This document discusses transgenic plants that can be used to produce vaccines. It defines vaccines and describes how they can be prophylactic or therapeutic. An ideal vaccine should be non-toxic, cause few side effects, not contaminate the environment, and be simple and cheap to administer. Transgenic plants are genetically engineered to express vaccine antigens from bacterial and viral pathogens. Producing vaccines in plants can be less costly than other methods. When expressed in edible parts of plants, vaccines may not require purification and can be orally administered. The document describes the mechanism of mucosal and systemic immune response stimulation from oral vaccination using plant-produced vaccines. It also discusses methods for developing edible vaccines and transforming DNA into plants.

1. Transgenic Plants
Expressing Vaccines
Presented By
Asim Khan
Saad Ahmed
Muhammad Faizan
Muhammad Jamshed
Musadiq Zeeshan Nasir

2. What is Vaccine?
• 1. A disease antigen that stimulates the body to produce an
antibody reaction but it is not strong to produce the
disease’s harmful effects.
• 2. A vaccine is a biological preparation that establishes or
improves immunity to a particular disease.

3. Cont..
Vaccines can be
• PROPHYLACTIC
(e.g. to prevent the effects of a future infection by
any natural or "wild" pathogen)
• THERAPEUTIC
(e.g. vaccines against cancer )

4. Ideal Vaccine
• It should not be toxic or pathogenic.
Low levels of side effect.
It should not contaminate the environment.
It should not cause problems in individual.
Technique of vaccination should be simple.
It should be cheap.

5. Transgenic Plants
• Transgenic plants are plants that have been
genetically engineered, a breeding approach that
uses recombinant DNA techniques to create
plants with new characteristics.
• They are identified as a class of genetically
modified organism (GMO)

6. Transgenic Plant Vaccines
• Transgenic plants are used as vaccine production
systems
• The genes encoding antigens of bacterial and
viral pathogens can be expressed in plants in a
form in which they retain native immunogenic
properties
• Initially thought to be useful only for preventing
infectious diseases, it has also found application
in prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancer
therapy, etc.

7. Why we need to use Plant Vaccines?
• Less Cost
• Plant systems do not harbor human or animal pathogens
• Vaccines when produced in edible parts
i. May not require purification
ii. Contribute to stability and reduce degradation
iii. Potential to deliver the orally rather than
intramuscularly, providing a simple and easy means of
administration to humans and animals

8. Mechanism Of Action
•The goal of oral vaccination is to stimulate the
mucosal and systemic immunity against pathogen.
• Edible vaccine when taken orally undergoes the
mastication process and the majority of plant cell
degradation occur in the intestine as a result of action
of digestive or bacterial enzyme on edible vaccine .
• Peyer’s patches (PP) are an enriched source of Ig A
producing plasma cells and have the potential to
populate mucosal tissue and serves as mucosal
immune effector site.

9. Cont..
•The breakdown of edible vaccine near PP , consisting of
the 30-40 lymphoid nodules on the outer surface of
intestine and contain follicles.
•These follicles act as the site from which antigen
penetrates the intestinal epithelium ,thereby
accumulating antigen within organized lymphoid structure
• The antigen then comes in contact with M-cell .
• M cell passes the antigen to macrophages and B cell.
• These B cell activates the T cell to provide immune
response .
• In this way the immunity is activated by the edible
vaccine.

12. Developing an Edible Vaccine
• Two ways ……
• In one case , the entire structural gene is inserted
into plant transformation vector between 5‟ and 3‟
regulatory element ; this will allow the
transcription and accumulation of encoding
sequence in the plant.
• In the second case , epitope within the antigen are
identified ,DNA fragment encoding these can be
used to construct gene by fusion with a coat protein
gene from plant virus e.g. TMV or CMV

14. Method of transformation of
DNA/gene into Plant
• 1. Plasmid vector carrier system :
Agrobacterium tumefaciens method.
• 2. Micro projectile bombardment method.
• 3. Electroporation method.

18. ..Thank You..