An Interactive Map Locator

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KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATIC ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
KNUST MAP LOCATOR
PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE
IN GEOMATIC ENGINEERING.
BY
GYABENG, BERNARD AMPONFI
GHARTEY, EKOW CHARLES
SUPERVISOR:
DR. SAMUEL ATO AKORFUL ANDAM
MAY, 2017

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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work towards the award of Bachelor of Science
and that, to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published by another
person nor material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree of the university,
except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.
GYABENG, BERNARD AMPONFI ------------------------ -----------------------
Student Name Signature Date
GHARTEY, CHARLES EKOW ------------------------ -----------------------
Student Name Signature Date
Certified by:
DR. ATO ANDAM ARKORFUL ------------------------- ----------------------
Supervisor’s Name Signature Date
Certified by:
Dr. ISAAC. DADZIE --------------------------- ------------------------
Head of Department Signature Date

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ABSTRACT
KNUST updated locator map is a digital map that employs computer technology to provide a better
way of representing geographical information and its attributes. It offers a user friendly interface
which encourages the map user to navigate the map in an efficient and effective way without any
stress. The need for the provision of the KNUST campus locator map has been a major concern to
most map users of KNUST because users mostly rely on analogue and outdated map of KNUST
for navigation. With immense usage of mobile phones and computers for accessing digital maps,
there is pressing need to update the existing campus map and develop an online locator map of
KNUST campus to address the pressing problem. The development of the KNUST locator map
was achieved by using ArcGIS software, ArcGIS Online and the Web AppBuilder applications. A
map package was develop using ArcMap with the dataset obtained from data collection. A web
map was developed with ArcGIS Online account after publishing the map package and finally a
Web App was created from the Web Map resulting an optimized locator map application for
Android and Windows Phone devices. Thus, easy locations, geocoded addresses finding and
directions of places on KNUST together with detailed attributes of its structures can be accessed.
Information on easy access to shortest possible route form one place to another can also be made.
It also provides a detailed attribute of all buildings on campus with much emphasis on the names
of the buildings and area within which it’s located. The developed KNUST locator map further
provides information on crime analysis query, which gives users safe routing within the university
campus. The execution of this project has seen to the improvement of an updated digital map of
KNUST campus, which also serves as a campus locator that can be used to derive different themed
products and services readily. Getting access to a secured ArcGIS online account was a major
challenge to the project completion resulting in delay in publishing the final map package. We
recommend to that to keep the application up-to-date information on facilities should be collected
and updated regularly.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We express our heartfelt gratitude to the Highest God for how far He has brought us in this project
thesis. His grace has sustained us and made this project a great reality. To Him be all the Glory.
Our utmost appreciation again goes to our supervisor, Dr. Ato Akorful Andam who scrupulously
took us through the project, correcting, rebuking and editing our project work to see the best result
at the end. We are very grateful to Him. Our profound appreciation also goes to Kayumba Michael
Roger who has been of great help from the onset of this project getting us ArcGIS Online Licensed
account for our publishing work. To our parents for their support, sacrifices and care during our
academic journey on campus. To all lecturers of the Department of Geomatic Engineering, we say
a big “Thank You” for the knowledge imparted unto us within our 4-years academic tenure on
campus. May God bless you all.

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TABLE OF CONTENT
DECLARATION.......................................................................................................................i
ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ....................................................................................................... iii
TABLE OF CONTENT..........................................................................................................iv
LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................vii
LIST OF FIGURES...............................................................................................................vii
1 CHAPTER 1.....................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background Information..........................................................................................1
1.2 Research Motivation .................................................................................................4
1.3 Prior Work.................................................................................................................5
1.4 Problem Statement....................................................................................................6
1.5 Research Aim and Objectives ..................................................................................7
1.5.1 Specific Aim........................................................................................................7
1.5.2 Specific Objectives .............................................................................................8
1.6 Research Questions ...................................................................................................8
1.7 Research Approach...................................................................................................8
1.8 Structure of Project Thesis.....................................................................................10
2 CHAPTER 2...................................................................................................................11
CONCEPTS OF MAPPING WITH GIS.............................................................................11
2.1 Mapping ...................................................................................................................11
2.1.1 Classification of Maps......................................................................................11
2.1.2 Digital Mapping ...............................................................................................12
2.1.3 Types of Maps ..................................................................................................12
2.2 Geographic Information System Concept ............................................................14
2.2.1 Steps in Building a GIS ...................................................................................15
2.2.2 What GIS can do..............................................................................................16
2.2.3 Component of GIS ...........................................................................................16
2.3 GIS Data Input ........................................................................................................17
2.3.1 GIS Data Capture ............................................................................................17
2.3.2 GIS Data Input Types......................................................................................18
2.3.3 Data Sources for GIS.......................................................................................19

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2.4 GIS Software............................................................................................................19
2.4.1 ArcGIS Software..............................................................................................19
2.4.2 ArcGIS system..................................................................................................20
2.4.3 ArcGIS Desktop ...............................................................................................20
2.4.4 Component of ArcGIS Desktop......................................................................20
2.4.5 ArcGIS Online..................................................................................................21
2.4.6 ArcGIS Web AppBuilder................................................................................22
2.5 ArcGIS Spatial Analysis.........................................................................................24
2.5.1 Geocoding .........................................................................................................24
2.5.2 Network Analysis .............................................................................................26
2.5.3 Crime Analysis .................................................................................................26
3 CHAPTER 3...................................................................................................................31
STUDY AREA, RESEARCH MATERIALS AND METHODS.......................................31
3.1 Study Area ...............................................................................................................31
3.2 Materials Used.........................................................................................................32
3.2.1 Software ............................................................................................................32
3.3 Flowchart of Research work ..................................................................................33
3.4 Research Methodology............................................................................................33
3.4.1 Campus Map Updating ...................................................................................34
3.4.1.1 Reconnaissance and data collection ........................................................34
3.4.1.2 Creating Geodatabase for the Campus Digital Map.............................34
3.4.1.3 Digitizing Non-existing facilities..............................................................36
3.4.1.4 Updating attributes for the features .......................................................37
3.4.2 Campus Address System and Geocoding ......................................................38
3.4.2.1 Creating the Address System...................................................................38
3.4.3 Geocoding Address ..........................................................................................41
3.4.4 Route Network Analysis..................................................................................43
3.4.5 Crime Analysis .................................................................................................43
3.4.6 Developing and Publishing Map.....................................................................45
3.4.7 Developing the Web Map Application...........................................................46
3.4.8 Building Web App Application ......................................................................47
3.4.9 Linking Pictures of the Buildings...................................................................48

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4 CHAPTER 4...................................................................................................................50
SYSTEM RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS.........................................................................50
4.1 Getting Started with Web Map..............................................................................50
4.2 WebApp developed .................................................................................................52
5 CHAPTER 5...................................................................................................................55
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................55
5.1 Conclusions ..............................................................................................................55
5.2 Challenges ................................................................................................................55
5.3 Recommendations ...................................................................................................55
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................57
1.

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2.
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Code for various facilities Area ..............................................................................40
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 College of Charleston's Current Interactive Web-based Campus map ............2
Figure 2 University of Oregon Campus App.........................................................................4
Figure 3 Climate Map of Australia .....................................................................................13
Figure 4 An Economic Activity Map for Brazil ..................................................................13
Figure 5 A Physical Map of Ghana ......................................................................................13
Figure 6 A Political map........................................................................................................14
Figure 7 A Road Map of London..........................................................................................14
Figure 8 A Topographical Map ............................................................................................14
Figure 9 Component of GIS by ESRI .................................................................................17
Figure 10 Components of Geographic data.........................................................................19
Figure 11 ArcGIS Online Features ......................................................................................21
Figure 12 Web AppBuilder Interface ..................................................................................23
Figure 13 Web AppBuilder for ArcGIS Components........................................................23
Figure 14 Crime Hotspots of Robbery.................................................................................28
Figure 15 Map of Study Area ...............................................................................................32
Figure 16 Flowchart...............................................................................................................33
Figure 17 Digital Map of KNUST.........................................................................................36
Figure 18 Digitizing polygon Features on Google earth.....................................................37
Figure 19 Updating attribute of buildings...........................................................................38
Figure 20 Updating attribute of Roads................................................................................38
Figure 21 Creating address locator......................................................................................42
Figure 22 Crime data List.....................................................................................................44
Figure 23 Crime hotspot........................................................................................................45
Figure 24 KNUST Online Locator Map .............................................................................45
Figure 25 Building Webapp from Webapp Builder ..........................................................47
Figure 26 Image of Buildings................................................................................................49
Figure 27 Web Map of KNUST ............................................................................................51
Figure 28 WebApp for desktop ............................................................................................52
Figure 29 Web App for Mobile Smartphones with QR code.............................................53
Figure 30 Bar code.................................................................................................................53

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1 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Information
In the past, multiple software tools were required for viewing parcels, buildings, streets, addresses,
sewers, streetlights and other elements found within a geographic space. Up-to-date and reliable
information is vital for managerial purposes to take efficient planning decisions. Nowadays, with
the introduction of GIS (geographic information system), which is the most active technology in
Geographic Science and Earth Science, accessibility to various landmarks are made very easy and
more convenient. A GIS is a tool used to capture, store, analyze, manage, and present spatially
referenced data (Pendleton, 2012). These systems store any kind of information which is related
to a geographical location. These spatial features are stored in a coordinate system which
references a certain place on the surface of the earth (Lautenschläger 2012). Environmental
Systems Research Institute (ESRI) defines GIS as an organized collection of computer hardware,
software, geographic data and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate,
analyze and display geographically referenced information. One of the powerful features of GIS
is the ability to overlay spatial datasets such as infrastructure locations, street widths, building
footprints and tree locations allowing users to visualize and understand the relationships between
data (Al-rawabdeh, Al-ansari, Attya, & Knutsson, 2014). In a term general, GIS is a system of
hardware, software, data, people, organizations and institutional arrangements for collecting,
storing, analyzing and disseminating and presenting spatial and non-spatial information about
areas of the earth (Chrisman 2002). A GIS is basically a computerized information system like any
other database, but with an important difference- data is location related. Thus,- all information
in GIS must be linked to a geographic reference (latitude/longitude, or other spatial coordinates)
(Bolstad 2005). ArcGIS is the most popular program in the GIS application. Nowadays, the,
ArcGIS supports additionally with ArcScene and ArcGloble which can be considered as a type of
virtual reality software (Al-rawabdeh et al., 2014).
The crucial concept of GIS is the separation of spatial or geographic reference information and
attribute or descriptive information of map features for data entry and database development, and
their linkage during analysis (Bolstad, 2005). GIS is a perfect tool for building a database ,which
involve storing data creating maps, querying, editing, contemporizing spatial data and providing a

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network-based spatial analysis for utilities including flow direction and topology creation
(Bingaith, 2010). GIS allows mapping, modelling, querying, analyzing and displaying large
quantities of such diverse data, all held together within a single database. Its power and appeal
stem from its ability to integrate quantities of information about the environment and the wide
repertoire of tools it provides to explore the diverse data (Bolstad, 2005). GIS provides both
attributes and graphics dynamically linked together, thus selecting one you get the other, hence
changing one cause a change to the other.
A university campus is a complex infrastructure. Especially to new students and visitors because
they have a hard time to orientating themselves and finding places. Users of campus facilities do
not have continuous help to get to their destination. They can try to figure out a way to get to their
target on these static maps, but as soon as they start walking in the target direction they have no
help any more. GIS is a perfect tool for pedestrian and transportation planning, where one can
create a map with GIS showing path locations on campus such as pedestrian paths, bicycle routes,
and bus stops and routes. Visualization of a campus map offers telepresence navigation (virtual
visits) in the form of interactive walks through the campuses, fly-through and access and retrieval
of descriptive information about the represented objects, such as campus buildings (Armenakis &
Sohn, 2009). Integration of GIS spatial data with campus organization helps to improve quality,
productivity and asset management (Al-rawabdeh et al., 2014). An Online Campus Map Locator
also known as a Web map locator can simply be referred to as a digital map of a campus optimized
and accessible on a web application device that enables for easy identification of structures on
campus as well as easy routing from one location to another (Martison & Dabillah, 2016).
Figure 1 College of Charleston's Current Interactive Web-based Campus map

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The College of Charleston Campus Map as shown in (Figure 1) was initiated with the objective
to improve the accuracy of the existing static map, and to create an interactive online map for the
campus website (Sataloff et al., 2009). Campus GIS is used for mapping and managing bus routes,
parking lots, keeping track of signs, and managing parking lot allocations at Texas A&M
university by Parking Transit and Traffic services(PTTS) (Bingaith, 2010).
A map is any physical or conceptual depiction of the characteristics that take place on or near the
earth's surface or other celestial bodies (Campbell, 2001). Most kinds of maps, under the confines
of this definition, fall into two classifications :(1) analog or real maps and (2) digital or virtual
maps. Zhalkovsky (1992) defined a digital map as the presentation of map features in digital form,
which allows a computer to maintain, manipulate and display the values of their attributes .Digital
maps, integrated with GIS, is used to implement management functions of a person in finding,
processing and analyzing spatial data in virtually all industries, wherever decisions are taken in the
process of working with spatially distributed data (Katsko, 2009). An analog map is any tangible
map production that has a continuous appearance and may be viewed directly, hence generally
called a hard copy (Campbell, 2001). Digital maps are associated to analog maps. They have
properties that permit them to be transformed into analog maps using GIS. GIS does not store a
map or image, what it stores is a relational database from which maps can be created as and when
needed (Bolstad, 2005). According to the International Cartographic Association, a map is a
representation, normally to scale and on a flat medium, of a selection of material or abstract
features on, or in relation to, the surface of the Earth. GIS uses various layers and information to
evolve campus Virtual map to provide an easy access for students to identify campus features and
their attributes (Bingaith, 2010).
Mobile phones are nowadays far more than merely devices to communicate with, devices like
smartphones become ever more powerful and affordable for a majority of people, and they emerge
out to be products that help to make our work and everyday life easier. Directions on campuses
through digital maps can be optimized as an application accessible on mobile phones for easy
navigation and access to campus environment. The University of Oregon implemented a mapping
application as shown in (Figure 2) , for the university’s students and faculty members. The main
features of the application are browsing maps and routing on campus. Connected to an ArcGIS
server, the application offers users, after defining two places on campus, a route which leads to the

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destination point. Users of this software also have access to a campus tour, which is set up as a
predefined route on the GIS (Lautenschläger, 2012).
Figure 2 University of Oregon Campus App
Based on the above research work executed that we seek to produce an Updated Interactive Web-
based Campus Geocoded Map for KNUST with resulting application enabling users to find paths
to specific locations on campus and offers them the ability to explore the campus environment.
1.2 Research Motivation
With the contemporary development by the Estate and Facilities department of the University,
introducing a constructive and distinct namely of all campus buildings, roads network, bus stops,
streets and other physical facilities found within the vicinity of KNUST campus, there is a great
call for the current campus digital map to be contemporized with the recently new physical
structures built within the campus together with their updated attributes. Most at times users
(students, tourist, staff among others) of campus facilities find it a challenging task locating some
specific destinations on campus, especially nowadays where the names of the various structures,
street and other landmarks have been updated within the University. These group of users are not
abreast with recent changes hence tend to asking directions from other individuals. Therefore, the
call for an updated web-based map for KNUST is very indispensable to address this concern.

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Again with advancement in technology development especially with the invention and usage of
powerful Smartphones and other computer devices, accessing information and directions within
an unfamiliar area is achieved more effectively with digital maps than the old analogue maps.
Developing a Streamlined web-based map for Campus KNUST will enrich finding explicit
locations on campus and offers users the ability to explore the campus environment.
1.3 Prior Work
A comparable work has been done in the past years by various researchers and students across the
globe. The first phase of this project was previously done by Martison and Dabillah, (2016).
A student Class project to Design The College of Charleston Campus Map was initiated with the
objective to improve the accuracy of the existing static map, and to create an interactive online
map for the campus website (Sataloff et al., 2009). To provide a map that highlights the “pride
points” of sustainability on campus, an interactive Campus Sustainability map was developed for
the University of Michigan with the goals of to design a comprehensive map that is both visually
appealing and user friendly, and also to facilitate growth in sustainable awareness and engagement
among a dynamic target audience (Boudrie et al., 2011). Again a Smart campus map project
undertaken in Technical University of Munich, Germany by Nikoohemat, Shayan for web page
application and mobile app which is fitting for indoor navigation system was developed for which
is suitable for routing purposes (Nikoohemat, 2013). At Troy University, a 3-D campus map was
created by using ArcGIS and ArcScene application to generate the 3-D model of the campus which
offers a flexible interactive system while providing one of the best visual interpretation of data
(Ramroop, 2006). A 3D GIS map with all utility information for Al al-Bayt University campus
with the primary objective to improve data management (e.g. maps, plans, usage of facilities and
services) and to develop methods using 3D spatial analysis for specific applications at the
university (Al-rawabdeh et al., 2014). As mobile devices like smartphones become ever more
powerful and affordable for a majority of people, they are starting to access all different parts of
life. A campus navigation application with augmented reality for smartphones developed for the
University of Calgary. The resulting application enables the user finding paths to specific locations
on campus and offers them the convenient ability to reconnoiter the campus environment
(Lautenschläger, 2012).

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Martison and Dabillah (2016) previously took to the first phase of this project and the main aim
was to provide a web map application of KNUST that can be queried for information for easy
accessibility on KNUST campus. Countless limitations, challenges and recommendations were
given by the above authors on accomplishing their project .Information collected on the various
facilities were mostly out of date. The Estate Development Offices must therefore take up the task
in updating all campus inventory (Martison & Dabillah, 2016), The campus locator does not cover
all buildings on campus but rather the major halls of residence, faculty buildings and staff offices
(Martison & Dabillah, 2016) and again Martinson and Dabillah (2016) recommended
emphatically that information on facilities on KNUST campus should be collected and updated
regularly to keep the web application up to date and also furthered research should be conducted
on major limitations of the project and analyzed with measures put in place to revise them.
Hereafter, based on some notable limitations, challenges, reforms and recommendations
summarized in the above projects piloted by various scholars is what we clearly sought to
ameliorate and update in this project.
1.4 Problem Statement
KNUST campus, Kumasi is among the biggest University campuses in the country covering about
7 square miles in area, with various facilities covering the vast land of the university including
academic, residential, and other support buildings. There has been an enormous change within the
University Campus for the past years, including the refurbishment of old facilities, building of new
facilities together with the latest update on the naming of facilities found within the neighborhood
of campus KNUST. The current digital map accessible on the University web-service lack the
current view of the transformation made within the University Campus. Numerous facilities have
been built on the University Campus which is not available on the web service app together with
the attributes relating to these facilities. Again, existing information pertaining to the numerous
landscapes on the map is obsolete and need to be streamlined with the recent changes made by the
Estate and Facilities department of the University. The recent campus locator map does not cover
all buildings on campus but rather the major halls of residence, faculty buildings and staff offices,
hence this project seek to include all recent facilities built on campus. Since the inception of
campus Shuttle system of transport, many users of campus have patronized it effectively giving
them the opportunity to access their destination easier than taking a walking distance. With this

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project, additional route network analysis will be created with the shuttle terminals as the node to
further enhance the shuttle system on campus. Again parking system on campus will be made
easier with update of the carpark terminals on the campus web map to provide campus visitors and
students with transportation and parking information.
Crime has spatial attributes, i.e. location, time and process. In essence, availability and quick
access to timely and up-to-date spatial information about crime-prone areas, to the law
enforcement agencies, will very much contribute to effective policing and security of the entire
campus. Policing methods in KNUST are still manual and un-automated. The old filing system of
record-keeping is still in use. This limits the force from having the technological edge over the
ever increasing technology complexity of the criminals. Crime mapping has long been an integral
part of the process known today as crime analysis. Since Safety is a vital objective in the running
of any educational institution. Hence, this study therefore seeks to explore the capability of GIS in
crime mapping by creating a safety map. The aim is to provide safety information to students,
notifying them about the crime spot on campus, the incidence recorded on crime at various spot
and information on security emergency dial up numbers and checkpoints, to help fight and reduce
crime on campus KNUST.
Therefore, to facilitate users of Campus KNUST to have a less exertion finding explicit locations
on campus and also to offer them the ability to explore the campus environment effectively, safely
and more efficiently, we seek to develop a modernized interactive web-based map with geocoded
address system which covers all the recent facilities on campus, with resulting applications
enabling users to find paths to specific locations on campus as well as giving them information
relating to safety through the safety map.. The use of a geographic information system allows this
map to be updated more efficiently than the previous maps and permitted the future development
of the interactive online map for use on the University web site.
1.5 Research Aim and Objectives
1.5.1 Specific Aim
The main aim of this Project is to develop an updated interactive web-based map with geocoded
address for Campus KNUST, with resulting applications enabling users to find paths to specific
locations on campus.

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1.5.2 Specific Objectives
Attaining the set aim and resolving the aforesaid problem detailed in the thesis, the following
objectives must be fulfilled:
 To update the digital campus KNUST map with its contemporary attributes.
 To create a geocoded addresses system on campus and incorporate it in building an
interactive web based campus map.
 To overlay a crime analysis map on the digital map of Campus KNUST.
 To develop an interactive web-based campus map accessible to all campus users.
1.6 Research Questions
To concentrate on the aforementioned objectives, the following questions are what the research
seek to address;
 How to modernize the extant digital campus KNUST map with its contemporary attributes?
 How to evolve the interactive web-based campus KNUST map?
 How to create a geocoded address system on campus and to incorporate it in building an
interactive campus web map?
 How to analyse crime data on campus KNUST?
 How to generate a location route network analysis for the purpose of navigation as an input
for the web map?
1.7 Research Approach
Accomplishing this task, the outlined research approach adapted is as follows;
To certify that all essential information relating to the project are acquired, a vivid desk study is
conducted through various consultations with the Project Supervisor, GIS expertise and thorough
online research work. With the goal of comings out with an absolute result for the project. A
reconnaissance survey around campus KNUST to acquaint all structures that do not appear on the
extant digital map is executed. To boost accurate organization and also see to the triumph of the
project.
Using ArcGIS Software, there is a prerequisite for the coordinates of the numerous structures
during data capturing stage. Hence coordinates of structures that do not exist on the map were

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further attained on google earth through digitizing and converting it format to shapefiles in ArcGIS
environment. Again updated information relating to all the structures both recent and formal are
captured and stored in a geodatabase.
Creating a geodatabase with all feature classes using all the acquired coordinates and attributes
exported in a GIS environment to evolve the streamlined digital map. Geocoded addresses of the
various structures are created using the new attributes captured in the geodatabase. Upload
captured images unto a cloud storage and associate each picture to its link in the attribute table.
Run a location network analysis on the map to enhance direction-finding on the map. Create an
ArcGIS online account. Obtain the various templates of campus locator from solutions at ArcGIS
Online account. Get access to the templates pertaining to campus locator and Superimpose your
map on a KNUST base map. Create web map application for the map and publish the map online
(web-based map). Share link making it reachable for download on mobile devices.
Thorough researching from the internet for updated related books to get the needed information to
review the thesis. A project report is written giving every details about the project. This will in
addition give the users a fair idea of the entire processes embroiled in the execution of the whole
project.

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1.8 Structure of Project Thesis
The thesis is structured into five chapters. In the first of these, the nature of the problem is laid out
in an introduction that also includes justification or relevance of the research, the main objectives
and envisioned solutions for the problem. Also research approach and structure of the project
report outline in the chapter. This chapter gives the parameters of the research. A brief background
introduces the topic and raise preliminary issues into a practical research topic. This is then
translated into specific research questions and objectives creating a path for the content for the
chapters that follow.
Chapter 2 reviews the interactive web-based campus map. The chapter reviews what a map is
about, types of map and their usage, the significance of maps and how maps are integrated in GIS.
The chapter also gives a review on GIS, data types and sources of data into GIS, data format,
software for GIS and the relevance of GIS and mapping of a campus.
Chapter 3 describes how the research is conducted. Firstly, it gives the profile of the study area
and specifically states the reason for the choice of the area, some geographic facts and its location.
Secondly the diverse methods and the stepwise approach involved in the fulfilment of the project
are explained in this chapter.
Chapter 4 presents the results of the development. It demonstrates the functionalities of the system
by showing how it works.
Chapter 5 concludes the study, it outlines the limitations, challenges and also recommend list of
topics for further research.

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2 CHAPTER 2
CONCEPTS OF MAPPING WITH GIS
2.1 Mapping
Cartography simply means conveying spatial information by means of maps. It is understood to
have developed from making very simple and crude drawings to the present-day sophisticated and
refined map documents (Silayo, 1997). Early maps and map-like drawings were produced on mud
slab, soft clay, rock, skin, cloth (Silayo, 1997). The principal task of cartography is to define the
objectives of a map and to visualize geo-data on paper or electronically.
A map is a representation or abstraction of geographical reality. It is an important tool researchers
can use to examine the entire Earth or a specific part of it (Briney, 2017). A map not only shows
the spatial information, such as cities, rivers, and provinces, but also gives specific insight into
cultural beliefs and concepts (Hu, 2010). All maps have one basic objective, namely to serve as a
means of communicating information about spatial patterns, relationships and attributes (Silayo,
1997). Human beings are better at interpreting data when it is displayed visually than when it is
organized, for example, in tables or arrays of numbers (Cho & Gimpel, 2012). The communication
feature is achieved through the usage of suitably designed graphical marks called symbols. The
map appearance affects how it is understood and consequently how readily the user interprets the
information it contains. The map scale shows the ratio between map distances and the
corresponding distance in the real world. The scale controls how and what features are shown on
the map. Maps are dependent upon the accuracy and validity of the data that are used to create
them (Kerski, 2016).They can be general reference and show landforms, political boundaries,
water, the locations of cities, or in the case of thematic maps, show different but very specific
topics such as the average rainfall distribution for an area or the distribution of a certain disease
throughout a county (Briney, 2017).
2.1.1 Classification of Maps
Most kinds of maps, under the confines of the definition, fall into two classifications:
 Analogue or real maps and
 Digital or virtual maps.

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The products from both involve a cartographic visualization process. A map can be produced in
three distinct formats: hardcopy (paper map, plastic prints), digital geo-dataset (spatial or/and
cartographic) and cartographic visualization of data from geo-database (multimedia map
presentation) (Govorov, 2008). An analogue map is any tangible map production that has a
continuous appearance and may be viewed directly (generally called a hard copy). Traditional
drawn or printed maps (ordinarily referred to as maps) fall into this classification, along with map-
like aerial photographic productions or the end output of some other kind of remote sensing, also
maps generated employing tools controlled by computers, block diagrams and related drawings,
and relief models and globes built to portray some part or all of the surface of the earth (Campbell,
2001).
2.1.2 Digital Mapping
The recent advances in digital mapping demonstrate how digital technology has become a standard
element in the process of creating maps in manifold ways (Hennig, 2016).The task of digital
cartography is to realize a meaningful presentation and a perfectly readable choice, for paper or
electronic media distribution, of the GIS processed data (Kunz, Hurni, Wiesmann, & Ysakowski,
2010). Digital maps are associated to analog maps. They have properties that permit them to be
transformed into analogue maps. Digital maps involve images, which may be viewed directly but
are not permanent (Campbell, 2001). An example of this is a map image projected onto the screen
of a computer monitor. Computer techniques are being applied in mapping and related fields. In
digital mapping, computers are being used in the processing and analysis of remote-sensing data,
GPS data, in the production of maps and in the use of GIS.
2.1.3 Types of Maps
There are several types of maps and each defines different information. Most maps include a
compass rose, which indicates the cardinal directions that is which way is north, south, east and
west. They also include a scale to estimate distances between two locations on a map.
A climate map, Figure 3 shows information about the climate of an area. They can show things
like the specific climatic zones of an area based on the temperature, the amount of snow an area
receives or average number of cloudy days. These maps normally use colors to show different
climatic areas. A resource or economic map, Figure 4 shows the specific type of economic activity
or natural resources present in an area. Physical maps, Figure 5 show landforms like deserts,

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mountains and plains. Their topography style presents an overall better picture of the local terrain.
The water is usually shown in blue. Colors are used to show relief differences in land elevations.
Green is typically used at lower elevations, and orange or brown indicate higher elevations.
Political maps, Figure 6 do not show physical features. Instead, they indicate state and national
boundaries and capital and major cities. A road map, Figure 7 is one of the most widely used map
types. These maps show major and minor highways and roads (depending on detail) as well as
airports, city locations and points of interest such as parks, encampments and monuments. Major
highways on a road map are generally red and larger than other roads, while minor roads are a
lighter color and a narrower line. It also shows political boundaries and labels, making it also a
type of political map (Briney, 2017). A thematic map on the other hand is designed to depict a
specific theme such as the population of various districts, the occurrence of crime or rainfall etc.
They are mostly prepared to serve special references to a specific theme. A topographic map,
Figure 8 uses contour lines to show the shape and elevation of an area. Lines that are close together
indicate steep terrain, and lines that are far apart indicate flat terrain. These lines are normally
spaced at regular intervals to depict variations in elevation (Hattangadi, 2014).
Figure 3 Climate Map of Australia Figure 4 An Economic Activity Map
for Brazil
Figure 5 A Physical Map of
Ghana

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Figure 6 A Political map Figure 7 A Road Map of London Figure 8 A Topographical Map
2.2 Geographic Information System Concept
GIS is widely accepted as a tool for the establishment of integrating spatial and attribute data. In
recent years the development of Geographical Information System (GIS) makes timely accessible
of spatial and temporal data. Moreover, its capability of spatial analysis and presentation makes it
useful tool for this kind of applications (Puspendu, Arpita, & Atanu, 2006). The crucial concept of
GIS is the separation of spatial or geographic reference information and attribute or descriptive
information of map features for data entry and database development, and their linkage during
analysis (Bolstad, 2005) .A GIS produces maps and reads maps. Its major advantage is that it
permits identifying spatial relationships between specific different map features. It can create maps
in different scales, projections and colors. But it is not just a map making tool. It is primarily an
analytical tool that provides new ways of looking at, linking and analyzing data by projecting
tabular data into maps and integrating data from different, diverse sources. A GIS does not store
maps; it stores data organized into a database. The locational data of different features (coordinates,
topology) are generated during the digitization process and the attribute data of locations are
created separately. GIS provide the link between the locational and attribute data. Geographic
Information System (GIS) is a system that is used to display data in a spatially oriented setting,
such as the layers of a map, thus the system can be used to show and manipulate any form of data
that is specific to a location, including things like natural resources, the path of a spreading disease,
or census data, by spatially representing these data (Kellogg, 2012). GIS enables quick analysis to
occur that may have been impossible in another format. A GIS is a computer-based system that

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provides the following four sets of capabilities to handle georeferenced data; Data capture and
preparation, Data management, including storage and maintenance, Data manipulation and
analysis and finally Data presentation (Huisman & de By, 2009). A GIS is an information system
designed to work with data referenced by spatial/geographic coordinates (Puspendu et al., 2006).
In other words, GIS is both a database system with specific capabilities for spatial reference data
as well as a set of operation for working with the data. It may also be considered as a higher order
map. There is an assumption that up to 80% of all activities is linked to location hence, a GIS
allows see, understand, consult and interpret data to reveal relationships, patterns and trends
(Bueno, 2011). One of the most powerful features of a GIS is the ability to join tables based on
common geographic location.
Various definitions had been derived from the application of GIS, these definitions are simplified
as the TDO definition of GIS;
 Toolbox - ‘a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming
and displaying spatial data from the real world’ (Burrough, 1986)
 Database - ‘a database system in which most of the data are spatially indexed, and upon
which a set of procedures operated in order to answer queries about spatial entities in the
database’ (Smith. et al., 1987)
 Organizational - ‘an automated set of functions that provides professionals with advanced
capabilities for the storage, retrieval, manipulation and display of geographically located
data’(Ozemoy., Smith., & Sicherman, 1981)
2.2.1 Steps in Building a GIS
The way in which a GIS is built will depend on the way information will be used in the decision-
making process. Building a GIS proceeds through at least 4 stages:
 Defining the objectives
 Building the spatial and attribute data bases
 Database management for geographic analysis
 Presenting results in the form of maps, etc.

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2.2.2 What GIS can do
There are five basic questions which a complete GIS must answer. These are:
What exists at a particular location? Given a geographic reference (e.g. lat, long) for a location,
the GIS must describe the features of that location
Where can specific features be found? This is the converse of the first question. For example,
where are the districts with rainfall greater than 500 mm and less than less than 750 mm?
Trends or What has changed over time? This involves answering both questions above. For
example, at what locations are the crop yields showing declining trends?
What spatial patterns exist? if occurrence of a pest is associated with a hypothesized set of
conditions of temperature, precipitation, humidity, where do those conditions exist?
Modelling or What if …? This is a higher level application of GIS and answers questions like what
would be the nitrate distribution in groundwater over the area if fertilizer use is doubled (Bolstad,
2005)
2.2.3 Component of GIS
A working GIS integrates five key components as shown in (Figure 9) ;
 Hardware
 Software
 People
 Procedure
 Data

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Figure 9 Component of GIS by ESRI
2.3 GIS Data Input
Data input is the process of encoding analogue data in the form of maps, imageries or photographs
into computer readable digitized form and writing data into the GIS database (Bolstad, 2005).
Spatial Data capture (representing locations in a database) can be in two basic formats:
 Vector data format
 Raster data format
Vector data format
In the Vector format reality is represented as points, lines and areas The Vector format is based on
discrete objects view of reality (analogue maps).
Raster data format
Raster data formats incorporate the use of grid-based cell structures where the geographic area is
divided into cells (identified by their columns and rows), with each cell containing uniform data.
The raster format is based on continuous fields view of reality (photographs, imageries, etc.).
2.3.1 GIS Data Capture
GIS data acquisition is a process of obtaining data in a form suitable for the development of a GIS
database, it constitutes the first stage in the development of a GIS database (Forkuo, 2010).

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Vector data Capture
Vector data capture is generally used for capturing data from analogue maps. It is based on the
observation that any map consists of 3 basic kinds of features; point features, line features and
polygon or area features.
Raster data Capture
A raster based GIS locates and stores map data by using a matrix of grid cells or pixels. Each cell
or pixel is represented either at its corner or centroid by a unique reference coordinate (cell
address). Each cell also has discrete attribute data assigned to it.
2.3.2 GIS Data Input Types
The distinction from other Information Systems is that for a GIS the data inputs are of two types
as shown in (Figure 10):
 Spatial data- Also known as geospatial data or geographic information it is the data or
information that identifies the geographic location of features and boundaries on Earth,
such as natural or constructed features, oceans, and more. Spatial data is usually stored as
coordinates and topology, and is data that can be mapped.
 Attribute data - Attribute data are descriptive data of point, line and area features. For
points, this maybe the name of the location, its elevation, etc. For lines attribute data could
be the name of a road, or canal and other descriptions associated with them. For polygons,
the attribute data may relate to name of a district and its population, area, area under
specific crops in the district, etc.

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Figure 10 Components of Geographic data
2.3.3 Data Sources for GIS
Sources of both spatial and attribute data for a GIS may either be of a primary or secondary source.
Primary data sources are those that are mostly collected (usually in digital form) for use in that
GIS project. Some examples of raster primary data sources include aerial photo, satellite images,
etc. Examples of vector primary data sources are ground surveys, GPS and LIDAR.
Secondary data sources are digital and analogue datasets that were originally captured for another
purpose and need to be converted into a suitable digital format for use in that GIS project.
Examples of Secondary data sources include scanned maps, aerial photos and images and digitized
data from other data sources.
2.4 GIS Software
The software package used for this project was Esri ArcGIS.
2.4.1 ArcGIS Software
ArcGIS refers to an entire software suite around geographic information systems. It contains
products for server and desktop use, as well as for mobile platforms. This software package enables
the user to make maps, display geographic data from a database, and analyze that data. Esri ArcGIS
is one of the biggest GIS on the market and has a share of over 30% (Lautenschläger,
2012).ArcGIS Server is used to deploy GIS functionality at a central point. It is used for creating
and managing GIS data and applications and also offers a variety of web services. Esri also offers
a huge palette of developer tools for their system including mobile APIs1 and APIs for web

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development. For the scope of this project, ArcGIS enables information relating to various
structures on campus collected to be displayed geographically over a base map of the campus. In
order to display the results a map for the specific time period must exist, however, and this involved
editing shape files for ArcGIS.
2.4.2 ArcGIS system
ArcGIS system is an integrated Geographic Information System (GIS) by Environmental System
Research Institute (ESRI) consisting of three key;
 ArcGIS Desktop software: for advanced GIS applications
 ArcSDE gateway: an interface for managing geo-databases in a database management
system (DBMS)
 ArcIMS software: Internet-based GIS for distributing data.
2.4.3 ArcGIS Desktop
ArcGIS Desktop is a software suite which provides functionality to access GIS data stored locally
on a PC or on a server. It offers methods to create cartography, edit them and do advanced analysis
and geoprocessing (Lautenschläger, 2012). ArcGIS for Desktop enables the user to manage and
integrate data, perform advanced analysis, model and automate operational processes, and display
results on professional-quality maps. Furthermore, there are software products that enable 3D
analyses and creation of network datasets to simulate real world networks, which can be used for
routing.
2.4.4 Component of ArcGIS Desktop
 ArcCatalog is used to browse, organize, distribute and document your GIS data. It is the
application for managing spatial data holdings and database designs as well as for
recording, viewing, and managing metadata.
 ArcMap is used to create, view, query, edit, compose and publish maps displaying the
results of your map based on analysis.
 ArcToolbox is used for processing and analyzing your data-both to create databases and
to achieve geographic analysis.
You can perform any GIS task, involving mapping, data management, geographic analysis, data
editing, and geo-processing with these three component.

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2.4.5 ArcGIS Online
ArcGIS Online is a cloud-based mapping platform for organizations where users get access to
dynamic, authoritative content to create, collaborate, catalog, and share maps, data, and
applications with each other, the entire organization, or the public (Esri Arcgis Help Center, 2017).
Through ArcGIS Online, organizations gain private access to the secure Esri cloud, which is
scalable and ready to use. ArcGIS Online requires no additional hardware or software and is
available through an annual subscription. ArcGIS Online is a powerful, easy, fun environment for
making maps and doing analysis. The basic features if ArcGIS Online is shown in (Figure 11);
Basic Features of ArcGIS Online
Figure 11 ArcGIS Online Features
Basemaps
The GIS user community from around the world contributes maps that other users can enrich with
geographic information by adding layers to basemaps. ArcGIS Online comes with already installed
basemaps, demographic maps, imagery and map layers that become good foundations for users
when working on maps. ArcGIS Online also includes a collection of maps on topics related to
people, earth and life (Esri Arcgis Help Center, 2017).

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 Mapping Tools
ArcGIS Online also comes with a mapping tools that are used to analyze geographic information
and convert data into information that are readily available with minor installation and setup. Users
can control the various types of maps and publish them as applications through diverse channels.
There are also ready-to-use analysis operations that work alongside with maps and applications to
explore and measure geographic relationships (Esri Arcgis Help Center, 2017).
 Applications
ArcGIS Online have few applications which are available for download to all users. Various
ArcGIS Collectors are used to collect and improve data, attach photos and videos and also search
for locations. Users can make dynamic maps known as web maps. Web map creation with ArcGIS
online is by using configurable app or web AppBuilder (Esri Arcgis Help Center, 2017).
 Data Security
ArcGIS Online is able to secure all access to published information. User identity is established
through a login process and when the users share maps online, the information is protected by
multiple layers of security. The hosted web layers are secured based on the ArcGIS Online sharing
model (Esri Arcgis Help Center, 2017).
2.4.6 ArcGIS Web AppBuilder
Functionality within ArcGIS Online and Portal for ArcGIS Online since Dec 2014 portal for
ArcGIS in 10.3.It enables new apps to be created without coding, Interactive user experience, Runs
on any device, in a web browser and Fully integrated with the ArcGIS Platform Built with ArcGIS
API for JavaScript and HTML 5 technology extensible (Hunter & Shaner, 2014).Web AppBuilder
interface as shown in (Figure 12) is built with HTML/JavaScript with fully functional,
manageable and with developer opportunities. It is One app that runs on Desktops, Tablets and
Phones (Zhang, 2016).

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Figure 12 Web AppBuilder Interface
Web AppBuilder for ArcGIS provides a foundation for building web applications in ArcGIS. Build
intuitive, focused apps that run anywhere, on any device, without writing a single line of code.
Create HTML/JavaScript apps that run on desktops, tablets, and smartphones and build the apps
you need using ready-to-use widgets with customized look of your apps with configurable themes
(Moore, 2016).
 Components of Web AppBuilder
The Component of Web AppBuilder is shown in (Figure 13);
Figure 13 Web AppBuilder for ArcGIS Components

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2.5 ArcGIS Spatial Analysis
Spatial analysis is the process by which we turn raw data into useful information, it is the crux of
GIS because it includes all of the transformations, manipulations, and methods that can be applied
to geographic data to add value to them, to support decisions, and to reveal patterns and anomalies
that are not immediately obvious (GeoNet, 2017).
2.5.1 Geocoding
Address is one of the most commonly used spatial data in everyday life. Comparing two addresses
(e.g., if they are referring to the same location) is a fundamental problem for address-related record
linkage. A variety of data source for address geocoding has been used for developing existing
geocoding services, including building centroids, parcel geometries, street segments, and centroids
for USPS ZIP codes, cities, counties, and states (Goldberg & Cockburn, 2010). Geocoding
describes the process of converting text-based postal address data into digital geographic
coordinate, specifically latitude and longitude (Boscoe, 2007).Geocoding to the process of
assigning spatial locations to data that are in tabular format but have fields that describe their
locations (Harper, 2009). Geocoding is the process of transforming a description of a location;
such as a pair of coordinates, an address, or a name of a place to a location on the earth's surface
(Geographic coordinates) (Ahmad, 2015). Geocoding can also be defined as converting non-spatial
data into spatial data (Forkuo, 2010).
Examples of Geocoded address;
 Iron Horse, 407 E Sherman Ave, 83814
 Franlin's Hoagies, 501 N 4th St, 83814
 McDonald's, 208 W Appleway, 83814
 Rockin Robin Cafe, 3650 N Government way, 83815

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Why Geocoding?
Geocoding support people search, which aims at returning individuals by query such as name and
location. Using a combination of name and address to differentiate records is one of the
fundamental techniques for reliable record linkage using people data (Xu, Flexner, & Carvalho,
2012). Geocoding allows more complex functions in spatial record linkage. Comparing two
addresses and tell if they are referring to the same address is basic; more complex functions like
“getting the distance between two addresses” (Tobler, 1970). Address geocoding interpolates the
location of a street address by comparing it with data in the reference database (Harper, 2009).
Address Geocoding facilitates Customer data management and data analysis work (Ahmad, 2015).
Requirements and Components of Geocoded Address
Requirements includes;
 A data set with individual street addresses in a table (one record per address),such data can
be a coverage, shapefiles, or geodatabase feature class in ArcGIS
 A reference database that consists of a street map and attributes for each street segment.
Parsing and Address Standardization
Components of Geocoded address includes;
Address Parsing and Address Standardization. Address Parsing breaks down the address into a
number of components and Address Standardization identifies and places each address component
in order.
For example: “630 S. Main Street, Moscow Idaho 83843‐3040”
 Street Number = (630)
 Prefix Direction = (S or South)
 Street Name = (Main)
 Street Type = (Street)
 City = (Moscow)
 State = (Idaho)
 Zip+4 code = (83843‐3040)

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2.5.2 Network Analysis
A network is a system of interconnected elements, such as edges (lines) and connecting junctions
(points) that represent possible routes from one location to another. People, resources, and goods
tend to travel along networks: cars and trucks travel on roads, airliners fly on predetermined flight
paths, oil flows in pipelines. By modeling potential travel paths with a network, it is possible to
perform analyses related to the movement of the people, trucks, or other agents on the network
(Martison & Dabillah, 2016). Network analysis are commonly used for the analysis of moving
resources from one location to another through a set of interconnected features. It includes
determination of optimum paths using specified decision rules.
ArcGIS groups networks into two categories; they include
 Geometric Networks (Utility and River Networks) - River networks and utility networks
like electrical, gas, sewer, and water lines allow travel on edges in only one direction at a
time. The agent in the network for instance, the oil flowing in a pipeline cannot choose
which direction to travel; rather, the path it takes is determined by external forces: gravity,
electromagnetism, water pressure, and so on (Martison & Dabillah, 2016).
 Network Datasets (Transportation Networks) - Transportation networks like street,
pedestrian, and railroad networks can allow travel on edges in both directions. The agent
on the network for instance, a truck driver traveling on roads is generally free to decide the
direction of traversal as well as the destination (Esri Arcgis Help Center, 2017).
2.5.3 Crime Analysis
Knowing “what” is “where”, “where” is “what” and “when”, is the task of GIS, the need for which
therefore cannot be overemphasized. Crime (what) is a spatial entity which has a geographical
location (where) and a time (when) it was committed. Crime maps are becoming significant tools
in crime and justice. Advances in the areas of information technology and GIS have opened new
opportunities for the use of digital mapping in crime control and prevention programs. Crime maps
are also valuable for the study of the ecology and the locational aspects of crime. Maps enable
areas of unusually high or low concentration of crime to be visually identified. Maps are however
only pictorial representations of the results of more or less complex spatial data analyses. The use
of GIS for crime mapping facilitates to map, visualize, and analyze crime hot spots, along with
other trends and patterns and It is a key component of crime analysis and the policing strategy

27
(Gupta, Rajitha, Basu, & Mittal, 2012). GIS uses geography and computer-generated maps as an
interface for integrating and accessing massive amounts of location-based information. Crime is
an act, default or conduct, prejudicial to the community, the commission which, by law, renders
the person responsible to punishment by a fine, imprisonment or other penalty (Balogun, Okeke,
& Chukwukere, 2014).
Crime Analysis, Crime mapping and Crime Prevention
Crime is a multifaceted concept that can be defined in legal and non-legal sense. From a legal point
of view, it refers to breaches of the criminal laws that govern particular geographic areas
(jurisdictions) and are aimed at protecting the lives, property and rights of citizens within those
jurisdictions (Ahmadi, 2003). It is a human phenomenon; therefore, its distribution in space is not
random.
Crime mapping involves the manipulation and processing of spatially referenced crime data in
order to display visually in an output that is informative to the particular user (Alex & Kate, 2001).
Mapping demonstrate future trends and patterns by modeling space and time (Ferreira, João, &
Martins, 2012) .Hence Crime mapping will draw, measure, analyze and interpret what to do, where
it should be done, what are the priorities and how to improve results .It is a progressive blend of
practical criminal justice issues with the research field of geographical information systems and
science (Chainey & Ratcliffe, 2013). It again has long been an integral part of the process known
today as crime analysis. The use of maps in crime study has been traced back to at least the year
1900 (Balogun et al., 2014). (Chainey & Ratcliffe, 2013).
Crime analysis involves breaking the problem apart and exploring the specifics of the problem. It
is a set of processes applied on relevant information about crime patterns. Administrative and
operational personal can use the result of analysis to prevent and suppress of criminal activities
and also for investigation aims (Ahmadi, 2003). It is also the systematic study of crime and disorder
problems as well as police related issues including sociodemographic, spatial, and temporal
factors, to assist the police in criminal apprehension, crime and disorder reduction, crime
prevention, and evaluation (Hick, 2012). Crime analysis is important because it helps to identify
the different geographic patterns in criminal behavior (Sahu & Srivastava, 2004). Crime
prevention seeks to reduce the risks of criminal events and related anti-social behavior by
intervening in their causes (Ahmadi, 2003)

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Most developed nations have migrated from the “pin on maps” to the use of computer GIS.
Furthermore, the old pin maps were useful for showing where crimes occurred, but they had
serious limitations because as they were updated, the prior crime patterns were lost (Balogun et
al., 2014). With the spatial and non-spatial integration capability of GIS, various crime prone areas
can be mapped to provide timely and up-to-date information that is infinitely superior to the normal
paper records of events by the law enforcement agencies. GIS can give a better synoptic
perspective to crime study, analysis, mapping, proactive decision making and prevention of crime,
allows integration and analysis of data to identify, apprehend and prosecute suspects; it aids more
proactive behavior through effective allocation of re-sources and better policy setting (Balogun et
al., 2014).GIS helps crime officers determine potential crime sites by examining complex
seemingly unrelated criteria and displaying them all in a graphical, layered, spatial interface or
map and allows police personnel to plan effectively for emergency response, determine mitigation
priorities, analyse historical events, and predict future events (Gupta et al., 2012). It can also be
used to get critical information to emergency responders upon dispatch or while en route to an
incident to assist in tactical planning and response. In (Figure 14) is a Crime Hotspot of Daylight
Robbery(2003) in Westminster UK.
Figure 14 Crime Hotspots of Robbery

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Types of Crimes
The following are six types of analysis of crime, they include;
 Tactical Crime Analysis
This is day-to-day crime analysis, looking for series, patterns, sprees, hot spots, and hot dots
immediately affecting the jurisdiction. Tactical crime analysis also focuses on specific information
about each crime such as method of entry, point of entry, suspects actions, type of victim, type of
weapon used, as well as the date, time, location, and type of location. Field information such as
suspicious activity calls for service, criminal trespass warnings, and persons with scars, marks, or
tattoos collected by officers is also considered in the analysis. Used for:
- Day to day
- For series, patterns, sprees, hot spots
- Used for Deployment & Administration
 Strategic Crime Analysis
The study of crime and law enforcement information integrated with socio-demographic and
spatial factors to determine long term “patterns” of activity, to assist in problem solving, as well
as to research and evaluate responses and procedures. Used for:
-Identify unusual activity levels by time or location.
- Forecasting potential crime events/concentration.
 Administrative/Academic Crime Analysis:
The study of crime and law enforcement information integrated with socio-demographic and
spatial factors to determine long term “patterns” of activity, to assist in problem solving, as well
as to research and evaluate responses and procedures. Used for:
- Reports or statistical summaries for grant funding, commanders & public
- Policy implications beyond law enforcement agency.

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 Operations Analysis:
Operational analysis coupled with Strategic Crime Analysis, helps patrol commanders to make
changes that use resources more efficiently. Used for:
- Assess needs (calls for service, population of data & demographics)
- Generate projections for deployment & resource allocation
 Intelligence Analysis:
The study of criminal organizations and enterprises, how they are linked, who the key players are.
Helps investigation and prosecution units within police. The purpose of intelligence analysis is to
assist sworn personnel in the identification of networks and apprehension of individuals to
subsequently prevent criminal activity. Used for:
- Linkage between crime organizations & enterprises
- Relate elements such as companies, agencies, people, times, days, to crimes & places
 Investigative Analysis:
Looks at crime scene, psychological, and forensic analysis used in major crimes. It also helps catch
serial killers, arsonists, and similar criminals. The primary purpose of criminal investigative
analysis is to develop patterns of serial crimes crossing city, state, and even national boundaries
by linking behavior and evidence within and among incidents in order to catch the offender and/or
clear cases. Used for:
- Crime scene, psychological & forensic information.
- Link serial or related events

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3 CHAPTER 3
STUDY AREA, RESEARCH MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Study Area
The study area as shown in (Figure 15) is the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and
Technology (KNUST) campus. The University Campus is situated approximately on 16 square-
kilometers campus of undulating land and pleasant surroundings, about seven kilometers away
from the central business district of the city of Kumasi. Geographically, the University Campus is
located in Kumasi, Ashanti Region of Ghana on longitude and latitude 6º 41’ 5.67’’ N, 01º 34’
13.87’’ W. The campus presents a panorama of beautiful and modern buildings interspersed with
verdant lawns and tropical flora, which provides a cool and refreshing atmosphere congenial to
academic studies. It has within a short period of its existence become an important Centre for the
training of scientist and technologies not only for Ghana, but also for other African countries as
well as the other part of the world (KNUST, 2016) . There are six main hall of residences and other
hostels facilities in the university. The campus is also surrounded with facilities such as swimming
pool, library, stadium, auditoriums, lecture or teaching classrooms and blocks, hospital,
commercial area, sports stadium and natural features including a botanical garden among others.

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Figure 15 Map of Study Area
3.2 Materials Used
The following materials were used;
 Shapefiles of KNUST campus boundary, river lines, road lines and other facilities built.
 Attributes data of naming of University facilities.
 Crime data records collected from the University Security Service.
3.2.1 Software
 MS Excel and Microsoft Access for organizing crime data
 ArcGIS for data preparation.
 Google Earth for obtaining satellite imagery of our area of interest.

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3.3 Flowchart of Research work
Desk Study and Reconnaissance
Field Data Collection
Non-Spatial
Data
Spatial Data
Data Processing
Geodatabase
Analysis
Map
ArcGIS Online Map Publishing
Web Map Application
Figure 16 Flowchart
3.4 Research Methodology
The research methodology is categorized into five main stages namely, Updating the existing
campus with its modern attributes; Creating address system for facilities and geocoding the
addresses; Analyzing and mapping Crime data to develop a safety map; Analyzing route network
on campus for easy routing on the campus map and; Developing and publishing the final campus
map with a webApp application.

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3.4.1 Campus Map Updating
Updating the campus map involve four (4) stages, which includes;
 Reconnaissance and data collection.
 Creating Geodatabase for the digital map.
 Digitizing non-existing facilities.
 Facilities attribute updates on digital map.
3.4.1.1 Reconnaissance and data collection
A reconnaissance survey was conducted on the onset of executing this project around the
university campus. During the conduct of the filed survey, there was a details observation of all
facilities both old and recent ones built on the university campus as well as the existing road
networks. During the field inspection, data collection on the facilities and road network were taken
into account. The reconnaissance survey was conducted across the boundary of the university
campus, starting form Lecturers bungalows, Commercial area, University Hospital, down to the
hall of residence, to the recreational facilities centers and to finally to the various Colleges,
faculties and departments within the university campus.
3.4.1.2 Creating Geodatabase for the Campus Digital Map
A file Geodatabase was created with shapefiles data obtained. The shapefiles data contains
boundary, buildings, rivers, road network and road nodes. Using ArcGIS software Version 10.3
with its ArcMap and ArcCatalog components, the geodatabase was created. A file Geodatabase
named “KNUST Campus Project.gdb” The following steps were undertaken in creating the
Geodatabase and the feature dataset with their feature class.
Steps for Creating Geodatabase
 Open ArcCatalog 10.3 Version and locate a folder connection
 Right-click folder connection > select new > click File geodatabase
 A file geodatabase by default name is created, Right-Click File geodatabase > select
rename and change the name of the geodatabase.
 The file format for the geodatabase is added to the new name as (name.gdb) e.g.: KNUST
Campus Project.gdb

35
Steps for Creating the Feature dataset and feature class
Using ArcCatalog, two (2) Feature Class dataset was created with their feature class.
 After creating Geodatabase, Right-Click the geodatabase > select new > click on feature
dataset
 Give the name of the Feature dataset in the name dialog box > click next
 Specify the coordinate system for the feature dataset, for this project “WGS 84 UTM Zone
30N” selected > click next and finish
 A feature dataset file created.
 Two feature dataset were created namely “KNUST_facilities” and “KNUST_Transport”
Steps Creating Feature class in the feature dataset
 After creating the Feature dataset file, right-click on the feature dataset> select new > click
on feature class.
 Give the name of the feature class and specify the type of feature class (geometry type) to
be stored.eg. Line features for road and rivers, Polygon features for buildings and point
features for point data input. After selecting feature type click next
 Specify the coordinate system for the feature class > click next
 A dialog box with field name and data types appears. Type field names to be added to the
feature class and specify their data types. Click finish when done.
 A feature class is created.
Steps Importing Data into the Feature class in the Geodatabase
 After creating feature class, the shapefiles data for roads network, buildings, river, road
nodes and other data for the project are imported to their respective feature class in the
geodatabase.
 Right-click on the Feature dataset > select import > click on feature class single
 A Feature class dialog box opens > fill in the input features, output location and the output
feature class and click OK.
 The input data is loaded successfully into the feature class in the geodatabase.

36
The Geodatabase containing the digital map created is viewed, analyzed and explored in the
ArcMap as shown in (Figure 17);
Figure 17 Digital Map of KNUST
3.4.1.3 Digitizing Non-existing facilities
Digitizing was done in the Google Earth satellite imagery environment where buildings were
digitized separately, and converted into layer from the kml file. Features to be digitized were
mostly buildings, hence polygon features. The following procedures were employed in the
digitizing procedure on Google earth pro.
 Launch the Google earth software and zoom into your area of interest.
 Select polygon from the add menu of the Google Earth software
 Enter the properties of the polygon; that is the name of the structure, color theme to be used
and thickness of your digitizing.
 Move the cursor to the polygon, click around the outline of the polygon in a clockwise
direction to add points and begin digitizing.
 Click ok on the dialog box after digitizing to save the image
 The new polygon is then shown in the temporary folder on the left.
 Right click on the digitized polygon and choose the Save option
 Save the polygon in a kmz format.

37
Figure 18 Digitizing polygon Features on Google earth
Converting Polygon features in kmz to shapefiles layers
 Launch ArcMap 10.3 > Click on ArcToolbox on the menu bar
 Select conversion tools and click on “from Kml” option from the drop down options.
 From Kml conversion dialog box opens.
 Enter the input kml file by browsing to the location of the saved kml files from google
earth digitizing
 Enter the output location for the shapefiles
 Click Ok when done after entering information required.
 ArcMap conversion tool operation start and when done a notification is given.
After conversion of kml file to shapefiles, the shapefiles are then loaded into the Feature
class for buildings in the geodatabase created. Some structures on the map were edited to
fit the current nature on structures on the ground.
3.4.1.4 Updating attributes for the features
With the recent naming of facilities on campus, we had to update the attributes of all the features
found on the digital map. We had the updates naming of facilities published by the university
Council which were approved on the 232nd
Meeting held on June 17,2015. This helped us in the
update of the attribute table of our map though most of the building names were not included in

38
the document. There was the need to go around campus to identify all other remaining buildings.
The names of each building, area name of buildings, name of road network, and road type were all
updated to enhance the attribute of the structures on the map.
Figure 19 Updating attribute of buildings Figure 20 Updating attribute of Roads
3.4.2 Campus Address System and Geocoding
An address system for the university campus was developed with a prior address system created
at the university Bungalows. Based on the nature of the address system created, a modified form
of address system was generated for the entire University campus.
3.4.2.1 Creating the Address System
Address parsing which defines the breakdown of address into number components was adapted.
The University campus address system was divided into 3 main components of which very
component was standardized for easy address location.

39
Components of Address system
The address system is composed of;
1. Building name
The building name component consist of name of each building located on the attribute table for
the buildings. The name of the buildings for all colleges and other facilities including recreational,
bungalows, commercial and banking areas, church premises, and the Hospitals were captured.
2. Address
The address component of the main address system consists of street name type + KNUST prefix.
The street name type is, road, link, close, avenue, lane etc. as defined on the road network attribute
table. Each building is allocated to a street name type found within the vicinity of the building.
Examples of the address are; Wuddah-Martey Close – KNUST, P.V Obeng Avenue –KNUST,
Andrews road –KNUST and Otu Siriboe Link – KNUST.
3. Zip code
To give a unique address to each building, we adapted ZIP code system, as it done in some
countries like United States of America and Germany. We use a ZIP code of five (5) figures. The
Five code consist of;
 A unique code for the University Campus = 5
 We generated code for all Colleges and other facilities areas on campus Since each building
is located within these areas. There are Six (6) Colleges within the University campus,
together with School of Graduate studies (SGS), Hall of residence and hostels, Bungalows
and other facilities. Codes for these areas is as follows;

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Naming facilities Area Code
College of Agric and Natural Resource 11
College of Art and Built Environment 12
College of Humanities and Social Sciences 13
College of Engineering 14
College of Health Sciences 15
College of Science 16
School of Graduate Studies 17
Hall of residence 18
Bungalows 19
Other facilities 20
Table 1 Code for various facilities Area
 The five (5) ZIP code created contains a unique code for all buildings. We called it the
block Number or Block code. The block code was uniquely created using the left side right
side of a street segment block naming style. With these block naming style buildings on
left street segment are given an odd number (figure) and building to the right are given an
even number respectively. The block numbers are within 01-99.
With the above component we generated the Campus address system. For instance, Kumapley
Auditorium is a block found in KNUST within the College of engineering having a street name
type called Wuddah-Martey close. An address system for Kumapley Auditorium is given as
“Kumapley Auditorium, Wuddah-Martey close-KNUST, 51408”
Block Name Address ZIP

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3.4.3 Geocoding Address
We used the Address system created to evolve the geocoded address for the university campus.
The geocoding process involved;
1. Preparing the Reference data
To geocode data, you must have a GIS reference layer available to act as your reference layer. The
choice of reference data is very important and will affect the accuracy and completeness of the
results. Since it is very important that we get familiar with the reference data layer before we create
an Address Locator. We studied to understand which fields contain the necessary information for
creating an Address Locator – e.g., which fields contain building name, street type, address ranges,
zip codes, etc. The reference data used for the geocoding is the building feature class in the KNUST
Campus Project.gdb”
2. Creating the address locator
After preparing the reference data, we created the address locator. The reference data contains
attribute tables with fields such as building name, area name, address, zip codes, state, city name
etc.
Steps Creating address locator
 Start ArcCatalog by clicking Start > All Programs > ArcGIS > ArcCatalog 10.3
 Navigate to the geodatabase file KNUST Campus Project.gdb
 Right-click within the empty space of the Contents tab and click New > Address Locator.
 Click the Browse button that is next to the Address Locator Style text box to open the
Select Address Locator Style dialog box. Choose the General-Single Field style (it can be
used for finding features that are identified by a name or code) and click OK.
 Click the Browse button that is next to the Reference Data text box. Reference data dialog
box appears.
 Navigate to the KNUST Campus Project.gdb, choose the buildings feature class, then click
Add text box in the dialog box.
 The Field Map section should be completed automatically. If not, choose the appropriate
field in the reference data for each address locator field.

42
 Fields with an asterisk (*) next to their names are required by the address locator style.
These fields must be mapped with valid fields in the reference data. Non required fields
can be left as <None> if the fields do not apply. We set the field *city name to address field
on the reference data.
 Next, you will set the output path for the locator and Click OK to start the process of
creating the address locator.
Figure 21 Creating address locator
3. Finding addresses
 Start ArcMap by clicking Start > All Programs > ArcGIS >ArcMap 10.3
 Add geocoding toolbar to the menu bar
 Click the Manage Address Locators drop-down arrow on the left side of the Geocoding
toolbar and click <Manage Address Locators>.The Address Locator Manager dialog box
appears
 In the Address Locator Manager dialog box, click the Add button to open the Add Address
Locator dialog box.
 Browse to the KNUST Campus Project.gdb and double-click the Campus address locator.
The Address Locator Manager dialog box closes, and the Campus Address locator is added
to the list in the Address Locator Manager dialog box.
 Click the <Type an address...> text box, type an address “Kumapley Auditorium, Wuddah-
Martey Close-KNUST,51408” then press ENTER.

43
 Right-click the address on the Geocoding toolbar and click Add Labeled Point to add the
graphic point and its label to the map.
3.4.4 Route Network Analysis
The following processes were undertaken in ArcMap in the creation of the road network analysis.
A Feature (network) dataset is created and named Transport Network which contains the road
network.
 Right click on the feature data set and select Network Data set. Rename it to transport
network. Select the Road network feature class.
 Enable turn modelling and ignore elevation modelling. Build the network dataset upon
completion.
 The network analyst toolbar is created once the road (transportation) network is built.
 Create a New Route that enables you to select a starting node and an ending node of route.
Click on solve and the shortest distance of the route is automatically calculated.
 A Service area can also be created where facilities can be added with their locations loaded.
Shortest routes from diverse locations to the facility is created.
3.4.5 Crime Analysis
The crime data was organized in an Excel database as shown in (Figure 22) and converted to
shapefiles in ArcGIS. The crime data contains, type of crime, Location of crime, Description of
location of crime, the spatial data (point coordinates) of each crime location and security
checkpoint point coordinates.

44
Figure 22 Crime data List
Crime Hotspot
Optimized Crime Hotspot Analysis was done using the crime data point and the boundary polygon
for KNUST Campus.
Steps for Performing Optimal Crime Analysis
 Launch ArcMap and Click and open the ArcToolbox
 Select Spatial Statistic tool from the Arc Toolbox>Mapping clusters>optimized Hotspot
analysis
 A dialog opens for Optimized Hotspot Analysis.
 Fill in the input feature, Output feature and the bounding polygon (A polygon feature class
defining where the incident Input Features could possibly occur)
 Click Ok when done. Operation for the analysis run to give the result.
 The Gi_Bin field identifies statistically significant hot and cold spots, corrected for
multiple testing and spatial dependence using the False Discovery Rate (FDR) correction
method. Features in the +/-3 bins (features with a Gi_Bin value of either +3 or -3) are
statistically significant at the 99 percent confidence level; features in the +/-2 bins reflect
a 95 percent confidence level; features in the +/-1 bins reflect a 90 percent confidence level;
and the clustering for features with 0 for the Gi_Bin field is not statistically significant.

45
Figure 23 Crime hotspot
3.4.6 Developing and Publishing Map
Once the final map package is completed in ArcMap ArcGIS Environment as shown in (Figure
23), the map is then published online.
Figure 24 KNUST Online Locator Map
An ArcGIS Online Account which would help us publish our map online was then secured. The
digital campus map was analyzed in the ArcGIS Desktop and no errors nor warnings were
recorded. It now renders the map ready to be published onto the internet.

46
The following procedures were then followed to achieve the purpose of publishing the map.
 With a working internet connectivity, we sign in into ArcGIS online from the drop down
menu of the “file” option on the menu bar.
 On the file menu, select “Share as Service”. This allows the map to be published as a server
on the web using ArcGIS online.
 A dialogue box appears and select Publish Service choosing your ArcGIS Online Account
(Hosted Services).
 The map is made as a feature access that will allow for query, create, delete, sync and
update. Select your desired capabilities and parameter.
 Proceed to the Item Description and give a summary, tags, and description about the map
in the Service Editor Dialogue box.
 Select the ‘Sharing’ option and share into the ArcGIS online account. The map gets
packaged and published and transferred into the Online Environment.
3.4.7 Developing the Web Map Application
Once the map has been shared it gains access into the ArcGIS Online environment. To access the
published map, visit an internet browser and sign in to ArcGIS online account on
“www.arcgis.com”. Enter your sign in details and access will be granted to view the published
map online. Modifications will now have to be made on the published map to render it as a full
web map application. The following procedures were then taken to achieve this purpose.
 Visit “My Content” and select your map from the list of map options.
 Publish your map from a feature layer to a tile layer. Give your desired title, tags, summary
and publish the tile layer.
 Select “My Map’ and choose your published map. Add the layer from web using the tile
layer. The tile layer service renders the map complete.
 Enter your URL, title and add layer from your organization. The map gets superimposed
on a base map of Kumasi with KNUST campus map merging into the map. Apply
transparency to your map due to the basemaps. The basemaps can be interchanged from
topographic, imagery amongst others.

47
 From the left pane, configure properties of your map. Configure pop ups and images that
will allow for the attributes and the images of each building pop up on a click. Choose the
attribute field you want to display as well. Make your styling and symbology on all the
layers.
 Save your Web map, thereafter with your suitable title and tags. Your map is now a step
further from sharing where you have the choice between a web app builder and a
configurable app.
3.4.8 Building Web App Application
After the web map has been created, there is now the need to develop the web app. This can be
achieved either by using the Web AppBuilder or Configurable Apps. Configurable apps are
already embedded with templates and formats that allows you to simply design your app. The Web
AppBuilder on the other hand allows you to build your app according to your preference. This will
set up a very nice interface for your map so that anyone who sees it appreciates it. It will also allow
for the web map to be built according to our very own specifications where the URL can be shared
via a barcode scanner. The following processes as shown in (Figure 25) are taken to develop the
web app;
Figure 25 Building Webapp from Webapp Builder

48
 Once the web AppBuilder is selected, the interface opens with the main menu of selecting
themes, map, widgets and attributes. Pick your desired theme or template.
 This will represent how your map will be displayed. The template produces an easy-to-use
web application that lets you present a set of places on a map in a numbered sequence
through which users can browse. The template shows us exactly how our final product is
displayed and be made accessible on any web browser as well as optimized on
smartphones.
 Choose a general layout from the available option. From the top right corner, choose
operational layers of your map from the legend / layer list options.
 Navigate to the map menu, choose your web map, and it gets displayed.
 From the widget menu, choose your preferred widgets to be displayed on the map. Other
widgets that can be configured include the Coordinate, Home, My Location, Overview
Map, Scale bar, Search, Geocoder, Zoom Slider Attribute table among others.
 Advance to the attribute menu and brand your map. You can customize or brand your map
by adding logo (images), title or subtitle to the app. New links can be added to the map as
well. Select “Preview” to view how the map will be finally exported.
 A barcode of the map link is generated that allows it to be scanned with a bar code reader.
A list of phones is suggested for the compatibility of the app as well.
 Choose your desired phone or mobile device. The bar code can then be scanned with your
mobile device. Finally Save your map afterward and share.
3.4.9 Linking Pictures of the Buildings
Images of Buildings were also taken during the progress of the project and have all been integrated
into the online based campus map locator app. Images were uploaded unto a cloud storage app
Google Drive and their generated links were then attached to the attributes of the features in the
Web map.

49
Figure 26 Image of Buildings
Image A is ICY Cup joint (https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B2YruydSV5NrS3VSTVBaRUxVSHM)
Image B is Saarah-Mensah Auditorium (https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B2YruydSV5NrX2VQ)
Image D is The Chancellor’s Hall (https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B2YruydSV5NrM2Zi)
Image E Supermarket (https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B2YruydSV5NrcUh0ZTVBZm1Xd2M)
Image F is Jubilee Mall Building (https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B2YruydSV5NrT1cy)
A B C
D E F

50
4 CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Based on objectives and questions, the following result were obtained from the project execution;
the online campus map locator project has yielded positive results in its quest to achieve the set
down objectives. The web based campus map application basically seeks to help users find
buildings, pictures pertaining to buildings, find routes and also query for information pertaining
the map.
4.1 Getting Started with Web Map
Figure 27 Web map

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Figure 28 Web Map with overlay Crime Hotspot of KNUST
The web map as shown in (Figure 27 and Figure 28) were developed on ArcGIS online using the
Published map layer. The Web map contains all the map layers created in the ArcGIS ArcMap.
The measure button on the web map automatically detects the shortest possible route from the different
nodes together with their appropriate distances. Routes and Distances around major facilities on
campus can be measured and easily previewed from the analysis. Hence the aim of routing was
achieved.
The map is then shared and the webApp application created using Web AppBuilder.

52
4.2 WebApp developed
Figure 29 WebApp for desktop
WebApp as shown in (Figure 29) was developed using the Web map package on Web AppBuilder.
The webApp map locator contain tabs for search of location, addresses, names of buildings among
others as found in the attribute table of the campus buildings map data. It also has zoom slider,
scale bar, geocoder, direction widget among others to enhance navigation and effective usage of
the app.

53
Figure 30 Web App for Mobile Smartphones with QR code
Upon completion of the web application in the ArcGIS Web App Builder Environment, the final
result is previewed. A preview will show the various mobile devices that the application can be
previewed on. The webApp application contains a desktop version and a mobile app version with
a QR code. A barcode or QR code is generated that allow the smartphones to scan and view the
map on the phone. This QR code as shown in (Figure 31) contains the map link that is shared
through the Web AppBuilder. The entire project was hosted in an ArcGIS Online Account bearing
the name .The web app which has not been publicized yet can. The link of the final product was
generated by scanning the barcode and obtained as
Figure 31 Bar code

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The web application implements the designed functions of the ArcGIS Online Web Application.
Navigating through the web map application is one of the prime focuses of this project’s objectives
which have been fulfilled. The web map locator is therefore an essential tool readily available to
all and sundry who seek to obtain information or directions pertaining any building on campus for
any purpose they desire. Before the map is actually shared, the extent of the map must be taken
notice of. The extent of the map can be thought of as the zoom level and frame of the map when it
is first opened or embedded. ArcGIS Online does a good job of automatically selecting the extent,
but there are situations where a different extend is better. If you know the exact coordinates of the
extent you would like, you can enter them directly, or you can simply select Draw Extent.

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