Vaccine drug delivery system, single shot vaccine

1. Vaccine Drug Delivery System

2. Content
• Introduction
• What are vaccine?
• History of vaccine
• Types of vaccine & How vaccine works.
• Ideal properties of vaccine
• Uptake of antigen
• Single shot vaccine
• Mucosal delivery of vaccine
• Transdermal delivery of vaccine

3. Previous year questions
1. Classify vaccine, write a note on single shot vaccine (Dec
2020).
2. Write a note on single shot vaccine (Dec 2017).
3. Describe the importance of uptake of antigen and transdermal
vaccine (June 2019).
4. Explain transdermal delivery of vaccine. (Jan 2020)
5. Discuss the approaches for transdermal delivery of
vaccine.(March 2021)
6. Write a note on mucosal delivery of vaccine.(Jul 2021 ,Nov,
2021and Nov 2022)

4. Introduction
 The concept of vaccine delivery include a range of device
and physical delivery system that are designed to allow
Immunization using non invasive route and to achieve
different routes of vaccine administration
 Vaccine are administered in liquid form either by oral route, parenteral
route or by intranasal routes.
 Example : polio, Hepatitis –A etc.
 Vaccine reduce risk of getting a disease by working with our body
natural defences to build protection.
 A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease causing
microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the
microbe.
 Vaccine are generally considered to be the most effective method of
preventing infectious diseases.

5. What are vaccines……???
 Vaccines are the biological preparation that improves immunity to a
particular disease
 A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease
causing microorganisms and is often made from weakened or killed
forms of the microbe, it’s toxin or one of it’s surface proteins. A
vaccines contain agent resemble disease.
 The agent that stimulates the body’s immune system to recognize
foreign agent, destroy it, and keep a record of it, so that the immune
system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these
microorganisms that it later encounter.
 Vaccines can be prophylactic ( to prevent or ameliorate that effect of
a future infection by any natural or wild pathogen )or
therapeutic(vaccine against cancer).

6. Types of vaccine
 Vaccine are the dead or inactivated microorganism or purified product derived
from them.
1. Traditional vaccine
2. Innovative vaccine
Traditional vaccine
Killed – some vaccine contain killed, but previously virulents microorganism that
have been destroyed with chemicals, heat, radioactivity or antibiotics.
Ex - are influenza, cholera, polio, hepatitis A and rabies
Live, attenuated – some vaccine contain live attenuated microorganisms, many of
there are active virus that have been cultivated under condition that disable their
virulent property or that are closely related but less dangerous organism to produce
a broad immune response.
Ex - yellow fever and mumps

7. • Toxoid- toxoid vaccine are made from inactivated toxic
compound that cause illness rather than the microorganism.
Example are Tetanus and Diphtheria.
• Subunit- protein subunit rather than introducing an
inactivated or attenuated microorganism to an immune
system (which would constitute a whole agent vaccine) a
fragment of it can create an immune response.

8. Innovative vaccine
 Conjugate vaccine - certain bacteria have polysaccharides outer
coats that are poorly immunogenic by linking these outer coats
to protein (Ex, toxin ) the immune system can be led to
recognize the polysaccharide as if were a protein antigen.
 Recombinant vector vaccine – by combining the physiology of
one microorganisms the DNA of the other immunity can be
created again disease that have complex inflection process.
 T-cell receptor peptide vaccine – They show the modulation of
cytokine production and improve cell mediated immunity and
are under development.
 Heterotypic – vaccine that are pathogen of other animals that
either do not cause disease or cause mild disease in the
organism being treated.

9. Advantages
 Virosomes technology is approved by the FDA for use in
human and has a high safety profile.
 Virosomes are biodegradable, biocompatible and non toxic.
 No disease transmission risk.
 Enable drug delivery into the cytoplasm of Target cell.
 Protect drug against degradation.
 Promotes fusion activity in the endolysosomal pathway.

10. Disadvantages
 Shelf life too short.
 Scale up related problems.
 Poor quality of raw material.
 Absence of any data on safety of these carrier system
on chronic use.
 Pay – load is too slow.

11. Ideal properties of vaccine
 Should provide long lasting immunity.
 Should induce both humoral and cellular immunity.
 Should not induce autoimmunity and hypersensitivity.
 Should be inexpensive to produce, Easy to store and
administer.
 It should be economically cheap.
 It should be stable under various conditions (temperature,Light,
Transportation)

13. Uptake of antigen
 Antigen generated by two different antigen processing activate
different effector functions
1. Exogenous Antigen
2. Endogenous Antigen

20. Delivery System Used To Promote Uptake
 Absorption enhancer system
 Lipid carrier system
 Oral immunization
 DNA and RNA vaccine
 Peptide based vaccine
 Control released micro particle
for vaccine development
 Single dose vaccine

21. Single shot vaccine
 Introduction – in traditional system to prevent any disease by
vaccination multiple injection are given to provide patient
protection.
 Traditional system is costly and inconvenient regimen.
 Due to this need to develop single shot vaccine.
 Single shot vaccine are given to prevent 4 to 6 disease in
one injection.
Definition - Single shot vaccine is a combination product of a
prime component antigen with an microsphere component and
appropriate Adjuvant and encapsulated antigen which will
provide the booster immunization by delayed release of the
antigen.

23. Advantages of single shot vaccine
 Economic
 With one injection 4 to 6 infection can be prevented.
 Patient compliance is improved because ,they would replace the
need for a prime boost regimen, consequently eliminating the
repeat visits to the doctor for Mother and their children.
Disadvantages of single shot vaccine
 The primary risk associated with vaccines, especially
vaccines that utilize live organisms, so that the vaccine itself
cause illness.
 The vaccine may behave as a super antigen and over
stimulate the Immune system.
 Some are not as effective as multi dose vaccine, because
infection can occurs due to microorganism.

24. Factor affecting antigen release
 Polymers nature
 Crystallinity
 Method of preparation
 Molecular weight of drug
 Carrier size and morphology
Adverse effect
• Fever
• Pain around injection site
• Muscle aches

25. Vaccine adjuvant
 Adjuvant are the substance. added to the vaccine to help work
better. Adding an adjuvant trigger the immune system to become
more sensitive to the vaccine.
 Examples are Aluminum salt and mono Phospholipid, MF59.
Types of adjuvant
• Gel type :- Aluminium hydroxide, calcium phosphate .
• Oil emulsion and emulsifier based, particulate based type -
Liposomes, biodegradable microsphere.
Needs of adjuvant
• To increase the therapeutic efficiency.
• It can improve the performance of vaccine by targeting
the Antigen to APC.
• They form depot of the antigen at the site of inoculation
with slow release of antigen

26. Biodegradable polymers
 Biodegradable polymers are defined as polymer comprised of
monomer linked to one another through functional group and
have unstable link in the backbone.
 Such polymers are broken down into biologically acceptable
molecules that are metabolized and removed from the body via
normal metabolic pathway.
Types of biodegradable polymers
 Natural biodegradable polymers :- Albumin, collagen, Gelatin
etc.
 Synthetic biodegradable polymers :- Aliphatic poly ester,
pseudo poly amino acid, polyanhydride, polyphosphazene etc.

27. Biodegradable polymers as adjuvant
 Biodegradable polymer such as poly ( Lactide co-glycolic acid)
are most commonly for vaccine delivery.
 This polymer mainly required for controlled release of the drug
from polymer matrix.
 They target appropriate cell type to generate optimum
response. These polymers develop formulation that can be used
as non invasive.