This document provides a summary of verb tenses and grammar concepts covered in an L3 grammar review, including: 1. A review of simple present, present progressive, present perfect, and past perfect verb tenses including examples and usage. 2. An explanation of when to use the present perfect or present perfect progressive tenses. 3. A discussion of passive voice including its form and the fact that intransitive verbs cannot be used passively. 4. An overview of two patterns for adjective clauses including examples of relative pronouns being the subject or object of the clause. 5. Practice questions for verb tenses and adjective clauses.

1. L3 Grammar
Kitchen Sink Review
Summer 2013

2. Part 1: Verb Tense Review

3. Simple Present
Habits, routines, facts, states or conditions
I drink coffee.
He usually goes home at 5:00 pm.
Sharks live in the ocean.
She has three children. (stative!)
He feels tired right now. (stative!)
Do you think learning English is easy? (stative!)
He doesn’t look like a very nice person. (stative!)

4. Present Progressive
Something that is happening now, is in
progress.
I am still drinking my coffee. I’m not finished.
He is driving home from school.
Sharks are trying to survive despite pollution.
She is having* a good day.
Are you enjoying your time in the U.S.?
He isn’t looking at the car in front of him.

5. Present Perfect
Statements:
Subject + have/has + past participle
Questions:
(Wh) + have/has + subject + past participle

6. Present Perfect
Statements:
Subject + have/has + past participle
I + have + lived here for 6 months.
She + has + bought a car.

7. Present Perfect
Questions:
(Wh) + have/has + subject + past participle
Where have you been in the U.S.?
Who have you met since you moved to Denver?
Have you seen the movie Man of Steel?

8. Present Perfect
Why do we use the present perfect?
(Hint: 3 reasons)

9. Why … present perfect?
1. Actions or states started in the past and
continue up to now. (since / for)
2. Actions that happened at an unspecified
time in the past. (experience)
3. Actions that were repeated in the past
and might be repeated again.

10. Why… present perfect progressive?
Actions that started in past and are in progress
now.
Ex 1: I have been driving since I was sixteen.
Ex 2: He has been sleeping for twenty hours! Is he ill?

11. PP or PPP?
Habitual or long term activities that
continue now use either PP or PPP.
Ex 1: I have been working at the ELC since 2007.
Ex 2: I have worked at the ELC since 2007.

12. PP or PPP?
An activity that is still in progress
without stopping uses the present
perfect progressive with duration words.
Ex: He has been sleeping for twenty hours!
We’ve been walking for a long time. Let’s stop for
a bit.

13. Why…past perfect?
To contrast two events or activities in the past.
To make the order of different past events more
clear.

14. Past Perfect
• Subject + had + past participle
• By his 6th birthday, he had already learned to
ride a bike.

15. Time words with past perfect
After + past perfect clause, simple past clause
Before + simple past clause, past perfect clause
By the time + simple past clause, past perfect
clause
By + year or time phrase

16. ALWAYS use past perfect with by
and by the time.
By 1890, the University of Denver had already
opened.
I had already finished my work by the time he
arrived.

17. Verb Tense Practice
questions taken from Englishpage.com
Adapted by Jessica Montgomerie

18. 1.When I (arrive) ______ home
last night, I discovered that my
husband __________
(prepare) a beautiful
candlelight dinner.

19. 2. Since Mike began acting, he ____
(perform) in two plays, a
television commercial and a TV
drama. However, he ____(speak,
never) publicly before he came to
Hollywood in 1985.

20. 3. Monday the worst day of my life!
By the time I got to the office, an
important meeting ____(begin,
already) without me. My boss
(be) ____furious with me and I
(be) ___ fired.

21. 4. When I ___ (turn) the radio on
yesterday, I ____(hear) a song
that ____ (be) popular when I was
in high school.

22. 5. Last week, I ___(run) into an old
friend of mine. We ______(see,
not) each other for years. I ____
(enjoy) talking to her so much
that I _____(ask) for her new
phone number. We ______(meet)
for dinner next Friday.

23. 6. I ___(visit) so many beautiful
places since I ____(come) to
Colorado. Before moving here, I
____(hear, never) of Pike’s Peak,
Aspen, Sand Dunes, or Red Rocks.

24. The Answers
1. arrived, had prepared
2. Has performed, had never spoken
3. Had already begun, was, was
4. Turned, heard, was
5. Ran, hadn’t seen, enjoyed, asked, will meet
(are going to meet)
6. Have visited, came, had never heard

25. Part 2: Passive Voice

26. Why we use it
The object in the active sentence becomes the
subject in the passive sentence.
The fish ate the man.
The man was eaten by the fish.
We use passive to emphasize the person or thing
that receives the action.

27. Form of the Passive
• Surfers are attacked by sharks.
Be + past participle
Be can be in all verb tense: is, are, am, was, were,
has been, have been, etc.

28. Intransitive Verbs
Intransitive verbs =
a verb that is NOT followed by an object
Active: I slept very well.
Passive:
(NOT POSSIBLE)

29. Part 3: Adjective Clauses

30. Two patterns (for Level 3)
• Pattern 1: The relative pronoun is the subject
of the clause.
• Pattern 2: The relative pronoun is the object
of the verb in the clause.

31. Pattern 1: The relative pronoun is the
subject of the clause.
I thanked the woman. She helped me open the door.
 I thanked the woman who/that helped me open the door.
I want you to hear the song. It always makes me feel better.
 I want you to hear the song that/which always makes me
feel better.

32. Pattern 2: The relative pronoun is the
object of the verb in the clause.
The woman helped me open the door. I thanked her.
The woman that/whom/who/0 I thanked had helped
me open the door.
The bus is usually on time. I take it to campus.
The bus that/which /0 I take to campus is usually on
time.

33. Which sentences are correct?
1. The teachers I had last quarter were very
nice.
2. The teachers that I had last quarter were
very nice.
3. The teachers that I had them last quarter
were very nice.

34. Which sentences are correct?
1. The teachers I had last quarter were very
nice. YES
2. The teachers that I had last quarter were
very nice. YES
3. The teachers that I had them last quarter
were very nice. NO

35. Which sentences are correct?
1. The tree who is in front of my apartment has
large white blossoms.
2. The tree is in front of my apartment has
large white blossoms.
3. The tree which is in front of my apartment
has large white blossoms.

36. Which sentences are correct?
1. The tree who is in front of my apartment has
large white blossoms. NO
2. The tree * is in front of my apartment has
large white blossoms. NO
3. The tree that is in front of my apartment
has large white blossoms. YES

37. Adjective Clause Practice
Subject Pronouns
Object Pronouns

38. #1
The boy was upset.
He lost his toy.

39. ANSWERS #1
The boy who lost his toy was upset.
OR
The boy that lost his toy was upset.
We MUST include the relative pronoun because
it is the subject of the clause.

40. #2
The red sweater is beautiful.
Jessica bought it yesterday.

41. #2
that
The red sweater which Jessica bought yesterday is beautiful.
Ø
Why do we have 3 choices?

42. #3
The doctor was very professional.
The hospital hired him.

43. #3
who
The doctor whom the hospital hired was very
professional.
that
Ø
Why do we have 3 choices?
What happened to the word “him”?

44. #4
My neighbor who/that is a taxi driver is very
good with directions.
We MUST include the relative pronoun because
it is the subject of the clause.

45. #4
My neighbor is very good with directions.
He’s a taxi driver.