2. INDEX
UNIT 2
Element of an article
Past modals
Essy
UNIT 1
Wishes
Verbs ( gerund and infinitives)
Present perfect
Simple past tense and past perfect
UNIT 3
Phrasal verbs
Prefixes and suffixes
Zodiac signs
2
3. UNIT 1
WISHES
I WISH + SUBJECT + VERB IN PAST + COMPLEMENT
Example:
I wish, I had money
She wishes, She traveled around the world
They wish, They won the championship
3
4. GERUNDS
VERB + VERB ING
Words that avoid gerunds:
Keep
Finish
Avoid
Be interested in
Be excited about
EXAMPLE:
I consider practicing soccer.
He avoids eating a cake.
I finish running in first place
5. INFINITIVE
VERB + TO + VERB
Words that avoid infinitives:
Need
Be going to
Plan
Decide
Want
Intent
Would you like
EXAMPLE:
I need to do a homework for tomorrow
I prefer to be a musician
Camilo want to buy a car.
6. PRESENT PERFECT
Use present perfect to talk about events that ocurrent at an on specific
time in the past and continue to the present.
This tense uses ALREADY (affirmative sentences)
YET (negative sentences)
It also uses FOR and SINCE to establish the time
EXAMPLE:
I have already read it.
She has not bought the pizza yet.
They have gone to Australia for ten years.
Carlos has attented english lessons since he was 8 years old.
6
7. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
It is used to express routines and facts
It uses frecuency words (always, usually, sometimes, often, rarely, never)
EXAMPLE:
Maicol goes to school by bus
My mother takes me to school by taxi.
I watch a thriller.
She sometimes plays basketball
7
8. PAST PERFECT AND SIMPLE PAST
8
PAST PERFECT
FIRST ACTION
Subject + had + verb in past participle + complement
EXPRESSIONS:
Before that
By then
Already
SIMPLE PAST
SECOND ACTION
EXPRESSIONS:
Last week
Yesterday
That day
When
EXAMPLE:
She had lived in Sweden before she went to Norway.
After we had eaten the cornflakes, Henry came in.
Before Ken ran to Kerry´s house, he had phoned him
9. 9
UNIT 2
ELEMENTS OF AN ARTICLE
1. Headline
2. By line
3. Lead paragraph: who, what,
where, when,
how, why
4. Body
10. PAST MODALS
Must + have + verb in past participle
Could + have + verb in past participle
Might + have + verb in past participle
10
It serves for:
To speculate
To deduce
To make guesses
11. EXAMPLES
MUST
The bus drivers must
have respected the
bus stops.
The police officers
must have delivered
a better service.
90%
COULD
The directors could
have organized
competitions
between the shools.
The garbage trucks
could have crossed
for all the city.
50%
MIGHT
The people Nueva
Aurora might have
fought to end crime.
The teachers might
have received a best
salary.
30%
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