computer hardware, Internal Hardware Processor (CPU) Motherboard RAM Hard Disk Drive Sound Card Video Card Network Card Power Supply External Hardware Monitor or LCD Keyboard Mouse Printer Scanner USB Drive Internal Hardware Processor (CPU) Motherboard RAM Hard Disk Drive Sound Card Video Card Network Card Power Supply External Hardware Monitor or LCD Keyboard Mouse Printer Scanner USB Drive

1. CHAPTER # 04
Prepare by:M.robeel

2. External and Internal Hardware
 Internal Hardware
1. Processor (CPU)
2. Motherboard
3. RAM
4. Hard Disk Drive
5. Sound Card
6. Video Card
7. Network Card
8. Power Supply
 External Hardware
1. Monitor or LCD
2. Keyboard
3. Mouse
4. Printer
5. Scanner
6. USB Drive
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3. Internal Hardware
 Processor
The processor is responsible for handling all
instructions it received from hardware and
software running on the computer
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4. Processor

5. Motherboard
 Motherboard is also called system board or main
board.it is most important circuit board in
computer.
 it is the communication medium between for the
entire computer system. All Components and
Devices of the computer are connected to the
motherboard.
 The motherboard contains processor ,memory
,expansion slots and etc.
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6. Internal Hardware
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7. RAM:
RAM Stand for Random Access
Memory or direct Access memory
.it is the internal memory of the
CPU for storing data, program,
and program result. It is a
read/write memory which stores
data until the machine is working.
As soon as the machine is
switched off, data is erased. Ram
plays very important role in the
processing speed of a computer.
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8. Hard Disk Drive
The hard disk drive is the
main, and usually largest,
data storage hardware device
in a computer. The operating
system , and most other files
are stored in the hard disk
drive
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9. Sound Card:
• A sound card provides
connections for the
microphone and speaker to
produce sound.
• it input sound through the
microphone and converts it
into a form that can be
processed by the computer.
• It output the sound through
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10. Video Card
 A video card that
translates binary data in to
images to be viewed on the
monitor.
 it is also called display
adaptor, graphic card,
video adaptor.
 Video card also includes
their own RAM called
video Memory.
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11. Network Card
 Network card is a circuit board
that is used to communicate
over a network and access
the internet.it can be
connected with Ethernet
cable or through a wireless
connection.
 Many motherboard have built
in network card
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12. Power Supply
 The power supply is the component of the system
unit that converts the wall outlet AC power into DC
power. Built into the power supply is a fan that keeps
the power supply cool. Some have variable speed
fans that change speed or stop running, depending
on temperature in the system unit.

13. Central Processing
unit (CPU)
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14.  CPU stand for central processing unit. It is the
brain of the computer.it is most important
component of a computer . A computer cannot
work without CPU . All computer must have
central processing unit . CPU is located on the
motherboard. CPU carries out most of the work
of a computer. CPU performs all operation on
data according to the given instruction .it
execute instruction and tell other parts of
computer what to do.
 CPU consist of two main units
CPU

15. Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU)
Performs arithmetic operations
Performs logical operations

16. Arithmetic Operations
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division

17. Logical Operations
 Evaluate Conditions
 Makes Comparisons
 Can Compare
o Numbers
o Letters
o Special Characters

18. Control Unit
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19. Control Unit
 The control unit is the component of the
processor that directs and coordinates most of
the operations in the computer. The control
unit has a role much like a traffic cop: it
interprets each instruction issued by a program
and then initiates the appropriate action to
carry out the instruction.

20. Register
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21. Register
 A register is a small high-speed memory inside
CPU. The CPU contains a number of register .
register are used to store information being
processed. These are temporary storages area for
instructions or data. The temporary results during
processing are also store in registers. Each register
has a predefined function.
 Register size determines how much information it
can store. The size of registers is in bytes. Each
byte can store one character of data. A register can
be of 1,2,4, or 8 bytes. Bigger size of register

22. Machine Cycle

23. Machine Cycle
 For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of
four basic operations, which comprise a machine
cycle
1. Fetching
2. Decoding
3. Executing,
4. Storing

24. Machine Cycle
1. Fetching is the process of obtaining a program
instruction or data item from memory.
2. The term Decoding refers to the process of
translating the instruction into signals the computer
can execute.
3. Executing is the process of carrying out the
commands.
4. Storing, in this context, means writing the result to
memory.

25. Machine Cycle

26. Ports and
Connectors

27. Ports and Connectors
 A port is the point at which a peripheral attaches to
or communicates with a system unit so that the
peripheral can send data to or receive information
from the computer. An external device, such as a
keyboard, monitor, printer, mouse, and microphone,
often attaches by a cable to a port on the system
unit.

29. Ports

30. Bays

31. BAY
After you purchase a desktop or notebook
computer, you may want to install an additional
storage device such as a disk drive in the
system unit. A bay is an opening inside the
system unit in which you can install additional
equipment. A bay is different from a slot on the
motherboard, which is used for the installation of
adapter cards.

32. Drive bay
 A drive bay is a rectangular opening that
typically holds disk drives. Other bays house
card readers and widely used ports such as
USB, FireWire, and audio ports. An external
bay allows a user to access openings in the
bay from outside the system unit . Optical disc
drives are examples of devices installed in
external bays. An internal bay is concealed
entirely within the system unit. Hard disk
drives are installed in internal bays.

33. BAY
Ports

34. Buses

35. Buses
 A computer system consists of different devices.
CPU must be able to communicate with all
devices. The devices are connected together by
a communications channel called bus.
 A bus consists of a set of communication lines to
move a large amount of bits in the form of
electrical pulses from one unit to another.

36. System Bus
 System buses are part of motherboard and
connects the processor to main memory.
Different type of system buses are as follows.
 Data Bus
 Address Bus
 Control Bus

37. Data Bus
 Data bus is used to transfer data between
different components of the computer . for
example it transfer instructions from memory
to CPU for execution.it also transfer data
between memory and the input/output
operation
 The number of lines in data bus affect the
speed of data transfer between different
components . A data bus with more lines can
carry more data.
 A computer with 32-lines data bus can transfer

39. Address Bus
 Address bus is used to connect the CPU with main
memory to identify particular addresses in main
memory. The number of lines in the address bus
determines the amount of memory that can be
directly addressed. A computer with 32-bit address
bus can directly address 4 GB of physical memory.
 The address bus is a unidirectional bus. It can carry
information only in one direction. It carries address
of memory location from CPU to the main memory.
The newer computers are using a 64-bit address
bus .

41. Control Bus
 Control bus is used to transmit different
commands from one component to another
component. For example, if CPU wants to read
data from main memory. It uses control bus to
send the memory read command to the main
memory of the computer.
 It specify the types of operation that is to be
perform.
 Here are some Command
(1)Memory Write (2) i/o Write
(3)i/o Read (4) Memory Read

42. Data communication

43. Data communication
 Data communication is a process of
transferring data electronically form one place
to another. Data can be transfer by using
different media.
 Components of data communication.
• Sender/Transmitter
• Receiver
• Medium
• Message
• Protocol

44. Data Communication
Component

45. Data Transmission Modes
Data is transmitted from one place to another is
called data transmission modes. There are three
types of data transmission modes as
 Simplex mode
 Half duplex mode
 Full duplex mode.

46. Simplex mode
 In simplex mode data can flow in one direction
. It cannot be in both direction. The direction of
flow never change. A device with simplex
mode device can send or receive data.it can
not perform both action

47. Half-duplex mode
 In half-duplex mode, data can flow in both
directions but not in at same time.it is
transmitted one-way at one time. A device with
half-duplex mode can send or receive data but
not at the same time . That is why the speed of
half-duplex mode is slow

48. Full-Duplex Mode
 In full-duplex mode, data can travel in both
directions simultaneously. Full duplex mode is
a faster way of data transmission as
compared to half duplex. Time is not wasted in
changing the direction of data flow.

49. Types of Data
Transmission

50. Data Transmission
 Two type of data transmission
 Asynchronous Transmission
 Synchronous Transmission

51. Asynchronous Transmission
 A type of data transmission in which data is
transmitted character by character is called
asynchronous transmission.
 The data is not continuous and there can be
irregular gap between characters. It is less efficient
and slower than synchronous

52. Synchronous Transmission
 A type of data transmission in which data is
transmitted block by block is called
synchronous transmission.
 Each block may consist of many characters.
 A large amount of information can be
transmitted at a single time with this type of
transmission.

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