams, gels, patches. The document provides details on the composition, use and advantages of different dosage forms.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration including local routes like topical, deeper tissues, and arterial supply as well as enteral routes like oral, buccal/sublingual, and rectal. It also covers different types of parenteral routes like injections that can be intradermal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intra-arterial, and intrarticular. For each route, it provides the definition, advantages, and disadvantages. The factors affecting the choice of administration route and classification of routes are also defined.
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This document discusses various parenteral routes of drug administration, which deliver medications across defensive barriers and directly into systemic circulation or locally. It describes several parenteral routes including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, intra-arterial, intrathecal, epidural, inhalational, intranasal, and transdermal delivery. The key factors in selecting a route include the drug's properties, the patient's condition, and the desired therapeutic effect. Each route has advantages like rapid onset but also disadvantages such as invasiveness or risk of infection that must be considered.
It will provide you a complete journey through the routes of drug administration, with all the basics covered I hope this presentation will make your fundamentals crystal clear.
The document discusses the different routes of drug administration including topical, oral, parenteral, rectal, and inhalation. It provides details on the classification, advantages, and disadvantages of each route. The oral route is the most common due to convenience and low cost but has disadvantages like first-pass metabolism and food interactions. Parenteral routes like intravenous provide precise dosing but carry risks while topical routes only produce local effects. The inhalation route provides a fast onset due to the lungs' large surface area.
This ppt is for pharmacology students of MBBS UG&PG and other healthcare persons who needs basic science like BDS, Nursing Ayurveda unani homeopathy etc.
This document describes different types of dosage forms used to deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body. It discusses 10 needs for dosage forms such as accurate dosing and protection. Dosage forms are classified based on route of administration such as oral, topical, rectal, etc. Various oral dosage forms are outlined including tablets, capsules, liquids. Topical dosage forms include ointments, creams, gels, patches. The document provides details on the composition, use and advantages of different dosage forms.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration including local routes like topical, deeper tissues, and arterial supply as well as enteral routes like oral, buccal/sublingual, and rectal. It also covers different types of parenteral routes like injections that can be intradermal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intra-arterial, and intrarticular. For each route, it provides the definition, advantages, and disadvantages. The factors affecting the choice of administration route and classification of routes are also defined.
For More Medicine Free PPT - http://playnever.blogspot.com/
For Health benefits and medicine videos Subscribe youtube channel - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKg-H-sMh9G01zEg4YpndngXODW2bq92w
This document discusses various parenteral routes of drug administration, which deliver medications across defensive barriers and directly into systemic circulation or locally. It describes several parenteral routes including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, intra-arterial, intrathecal, epidural, inhalational, intranasal, and transdermal delivery. The key factors in selecting a route include the drug's properties, the patient's condition, and the desired therapeutic effect. Each route has advantages like rapid onset but also disadvantages such as invasiveness or risk of infection that must be considered.
The document discusses various routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, and topical routes. The oral route is the most commonly used as it is convenient, allows self-administration, and is inexpensive. However, it has disadvantages like first-pass metabolism and variable absorption. Parenteral routes like intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous allow direct entry of drugs into systemic circulation but require more technical skill. Topical routes provide local drug effects without systemic absorption. The choice of route depends on the drug properties and patient condition.
This document discusses the parenteral route of drug administration. Parenteral administration means delivering drugs through any route other than the digestive tract, such as intramuscular, intravenous, or subcutaneous injection. The primary routes are intramuscular, intravenous, and subcutaneous injection. Intravenous administration is the fastest way to deliver drugs throughout the body via the circulation. Other intraarterial routes include intracardiac, intraspinal, intracerebral, intraocular, and intra-abdominal injection. Parenteral administration provides immediate effects but requires trained personnel, is more expensive than other routes, and causes some inevitable pain.
1. There are several routes of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, local, and topical routes. The choice of route depends on factors like the drug properties, site of action, rate of absorption, and patient condition.
2. Enteral routes include oral, rectal, buccal, and sublingual administration. Parenteral routes involve direct delivery into the systemic circulation via injections like intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous. Local routes target specific sites and topical routes apply drugs to external surfaces.
3. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to factors like absorption, onset of action, safety, patient acceptability, and cost. The optimal route maximizes drug delivery while avoiding
Individuals can vary significantly in their response to drugs due to differences in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors. Variations exist between patients and also within the same patient over time. Several categories influence drug action, including individual differences in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs; variations in receptor numbers and proteins; and differences in physiological and pathological states. Factors such as age, sex, genetics, concurrent diseases or medications, and route of administration can impact drug action either quantitatively by altering concentrations or qualitatively by changing the type of response. Environmental conditions and psychological aspects also modify a drug's effects.
The document discusses the various routes of drug administration including oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal, parenteral, injection, inhalation, and others. The choice of route depends on factors like the drug properties, the organ or tissue to be treated, absorption rate, patient condition, and accuracy of dose required. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to onset of action, convenience, side effects, and applicability based on the drug and patient.
Pharmacokinetics is the quantitative study of how the body affects a drug after administration through processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Absorption involves a drug entering systemic circulation through various routes and is affected by properties of the drug and biological membranes. Distribution involves a drug passing through body compartments depending on its physicochemical properties. Metabolism chemically alters drugs in the liver to make them more excretable, while excretion removes drugs and metabolites through the kidneys, lungs, bile, intestines, skin, and other routes.
The document discusses bioavailability and bioequivalence. It defines bioavailability as the rate and extent to which an active drug reaches systemic circulation. Bioavailability can be assessed using pharmacokinetic methods like blood analysis and urinary excretion data or pharmacodynamic methods like measuring pharmacological response. Key pharmacokinetic parameters include Cmax, Tmax, and AUC. Bioequivalence means that two products do not show a significant difference in absorption rate or extent. Single-dose bioequivalence studies evaluate products meant for single doses, while multiple-dose studies are needed for special dosage forms and regimens. Two dosage forms are considered bioequivalent if their rates and extents of absorption do not significantly differ.
The document provides an overview of general pharmacology concepts including definitions of pharmacology and drugs. It discusses the objectives of studying pharmacology and defines key terms like receptors, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug sources, nomenclature, dosage forms, and routes of drug administration with a focus on oral, parenteral, and other enteral routes. The document aims to introduce students to the basic concepts and principles of pharmacology.
First-pass metabolism refers to the process where a drug administered orally is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and transported to the liver via the portal vein, where it is metabolized before reaching systemic circulation. As a result, only a small proportion of the active drug reaches the intended target tissue. Notable drugs like morphine, propranolol, and lidocaine experience significant first-pass metabolism through the liver. Administering drugs via routes other than oral can bypass first-pass metabolism and increase bioavailability.
Pharmacokinetics - drug absorption, drug distribution, drug metabolism, drug ...http://neigrihms.gov.in/
A power point presentation on general aspects of Pharmacokinetics suitable for undergraduate medical students beginning to study Pharmacology. Also suitable for Post Graduate students of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
This document discusses local routes of drug administration which provide localized drug delivery and minimal systemic absorption. It defines local routes as those used for localized lesions that can attain high drug concentrations at the site without systemic exposure. The document divides local routes into topical (applied to skin/mucous surfaces), deeper tissues (injected via syringe), and arterial supply (injected into supplying artery). It provides examples and advantages of localized treatment but notes risks of irritation and limited pain relief compared to systemic routes.
This document discusses various factors that can modify drug action, including genetic and non-genetic factors. Body size, age, sex, species, race, and genetics can impact drug pharmacokinetics and dosing requirements. Route of administration, environmental factors, psychological states, concurrent diseases, and drug interactions can also influence drug effects both quantitatively and qualitatively. Tolerance can develop with repeated drug use due to changes in disposition or receptor sensitivity. These modifying factors are important to consider for safe and effective use of medications.
The document discusses drug absorption and the factors that influence it. It begins by defining absorption as the movement of an unchanged drug from the site of administration into systemic circulation. It then describes the various mechanisms of drug absorption, including passive diffusion, active transport, facilitated diffusion, pore transport, ion pair formation, and endocytosis. It discusses important physiological factors like drug solubility, permeability, and stability, as well as formulation factors such as dosage form, particle size, and polymorphism that can impact a drug's rate and extent of absorption. In summary, drug absorption is a complex process dependent on the drug's properties and formulation characteristics as well as physiological conditions in the gastrointestinal tract.
Drugs are obtained from six major sources: plant sources, animal sources, mineral/earth sources, microbiological sources, semi-synthetic sources, and recombinant DNA technology. Plant sources provide many older drugs and include poppy flowers, tobacco leaves, and ipecacuanha roots. Animal sources such as sheep thyroid and cod liver are used. Mineral sources include metals like iron and non-metals like iodine. Microbiological sources provide antibiotics from fungi and bacteria. Semi-synthetic drugs are modified from natural sources, while synthetic drugs have altered chemical structures. Recombinant DNA technology produces drugs by inserting genes into bacterial cultures.
The document provides a broad classification of various types of drugs. It lists and describes several categories of drugs including analgesics, anesthetics, anthelmintics, antipyretics, antidotes, anti-infectives, anti-inflammatories, anticoagulants, antihistamines, antacids, anticonvulsants, antibiotics, anti-diarrheals, antitussives, anti-asthmatics, androgens, antipruritics, antiphlogistics, antiseptics, antifungals, antispasmodics, antiemetics, antituberculars, antirheumatics, astringents, bronchodil
This document discusses various routes of drug administration including local routes like topical, deeper tissues, and arterial supply which provide localized drug delivery. Enteral routes like oral, buccal/sublingual, and rectal involve drug delivery through the gastrointestinal tract. Parenteral routes like injections that are intradermal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, and intra-arterial deliver drugs systemically. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to factors like onset of action, reliability, patient acceptability and sterility requirements. The choice of route depends on the drug and desired therapeutic effects.
The document discusses the parasympathetic nervous system and cholinergic drugs. It notes that the parasympathetic nervous system works to conserve energy and support restorative functions through actions like decreasing heart rate and increasing gastrointestinal activity. Cholinergic drugs act on cholinergic receptors and mimic the effects of acetylcholine by either directly activating receptors or inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Direct acting drugs have peripheral effects while indirect acting drugs can cross the blood brain barrier. Side effects result from overstimulation and include things like bradycardia and increased secretions. Treatment for exposure to irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors includes decontamination, atropine to block muscarinic effects, and pralid
This document discusses various routes of drug administration including enteral (oral, sublingual) and parenteral (intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous) routes. It describes advantages and disadvantages of each route such as absorption rate, avoidance of first-pass metabolism, control over dosing, and risk of infection. The major routes covered are oral, sublingual, intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous administration.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration in animals. There are two main classes of routes: enteral and parenteral. Enteral routes involve placing drugs directly into the gastrointestinal tract, such as orally, sublingually, or rectally. Parenteral routes bypass the gastrointestinal tract, including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, and other extravascular routes like inhalation and topical application. The optimal route depends on factors like the drug's properties, desired effects, and patient condition.
The document discusses various routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, and topical routes. The oral route is the most commonly used as it is convenient, allows self-administration, and is inexpensive. However, it has disadvantages like first-pass metabolism and variable absorption. Parenteral routes like intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous allow direct entry of drugs into systemic circulation but require more technical skill. Topical routes provide local drug effects without systemic absorption. The choice of route depends on the drug properties and patient condition.
This document discusses the parenteral route of drug administration. Parenteral administration means delivering drugs through any route other than the digestive tract, such as intramuscular, intravenous, or subcutaneous injection. The primary routes are intramuscular, intravenous, and subcutaneous injection. Intravenous administration is the fastest way to deliver drugs throughout the body via the circulation. Other intraarterial routes include intracardiac, intraspinal, intracerebral, intraocular, and intra-abdominal injection. Parenteral administration provides immediate effects but requires trained personnel, is more expensive than other routes, and causes some inevitable pain.
1. There are several routes of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, local, and topical routes. The choice of route depends on factors like the drug properties, site of action, rate of absorption, and patient condition.
2. Enteral routes include oral, rectal, buccal, and sublingual administration. Parenteral routes involve direct delivery into the systemic circulation via injections like intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous. Local routes target specific sites and topical routes apply drugs to external surfaces.
3. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to factors like absorption, onset of action, safety, patient acceptability, and cost. The optimal route maximizes drug delivery while avoiding
Individuals can vary significantly in their response to drugs due to differences in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors. Variations exist between patients and also within the same patient over time. Several categories influence drug action, including individual differences in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs; variations in receptor numbers and proteins; and differences in physiological and pathological states. Factors such as age, sex, genetics, concurrent diseases or medications, and route of administration can impact drug action either quantitatively by altering concentrations or qualitatively by changing the type of response. Environmental conditions and psychological aspects also modify a drug's effects.
The document discusses the various routes of drug administration including oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal, parenteral, injection, inhalation, and others. The choice of route depends on factors like the drug properties, the organ or tissue to be treated, absorption rate, patient condition, and accuracy of dose required. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to onset of action, convenience, side effects, and applicability based on the drug and patient.
Pharmacokinetics is the quantitative study of how the body affects a drug after administration through processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Absorption involves a drug entering systemic circulation through various routes and is affected by properties of the drug and biological membranes. Distribution involves a drug passing through body compartments depending on its physicochemical properties. Metabolism chemically alters drugs in the liver to make them more excretable, while excretion removes drugs and metabolites through the kidneys, lungs, bile, intestines, skin, and other routes.
The document discusses bioavailability and bioequivalence. It defines bioavailability as the rate and extent to which an active drug reaches systemic circulation. Bioavailability can be assessed using pharmacokinetic methods like blood analysis and urinary excretion data or pharmacodynamic methods like measuring pharmacological response. Key pharmacokinetic parameters include Cmax, Tmax, and AUC. Bioequivalence means that two products do not show a significant difference in absorption rate or extent. Single-dose bioequivalence studies evaluate products meant for single doses, while multiple-dose studies are needed for special dosage forms and regimens. Two dosage forms are considered bioequivalent if their rates and extents of absorption do not significantly differ.
The document provides an overview of general pharmacology concepts including definitions of pharmacology and drugs. It discusses the objectives of studying pharmacology and defines key terms like receptors, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug sources, nomenclature, dosage forms, and routes of drug administration with a focus on oral, parenteral, and other enteral routes. The document aims to introduce students to the basic concepts and principles of pharmacology.
First-pass metabolism refers to the process where a drug administered orally is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and transported to the liver via the portal vein, where it is metabolized before reaching systemic circulation. As a result, only a small proportion of the active drug reaches the intended target tissue. Notable drugs like morphine, propranolol, and lidocaine experience significant first-pass metabolism through the liver. Administering drugs via routes other than oral can bypass first-pass metabolism and increase bioavailability.
Pharmacokinetics - drug absorption, drug distribution, drug metabolism, drug ...http://neigrihms.gov.in/
A power point presentation on general aspects of Pharmacokinetics suitable for undergraduate medical students beginning to study Pharmacology. Also suitable for Post Graduate students of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
This document discusses local routes of drug administration which provide localized drug delivery and minimal systemic absorption. It defines local routes as those used for localized lesions that can attain high drug concentrations at the site without systemic exposure. The document divides local routes into topical (applied to skin/mucous surfaces), deeper tissues (injected via syringe), and arterial supply (injected into supplying artery). It provides examples and advantages of localized treatment but notes risks of irritation and limited pain relief compared to systemic routes.
This document discusses various factors that can modify drug action, including genetic and non-genetic factors. Body size, age, sex, species, race, and genetics can impact drug pharmacokinetics and dosing requirements. Route of administration, environmental factors, psychological states, concurrent diseases, and drug interactions can also influence drug effects both quantitatively and qualitatively. Tolerance can develop with repeated drug use due to changes in disposition or receptor sensitivity. These modifying factors are important to consider for safe and effective use of medications.
The document discusses drug absorption and the factors that influence it. It begins by defining absorption as the movement of an unchanged drug from the site of administration into systemic circulation. It then describes the various mechanisms of drug absorption, including passive diffusion, active transport, facilitated diffusion, pore transport, ion pair formation, and endocytosis. It discusses important physiological factors like drug solubility, permeability, and stability, as well as formulation factors such as dosage form, particle size, and polymorphism that can impact a drug's rate and extent of absorption. In summary, drug absorption is a complex process dependent on the drug's properties and formulation characteristics as well as physiological conditions in the gastrointestinal tract.
Drugs are obtained from six major sources: plant sources, animal sources, mineral/earth sources, microbiological sources, semi-synthetic sources, and recombinant DNA technology. Plant sources provide many older drugs and include poppy flowers, tobacco leaves, and ipecacuanha roots. Animal sources such as sheep thyroid and cod liver are used. Mineral sources include metals like iron and non-metals like iodine. Microbiological sources provide antibiotics from fungi and bacteria. Semi-synthetic drugs are modified from natural sources, while synthetic drugs have altered chemical structures. Recombinant DNA technology produces drugs by inserting genes into bacterial cultures.
The document provides a broad classification of various types of drugs. It lists and describes several categories of drugs including analgesics, anesthetics, anthelmintics, antipyretics, antidotes, anti-infectives, anti-inflammatories, anticoagulants, antihistamines, antacids, anticonvulsants, antibiotics, anti-diarrheals, antitussives, anti-asthmatics, androgens, antipruritics, antiphlogistics, antiseptics, antifungals, antispasmodics, antiemetics, antituberculars, antirheumatics, astringents, bronchodil
This document discusses various routes of drug administration including local routes like topical, deeper tissues, and arterial supply which provide localized drug delivery. Enteral routes like oral, buccal/sublingual, and rectal involve drug delivery through the gastrointestinal tract. Parenteral routes like injections that are intradermal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, and intra-arterial deliver drugs systemically. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to factors like onset of action, reliability, patient acceptability and sterility requirements. The choice of route depends on the drug and desired therapeutic effects.
The document discusses the parasympathetic nervous system and cholinergic drugs. It notes that the parasympathetic nervous system works to conserve energy and support restorative functions through actions like decreasing heart rate and increasing gastrointestinal activity. Cholinergic drugs act on cholinergic receptors and mimic the effects of acetylcholine by either directly activating receptors or inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Direct acting drugs have peripheral effects while indirect acting drugs can cross the blood brain barrier. Side effects result from overstimulation and include things like bradycardia and increased secretions. Treatment for exposure to irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors includes decontamination, atropine to block muscarinic effects, and pralid
This document discusses various routes of drug administration including enteral (oral, sublingual) and parenteral (intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous) routes. It describes advantages and disadvantages of each route such as absorption rate, avoidance of first-pass metabolism, control over dosing, and risk of infection. The major routes covered are oral, sublingual, intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous administration.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration in animals. There are two main classes of routes: enteral and parenteral. Enteral routes involve placing drugs directly into the gastrointestinal tract, such as orally, sublingually, or rectally. Parenteral routes bypass the gastrointestinal tract, including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, and other extravascular routes like inhalation and topical application. The optimal route depends on factors like the drug's properties, desired effects, and patient condition.
There are two main classes of drug administration routes: enteral and parenteral. Enteral routes involve placing drugs directly into the gastrointestinal tract, including orally, sublingually, and rectally. Parenteral routes bypass the gastrointestinal tract, such as intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and inhalation. The route chosen affects how quickly the drug acts by determining the rate and extent of drug absorption into systemic circulation.
dosage forms and route of drug administrationAbubakar Fago
The document discusses different dosage forms and routes of drug administration. It describes how drugs are formulated with excipients into various dosage forms for efficacious delivery. The main dosage forms covered are solid forms like powders, granules, tablets, capsules; semi-solid forms like ointments, creams; and liquid forms like syrups, suspensions, emulsions. Each dosage form has unique characteristics depending on factors like physical appearance, how it is administered, and frequency of dosing. Common routes of administration include oral, topical, and injectable forms.
This document discusses the various routes of drug administration including local and systemic routes. Local routes deliver drugs directly to a specific site without exposing the rest of the body and include topical, deeper tissue, and arterial supply routes. Systemic routes administer drugs via oral, sublingual, rectal, inhalation, nasal, cutaneous, and parenteral (subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intramuscular) delivery to circulate through the bloodstream. Each route has advantages and disadvantages depending on the drug properties and therapeutic objectives.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, inhalational, and topical routes. It provides details on the merits and demerits of each route. It notes that the oral route is the most common and convenient but has limitations like unpredictable absorption. Parenteral routes allow rapid absorption but require more skill. Other routes like topical, inhalational, rectal, sublingual are suitable for specific drugs and clinical situations. It concludes with typical onset of action times for different administration routes.
Absorption of drugs by non-oral routesbhavya mitta
This document summarizes different routes of drug administration. It discusses enteral routes like oral, buccal/sublingual, and rectal. It also discusses parenteral routes like intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intra-arterial, intrathecal, and intraperitoneal. Topical routes like transdermal, inhalation, intranasal, intraocular, and intravaginal are also compared. Advantages and disadvantages of each route are provided. Absorption mechanisms, examples of drugs administered via each route, and factors affecting absorption are described for concise understanding of various administration methods.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, and topical. The main enteral routes are oral, rectal, buccal, and sublingual. Oral administration has advantages like convenience and low cost but also disadvantages like first-pass metabolism and irritation. Parenteral routes like intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous bypass the gastrointestinal tract. Topical routes apply drugs directly to surfaces like the skin or mucous membranes. The optimal route depends on drug properties, desired effects, and patient condition.
Absorption of drug from non per oral routeBiocon ltd
The document discusses various routes of drug administration other than oral administration. It addresses 12 different routes including buccal/sublingual, topical, intramuscular, subcutaneous, rectal, pulmonary, intranasal, intraocular, vaginal, and intravenous. For each route, it outlines key factors that influence drug absorption such as vascularity of the administration site, drug lipophilicity, and epithelial barriers. It also provides examples of drugs administered via different routes.
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Aushadha sewan marga ( routes of drug administrationnehajambla
The document discusses the various routes of drug administration according to Ayurveda and modern medicine. It outlines 10 main routes in Ayurveda - basti, nasya, dhumpaan, gandoosh, kawal, pratisarana, aalep, shir abhayanga, shirovasti, and rakht nirharana. It also discusses 7 types of netra marga (eye treatments). For modern medicine, it lists the main parenteral and other routes including oral, sublingual, rectal, pulmonary, nasal, cutaneous, ocular, and vaginal. The document emphasizes that physicians must be aware of all routes to properly administer drugs based
This document discusses the use of midazolam for conscious sedation in emergency department procedures. It outlines midazolam's pharmacology, indications, administration techniques, monitoring equipment, and interactions. The key points are that midazolam provides rapid onset sedation and amnesia, has a short duration of action, and can be reversed with flumazenil. Proper administration via titration and monitoring are emphasized to safely sedate patients in the emergency department.
Fundamental of Nursing 6. : Medication AdministrationParya J. Ahmad
This document defines medication administration and describes the five rights and various routes of drug administration. It discusses the oral, inhalation, topical, rectal, and parenteral routes. The oral route is the most common, involving drugs given by mouth such as capsules and tablets. Other routes include inhalation for gases or aerosols, topical for direct skin or membrane application, rectal as suppositories, and parenteral as injections via various methods into tissues or veins. The document provides advantages and disadvantages of each administration route.
This document discusses routes of drug administration. It defines routes of administration and lists factors that govern the choice of route, such as the physical and chemical properties of the drug, the site of desired action, and the condition of the patient. The main routes discussed are oral, parenteral (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous), rectal, inhalation, and topical. It provides details on each route including advantages, disadvantages, examples of drugs administered via that route, and approximate time until effect. The goal is to introduce the different ways drugs can be delivered to the body.
Routes of drug administration include oral, sublingual, buccal, topical, transdermal, ocular, nasal, otic, rectal, vaginal, urethral, intrarespiratory, and parenteral. Oral administration is the most common due to ease but has disadvantages like first-pass metabolism. Sublingual and buccal routes have rapid onset but are not suitable for long-term delivery. Topical administration is excellent for local effects while transdermal provides steady systemic levels but through small absorption. Other non-oral routes are primarily for local treatment effects in specific areas. Parenteral administration via injection has the fastest systemic delivery but also the most risks.
This document discusses the relationship between nutrition and dental caries and periodontal diseases. It covers how carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients can impact the development of dental caries and periodontal diseases. Carbohydrates like sugars are the main dietary factor that promotes dental caries by feeding cariogenic bacteria, while proteins, fats, calcium, phosphate, and fluoride can help prevent dental caries. Nutritional deficiencies can also weaken periodontal tissues and impair the body's defenses against periodontal infections. The document provides details on the mechanisms and evidence from studies on how different nutrients influence oral health.
The document discusses various routes of drug administration including topical, oral, parenteral, rectal, and inhalation. Oral administration is the most common route and involves swallowing drugs for systemic effects after absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. However, oral drugs may be subject to first-pass metabolism in the liver which reduces their bioavailability. Parenteral routes like intravenous injection introduce drugs directly into the bloodstream but carry risks of adverse effects. Other non-oral routes like topical, rectal, and inhalation have advantages for specific drugs or patients.
The document discusses the different routes of drug administration and their characteristics. It defines route of administration as the path by which a drug contacts the body. It then classifies and describes the main routes: topical (skin, eye, ear), oral, parenteral (intravascular, intramuscular, subcutaneous), rectal, and inhalation. For each route it outlines the advantages and disadvantages, including factors like speed of onset, bypassing first pass metabolism, patient acceptability and regulatory difficulties. The key point is that the chosen route of administration can profoundly impact how quickly and efficiently a drug takes effect.
This document defines routes of administration and classifies them as topical, oral, parenteral, rectal, and inhalation. It provides details on each route, including advantages and disadvantages. The oral route is intended for systemic effects and has benefits of convenience and variety but can be inefficient due to first-pass metabolism and food interactions. Parenteral routes like intravenous provide precise dosing but risks of embolism. Inhalation provides a rapid onset due to the large lung surface area.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration including topical, oral, parenteral, rectal, and inhalation. It defines each route and provides classifications. For each route, the key advantages and disadvantages are outlined. The oral route is described in more detail including first pass effect, effects of food, potential adverse reactions, and limitations for unconscious patients. The parenteral route includes subcategories like intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, intrathecal, and intraperitoneal administration.
The document discusses routes of drug administration. There are local routes that target specific areas with minimal systemic absorption, including topical, deeper tissues, and arterial supply. Systemic routes distribute drugs through the bloodstream, including enteral routes like oral, sublingual, buccal, and rectal administration. Factors like drug properties, desired effects, absorption rates, and patient condition influence which route is chosen. The oral route is most common but can be impacted by first-pass metabolism and interactions in the GI tract.
Pharmacokinetics refers to how the body acts on drugs through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Drugs must reach therapeutic yet non-toxic levels at target tissues. Too little drug provides no effect while too much causes toxicity. Drugs move through the body via absorption, distribution to tissues, metabolism, and elimination. Drugs can be administered through various routes including oral, intravenous, intramuscular, and others depending on the drug's properties and desired effects. Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion determine a drug's bioavailability and effects.
Pharmacokinetics refers to how the body acts on drugs through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Drugs must reach therapeutic yet non-toxic levels at target tissues to be effective. Too little drug provides no effect while too much causes toxicity. Drugs move through absorption into blood, distribution to tissues, metabolism, and elimination from the body. Drugs are administered through various routes including oral, intravenous, intramuscular, and others depending on the drug's properties and desired effects.
This document discusses pharmacokinetics and the movement of drugs through the body over time. It covers the typical processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination that drugs undergo. It also describes various routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, inhalation and others. Factors that influence drug absorption like pH, blood flow, surface area and contact time are also examined.
Pharmacokinetics refers to how the body acts on drugs through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. The goal of drug therapy is to deliver therapeutic yet non-toxic drug levels to target tissues. Drugs can be administered through enteral routes like oral, sublingual, and rectal, or parenteral routes like intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous. Absorption involves the transfer of drugs from the site of administration to the bloodstream through passive diffusion, active transport, or factors like blood flow and surface area. Distribution describes how drugs enter tissues through blood flow and binding to plasma proteins, with only unbound drugs being pharmacologically active. Metabolism renders drugs more polar and ex
This document discusses pharmacokinetics and the four fundamental pathways of drug movement in the body: absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. It describes various routes of drug administration including enteral routes like oral, sublingual and rectal, and parenteral routes like intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous. For each route, it covers advantages, disadvantages and examples of drugs commonly administered through that route.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration. It begins by defining key terms like pharmacology and first-pass effect. It then identifies the appropriate routes for different drug formulations like ear drops, injections, insulin etc. The various routes covered are oral, sublingual, rectal, parenteral routes like intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous etc. Factors influencing route selection and new advanced drug delivery systems are also discussed. The document is authored by Dr Lokendra Sharma and aims to provide an overview of different routes of drug administration.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration and factors that influence drug absorption. It describes enteral routes like oral, sublingual, and rectal administration as well as parenteral routes like intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and inhalation. For each route, it outlines advantages and disadvantages related to onset of action, bioavailability, and site of drug absorption. It also discusses mechanisms of drug transport, the impact of first-pass metabolism, and formulations like time-release preparations that influence drug absorption rates. The key message is that the optimal route of administration depends on the drug's properties and the desired therapeutic effects.
This document defines dosage forms and discusses various routes of drug administration. It provides details on:
1) The need for dosage forms such as accurate dosing, protection, taste masking, and controlled release.
2) Classification of dosage forms by route of administration (oral, topical, rectal, parenteral), physical form (solid, semisolid, liquid, gaseous) and type.
3) Advantages and disadvantages of different routes including oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal, parenteral, topical and others. Time of onset of effect for different routes is also compared.
This document discusses routes of drug administration and factors that influence drug absorption. It describes both enteral routes, such as oral, sublingual, and rectal administration, as well as parenteral routes like intravenous, intramuscular, and inhalation. Key factors discussed include the rate of drug absorption via different routes, the influence of first-pass metabolism for oral drugs, and considerations for time-release drug preparations. The optimal route of administration depends on the drug's properties and the desired speed and site of action.
Route of drug administration is an important topic in the medical field. doctors, nurses, and other staff members are trained on the various routes of drug administration/ medication. there are routes that do not require any assistance and some that require trained medical personnel.
Routes of drug administrations : Dr Rahul Kunkulol's Power point preparationsRahul Kunkulol
The route of administration affects how quickly and effectively a drug acts. Oral administration is convenient but less efficient than other routes due to first-pass metabolism. Intravenous administration has the fastest onset due to direct delivery to the bloodstream but also higher risk. The optimal route considers the drug's properties, desired effects, and patient condition.
GlucoWatch, a non-invasive glucose monitor that uses reverse iontophoresis to extract glucose through the skin for measurement.
III. Sonophoresis:
Application of ultrasound energy to enhance skin
permeability.
Mechanism involves formation and collapse of
microcavities in the stratum corneum.
IV. Electroporation:
Application of short pulses of high voltage electric
current creates transient pores in the skin.
V. Thermal ablation:
Application of heat (e.g. laser, RF) to create
micropores in the stratum corneum.
VI. Microneedles
Absorption of drugs through non oral routesAzhar iqbal
This document discusses various non-oral routes of drug administration and factors affecting drug absorption through these routes. It describes routes such as buccal/sublingual, rectal, topical, intramuscular, subcutaneous, pulmonary, intranasal, intraocular and vaginal administration. For each route, it provides details on absorption mechanisms, examples of drugs used, advantages and disadvantages. It also compares different routes based on onset of action and absorption mechanism.
The document discusses principles of drug administration, including the different routes of administration. It describes the five rights of drug administration as well as local and systemic routes. The main local routes are topical and infiltration, while the main systemic routes are enteral (oral, sublingual, rectal) and parenteral (intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, etc.). Factors such as drug properties, desired effects, and patient condition influence route selection.
The document discusses the therapeutic uses and application procedures of local heat therapy, including various heating modalities like hot water bottles, heating pads, infrared lamps, and fomentations. It describes the physiological effects of heat in increasing circulation and metabolism, as well as indications and contraindications for different heat therapies. Precautions are outlined to prevent complications like burns during local heat applications.
The document outlines the role of the RN in medication assessment and administration. It discusses collecting a thorough drug history, medical history, and physical exam. The RN is responsible for creating a medication profile, identifying all substances taken by the client, and considering factors like development, allergies, and organ function. Proper assessment involves open-ended questions, vital signs, and a holistic approach. The RN prioritizes nursing diagnoses, sets goals, and follows the eight rights of administration to ensure safety. Monitoring the client and effects of the drugs is also important.
This document discusses three systems of measurement used in dosage calculations: the metric, apothecary, and household systems. It provides details on the basic units of each system for weight, volume, and linear measurement. It also describes how to convert between units within and between these systems using formulas, ratios, and approximate equivalents. Key points covered include calculating pediatric dosages using methods like Clark's rule based on weight and Fried's rule for infants. The document emphasizes the importance of accurate dosage calculations for patient safety.
The document discusses guidelines for proper storage of drugs and medications. Key points include storing drugs in a secure, temperature-controlled area under appropriate conditions to prevent deterioration. Medications should be arranged systematically for easy identification and access. Proper documentation and inventory management procedures like first expiration first out are important to ensure drug quality and safety.
Drug administration is an important but dangerous duty for medical assistants. They must understand pharmacology principles, fundamentals of administration including various routes, dosage calculations, and the seven rights of medication administration. When preparing to administer a drug, medical assistants must pay close attention to dose, route, form and follow rules like preparing in a well-lit area, properly identifying the patient, having the physician in office, observing the patient after, and documenting properly. Special considerations must be made for pediatric, pregnant, breastfeeding and elderly patients due to alterations in drug metabolism and absorption. Proper documentation of drug administration in the patient's chart is also essential.
Drugs can be classified pharmacologically based on their chemical makeup and characteristics or therapeutically based on their intended effects. Allopathic drugs work by producing effects opposite to the disease symptoms and can be prescription or over-the-counter. Non-prescription drugs are available without a prescription and are used to treat conditions like acne, coughs, hemorrhoids, and more. They include analgesics, antacids, antihistamines, antiseptics, and other drug classes.
A prescription is a written or verbal order from a licensed medical professional for a medication. Prescriptions have been used since ancient times and Latin was adopted as the standard language. Prescriptions must clearly identify the patient and include details like drug name, dose, frequency, and prescriber information. There are different types of prescriptions for different settings like hospitals, general practice, and private use. Proper prescription writing aims to prevent errors by using unambiguous terminology and formats. Common errors in drug administration must be reported to allow for proper management.
This document defines key terms and concepts in pharmacology. It discusses how pharmacology is the study of drug interactions with living systems. The four main processes that determine a drug's effects are absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Factors like genetics, age, and health conditions can influence how individuals respond to drugs. Adverse reactions, drug interactions, and tolerance are important considerations when using medications. Standards and regulations aim to ensure drugs are safe, effective, and produced consistently.
The document discusses various aspects of documentation and reporting in healthcare. It defines documentation as written records of interactions between providers and patients, as well as tests, treatments, and patient education. Documentation serves purposes like accountability, communication, education, reimbursement, and legal standards. There are different types of medical and nursing records that contain things like patient data, assessments, diagnoses, treatments, and progress. Effective documentation is factual, accurate, complete, current, and organized. Common documentation methods include narrative, problem-oriented, focus, and computerized charting. Forms for recording data include kardex, flow sheets, progress notes, and discharge summaries. Reporting involves verbal communication of patient status and can occur during shift reports or interdisciplinary rounds
The document discusses documentation and reporting in healthcare. It defines documentation as a permanent record of client information and care. Documentation serves several purposes such as communication between providers, legal documentation, research, and education. The document outlines various methods of documentation including narrative charting, problem-oriented charting, and computerized documentation. It also discusses different types of records like the kardex, flow sheets, and discharge summary used for recording client data. Verbal reporting is also an important communication technique in healthcare.
The document discusses proper bed making techniques. It provides instructions on preparing beds for patients by selecting the appropriate linens and arranging them in a way that ensures patient comfort and safety. Infection control measures like hand hygiene and avoiding cross-contamination of linens are emphasized. The goal is to provide a clean, tidy bed that meets patients' medical needs.
The document discusses various ways to promote patient comfort and ease discomfort. It defines comfort and discomfort and lists potential causes of discomfort like pain, improper bedding, and environmental factors. It then outlines different nursing problems that may arise and the need to address emergencies immediately. Finally, it describes various mechanical devices that can be used, such as pillows, back rests, and air mattresses to support patients and relieve discomfort. The goal is to identify issues and provide simple interventions to improve comfort.
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2. Oral Medications (p.o.)
• Pills Must Dissolve/Breakdown
• Syrups/Suspensions are more rapid onset
• Most Absorbed in Small Intestine
• compressed tablet
– must be “scored” to divide
3. Sustained Release Oral
• Do Not Break
• Enteric Coated
• Beads or Granules
• Matrix i.e. Slow K
• Repeat action i.e.
Chlor-Trimetron
• Osmotic Pump i.e.
Acutrim
4. Sublingual / Buccal
• Rapid absorption and response
• Highly vascular areas
• Avoids “First Liver Bypass”
5.
6. Rectal
• Advantages
– nausea, NPO, difficulty swallowing
– avoids first liver bypass
• Disadvantages
– Maybe erratic absorption
– May cause irritation
7.
8. Definition:
A route of administration is
the path by which a drug,
fluid, poison or other
substance is brought into
contact with the body.
9. Routes of Drug Administration
The route of administration (ROA) that
is chosen may have a profound effect
upon the speed and efficiency with
which the drug acts
Important
Info
10. • The possible routes of drug entry into
the body may be divided into two
classes:
–Enteral
–Parenteral
11. Classification
Routes of administration can broadly be divided into:
• Topical: Drugs are applied topically to the skin or mucous
membranes, mainly for local action.
• Oral: used for systemic (non-local) effect, substance is given via
the digestive tract.
• Parenteral: A drug administered parenterally is one injected via
a hollow needle into the body at various sites and to varying
depth.
• Rectal: Drugs given through the rectum by suppositories or
enema.
• Inhalation: The lungs provide an excellent surface for
absorption when the drug is delivered in gaseous, aerosol or
ultrafine solid particle form.
13. Enteral Routes
• Enteral - drug placed directly in the GI tract:
–sublingual - placed under the
tongue
–oral - swallowing (p.o., per os)
–rectum - Absorption through the
rectum
14. 1- Topical route:
I Skin
A-Dermal – cream, ointment (local action)
B- Transdermal- absorption of drug through skin (i.e systemic action)
I. stable blood levels(controlled drug delivery system)
II. No first pass metabolism
III. Drug must be potent or patch becomes too large
II Mucosal membranes
•eye drops (onto the conjunctiva)
• ear drops
• intranasal route (into the nose)
15. 2- Oral route:
- By swallowing.
- It is intended for systemic effects resulting
from drug absorption through the various
epithelia and mucosa of the gastrointestinal
tract.
16. Advantages:
1- Convenient - portable, no pain, easy to take.
2- Cheap - no need to sterilize, compact, multi-dose bottles,
automated machines produce tablets in large quantities.
3- Variety - tablets, capsules, suspensions, mixtures .
2 -Oral route (Cont.)
17. Disadvantages:
1- Sometimes inefficient - low solubility drugs may
suffer poor availability e.g. Griseofulvin
2- First-pass effect - drugs absorbed orally are
transported to the general circulation via the liver. Thus
drugs which are extensively metabolized will be
metabolized in the liver during absorption. e.g.
propranolol
2- Oral route (Cont.)
18. First-pass Effect
• The first-pass effect is the term used for the
hepatic metabolism of a pharmacological
agent when it is absorbed from the gut and
delivered to the liver via the portal
circulation. The greater the first-pass effect,
the less the agent will reach the systemic
circulation when the agent is administered
orally
19. First-pass Effect cont.
Magnitude of first pass hepatic effect:
Extraction ratio (ER)
ER = CL liver / Q ; where Q is hepatic
blood flow (usually about 90 L per hour.
Systemic drug bioavailability (F) may be
determined from the extent of absorption
(f) and the extraction ratio (ER):
F = f x (1 -ER)
21. - The first pass effect is the term used for the
hepatic metabolism of a pharmacological
agent when it is absorbed from the gut and
delivered to the liver via the portal circulation.
- The greater the first pass effect, the lower
the bioavailability of the drug(the rate and
extent of the drug reaching systemic
circulation).
First pass effect (Cont.):
22. 3- Food - Food and G-I motility can affect drug absorption.
Often patient instructions include a direction to take with
food or take on an empty stomach.
- Absorption is slower with food(milk and milk products) for
tetracyclines and penicillins, etc. However, for
propranolol bioavailability is higher after food, and for
griseofulvin absorption is higher after a fatty meal.
2-Oral route (Cont.):
23. 4- Sometimes may have adverse reactions –
e.g. Antibiotics may kill normal gut flora and
allow overgrowth of fungal varieties. Thus,
antifungal agent may be included with an
antibiotic.
5- Not suitable for unconscious patient -
Patient must be able to swallow solid
dosage forms. Liquids may be given by tube.
2- Oral route (Cont.)
24. 6- May cause irritation to gastric mucosa,
nausea and vomiting.
7- Effect too slow for emergencies.
2-Oral route (Cont.)
25. Oral
• Advantages
– Convenient - can be self- administered, pain
free, easy to take
– Absorption - takes place along the whole
length of the GI tract
– Cheap - compared to most other parenteral
routes
26. Oral
• Disadvantages
– Sometimes inefficient - only part of the drug may
be absorbed
– First-pass effect - drugs absorbed orally are initially
transported to the liver via the portal vein
– irritation to gastric mucosa - nausea and vomiting
27. Oral
• Disadvantages cont.
– destruction of drugs by gastric acid and digestive
juices
– effect too slow for emergencies
– unpleasant taste of some drugs
– unable to use in unconscious patient
28. 3- Buccal/Sublingual route:
• Some drugs are taken as smaller tablets which are held in
the mouth (buccal tablet) or under the tongue
(sublingual tablet).
• Buccal tablets are often harder tablets [4 hour
disintegration time], designed to dissolve slowly.
• E.g Nitroglycerin, as a softer sublingual tablet [2 min
disintegration time], may be used for the rapid relief of
angina.
29. Advantages
1- Avoid hepatic first pass - The liver is by-passed thus there is
no loss of drug by first pass effect for buccal administration.
Bioavailability is higher.
2- Rapid absorption - Because of the good blood supply to the
area, absorption is usually quite rapid.
3- Drug stability - pH in mouth relatively neutral (gf. stomach -
acidic). Thus a drug may be more stable.
3- Buccal/Sublingual route (Cont.)
30. Disadvantages
1- Holding the dose in the mouth is
inconvenient.
2- Small doses only can be accommodated
easily.
3- Buccal/Sublingual route (Cont.)
31. Sublingual/Buccal
Some drugs are taken as smaller tablets which
are held in the mouth or under the tongue.
• Advantages
– rapid absorption
– drug stability
– avoid first-pass effect
34. A- Intravascular (IV, IA):
- placing a drug directly into blood stream.
-May be - Intravenous (into a vein) or - intraarterial (into an artery).
Advantages
1- precise, accurate and immediate onset of action, 100% bioavailability.
Disadvantages
1- risk of embolism.
2- high concentrations attained rapidly leading to greater risk of adverse
effects.
4- Parenteral route (Cont.)
35. 4- Parenteral route (Cont)
B-Intramuscular :(into the skeletal muscle).
Advantages
1- suitable for injection of drug in aqueous solution (rapid action)
and drug in suspension or emulsion (sustained release).
Disadvantages
1- Pain at injection sites for certain drugs.
36. C- Subcutaneous (under the skin), e.g. insulin.
D- Intradermal, (into the skin itself) is used for skin testing some
allergens.
E- Intrathecal (into the spinal canal) is most commonly used for spinal
anesthesia .
F- Intraperitoneal, (infusion or injection into the peritoneum) e.g.
peritoneal dialysis in case of renal insuffeciency.
4- Parenteral route (Cont)
37. 5-Rectal route:
Most commonly by suppository or enema.
Advantages
1- By-pass liver - Some of the veins draining the rectum lead directly to the
general circulation, thus by-passing the liver. Reduced first-pass effect.
2- Useful - This route may be most useful for patients unable to take drugs
orally (unconscious patients) or with younger children.
- if patient is nauseous or vomiting
39. 6- Inhalation route:
- Used for gaseous and volatile agents and aerosols.
- solids and liquids are excluded if larger than 20 micron. the particles
impact in the mouth and throat. Smaller than 0.5 micron , they aren't
retained.
Advantages
A- Large surface area
B- thin membranes separate alveoli from circulation
C- high blood flow
- As result of that a rapid onset of action due to rapid access
to circulation.
40. Disadvantages
1- Most addictive route of administration because it hits the
brain so quickly.
2- Difficulties in regulating the exact amount of dosage.
3- Sometimes patient having difficulties in giving themselves a
drug by inhaler.
6- Inhalation route (Cont.)
41. 1. unconscious patients and children
2. if patient is nauseous or vomiting
3. easy to terminate exposure
4. absorption may be variable
5. good for drugs affecting the bowel such
as laxatives
6. irritating drugs contraindicated
Rectal
42. Parenteral Routes
– Intravascular (IV, IA)- placing a drug directly into
the blood stream
– Intramuscular (IM) - drug injected into skeletal
muscle
– Subcutaneous - Absorption of drugs from the
subcutaneous tissues
– Inhalation - Absorption through the lungs
43.
44.
45. Intravascular
Absorption phase is bypassed
(100% bioavailability)
1.precise, accurate and almost immediate onset of
action,
2. large quantities can be given, fairly pain free
3. greater risk of adverse effects
a. high concentration attained rapidly
b. risk of embolism
c. OOPS factor or !@#$%
46. Intramuscular
1. very rapid absorption of drugs in aqueous
solution
2.repository and slow release preparations
3.pain at injection sites for certain drugs
47. Subcutaneous
1. slow and constant absorption
2. absorption is limited by blood flow,
affected if circulatory problems exist
3. concurrent administration of
vasoconstrictor will slow absorption
48. 1.gaseous and volatile agents and aerosols
2.rapid onset of action due to rapid access to
circulation
a.large surface area
b.thin membranes separates alveoli from
circulation
c.high blood flow
Particles larger than 20 micron and the particles impact
in the mouth and throat. Smaller than 0.5 micron and
they aren't retained.
Inhalation
49. Inhalation cont.
• Respiratory system. Except for IN, risk hypoxia.
• Intranasal (snorting) Snuff, cocaine may be partly oral via post-
nasal dripping. Fairly fast to brain, local damage to septum.
Some of the volatile gases also appear to cross nasal membranes.
• Smoke (Solids in air suspension, vapors) absorbed across lung
alveoli: Nicotine, opium, THC, freebase and crack cocaine,
crystal meth.Particles or vapors dissolve in lung fluids, then
diffuse. Longer action than volatile gases. Tissue damage from
particles, tars, CO.
• Volatile gases: Some anaesthetics (nitrous oxide, ether) [precise
control], petroleum distillates. Diffusion and exhalation
(alcohol).
• Lung-based transfer may get drug to brain in as little as five
seconds.
50. Topical
•Mucosal membranes (eye drops, antiseptic,
sunscreen, callous removal, nasal, etc.)
•Skin
a. Dermal - rubbing in of oil or ointment
(local action)
b. Transdermal - absorption of drug through
skin (systemic action)
i. stable blood levels
ii. no first pass metabolism
iii. drug must be potent or patch
becomes to large
52. Time-release preparations
• Oral - controlled-release, timed-release,
sustained-release
– designed to produce slow,uniform absorption
for 8 hours or longer
– better compliance, maintain effect over night,
eliminate extreme peaks and troughs
53. Time-release preparations
• Depot or reservoir preparations -
parental administration (except IV), may
be prolonged by using insoluble salts or
suspensions in non-aqueous vehicles.
54. The ROA is determined by the
physical characteristics of the
drug, the speed which the drug is
absorbed and/ or released, as well
as the need to bypass hepatic
metabolism and achieve high
conc. at particular sites
Important
Info
55. No single method of drug
administration is ideal for all
drugs in all circumstances
56. Oral Drugs
• Oral medications should be poured and
measured at eye level to ensure accuracy.
57. Parenteral Drugs
• Although the physician will determine the
dose and route of a parenteral drug, the
nurse is responsible for choosing the correct
gauge and length of the needle to be used.
58. Equipment to Administer Parenteral
Drugs
• Syringes (three basic parts: the hub, the
barrel, the plunger).
• Needles (three basic parts: the hub, the
cannula, or shaft, and the bevel).
• Ampules (glass containers of single-dose
drugs).
• Vials (glass, single- or multiple-dose rubber-
capped drug containers).
60. Subcutaneous Injection
• Injections into the subcutaneous tissue,
between the dermis and the muscle.
• Commonly used in the administration of
medications such as insulin and heparin.
61. Intramuscular Injection
• Used to promote rapid drug absorption and
to provide an alternate route when the drug
is irritating the subcutaneous tissue.
62. Intravenous Therapy
• Requires parenteral fluids (hypotonic fluid,
isotonic fluid, hypertonic fluid)
• Special equipment needed:
– Administration set.
– IV pole.
– Filter.
– Regulators to control IV flow rate.
– Established venous route.
63. Blood Transfusion
• To replace blood loss (deficit) with whole
blood or blood components.
• Special equipment needed:
–Administration set.
–IV pole.
–Filter.
–Regulators to control IV flow rate.
–Established venous route.
64. The Importance of Monitoring
• The nurse must always carefully monitor
client reactions to medications and ensure
that clients are appropriately educated as to
the actions, side effects, and
contraindications of all medications they are
receiving.
• Clients receiving IV therapy or blood
transfusions require constant monitoring for
complications.
66. Transdermal
• Absorbed through the skin at a slow, steady
rate
• Method:
– BSI
– Clean administration site
– Apply medication
– Leave medication in place for required time.
Monitor the patient for desirable or adverse
effects.