1. The Gaza kingdom was established in 1830s Mozambique by Soshangane, a general who fled defeat in South Africa. He extended control over a large area and incorporated local groups, reducing the Portuguese to paying tribute. The kingdom lasted until 1897 when it was overthrown by the Portuguese. 2. Sobhuza I founded the Swazi kingdom in the 1810s-1820s, saving the area from the Ndwandwe and Zulu and incorporating other chiefdoms. Through diplomacy including marriage alliances and tribute, he avoided direct conflict and built a strong, unified kingdom. 3. After re-establishing itself under Sekwati following conquest in the 18

1. OTHER STATES AND
PARAMOUNTCIES IN THE POLITICAL
REVOLUTION, 1820-1835
Grade: 10
Term: 3
Topic: 4 – TRANSFORMATIONS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
AFTER 1750
Sub-Topic: OTHER STATES AND PARAMOUNTCIES IN
THE POLITICAL
1M.N.SPIES

2. THE GAZA KINGDOM
• The Gaza kingdom was established in the highlands of
the middle Sabi River in present-day Mozambique in the
1830's by Soshangane, the Ndwandwe general who fled
from Zululand after his defeat by Shaka's army.
• Soshangane extended his control over the area between
the Komati and the Zambezi rivers, incorporating thethe Komati and the Zambezi rivers, incorporating the
local Tsonga and Shona into his state.
• The Portuguese were reduced to having to pay tribute to
Soshangane.
• The kingdom lasted until 1897 when, weakened by
internal tensions, it was overthrown by the Portuguese.
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3. THE GAZA KINGDOM
THE GAZA KINGDOM IN PRESENT-
DAY MOZAMBIQUE
SOSHANGANE, THE NDWANDWE
GENERAL
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4. M.N.SPIES 4

5. THE SWAZI KINGDOM
• Sobhuza I was known as 'ngwenyama' or 'lion'. He
was also called Somhlolo or 'The Wonder'.
• Sobhuza I laid the foundations of a new kingdom.
• In the 1810's and 1820's he managed to save
Swaziland, which was then called Kangwane, from
conquest by the more powerful Ndwandwe and Zulu
kingdoms to the south.
conquest by the more powerful Ndwandwe and Zulu
kingdoms to the south.
• After moving the centre of royal power from what is
now southern Swaziland to the north, Sobhuza led
the conquest of many local chiefdoms and formed a
kingdom.
• Sobhuza ruled during the 'time of troubles'. During
his rule, despite such difficult times, he brought
peace and prosperity to his subjects. 5M.N.SPIES

6. THE SWAZI KINGDOM
6M.N.SPIES

7. THE SWAZI KINGDOM
M.N.SPIES 7

8. SOBHUZA THE DIPLOMAT
• Sobhuza I dealt with threats to his kingdom very
cleverly in order to build his nation. He was a
farsighted diplomat who conducted affairs of his
kingdom with negotiation rather than war.
• Early in his rule, Sobhuza had an argument with
Zwide of the Ndwandwe over agricultural lands, soZwide of the Ndwandwe over agricultural lands, so
instead of fighting, he moved his people north of the
Pongola River in what is now Swaziland. He was
powerful enough to conquer other smaller
chiefdoms living in the area.
• The new Ngwane kingdom needed the support of all
the chiefdoms they had conquered in order to
survive. Sobhuza allowed these chiefdoms to be
ruled by their own chiefs, but he ramained their king.8M.N.SPIES

9. To keep peace and avoid the possibility of being
defeated, Sobhuza did the following:
1. He married the daughter of
Zwide of the Ndwandwe.
2. He paid tribute to Shaka of
the Zulu.
3. When he made contact with a
group of Boer trekkers, hegroup of Boer trekkers, he
avoided getting involved in a
direct battle with them.
4. He also managed to avoid a
direct battle with Dingane's
Zulu forces.
• At his death, he left a strong,
unified Swazi kingdom in the
hands of his son Mswati.
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10. THE PEDI KINGDOM
• In the early 1820's, the Pedi kingdom was
conquered by the Ndwandwe. After the collapse
of the Ndwandwe kingdom in 1826, the Pedi
kingdom re-established itself under the
leadership of Sekwati.leadership of Sekwati.
• Sekwati formed a base on the mountain
stronghold at Phiring. He offered protection to
people who had been displaced during the the
'time of troubles'. Like Moshoeshoe and
Sobhuza, he expanded his authority through
diplomacy.
10M.N.SPIES

11. • The Pedi needed guns to defend themselves, their
land and their cattle.
• Other African chiefdoms like the Zulu and the
Basotho, got large numbers of guns through trade
with colonial markets. But the Pedi had limited
possibilities for trade as the big markets were far
away in places like Grahamstown, Port Elizabeth,
Durban and Cape Town. The Pedi could therefore
not get large numbers of guns through trade.
M.N.SPIES 11
not get large numbers of guns through trade.
• The success of the Pedi in fending off Zulu and Boer
attacks in the early 1850's and their growing power
in the late 1860's and 1870's, was due to the
increasing number of guns that they were now able
to obtain.
• In 1862, the Pedi army was made up of 12000 men,
of whom one-third were equipped with guns.

12. THE PEDI KINGDOM
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13. THE MOUNTAIN STRONGHOLD AT
PHIRING.
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14. THE MPONDO
• By the 1820's, the British had already
established themselves as a mojor force on
the eastern border of the Cape Colony.
• Many Xhosa had become dispossessed by the• Many Xhosa had become dispossessed by the
British during frontier wars and moved
eastwards.
14M.N.SPIES

15. MOVING FRONTIERS
• The upheavals, instability and conflict in the
eastern regions of southern Africa led to the
displacement, and break up of communities.
• People moved into chiefdoms that could provide
security, and these chiefdoms grew bigger andsecurity, and these chiefdoms grew bigger and
stronger.
• Some moved to the eastern frontier of the Cape
Colony between the Mzimvubu and Mzimkhulu
rivers where the Mpondo, led by Chief Faku,
were settled.
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16. • These migrants faced three options:
1. Give their allegiance to Faku
2. Fight the Mpondo for dominance in the area
3. Re-establish their chiefdoms on the borders of
the Mpondo kingdom
• Many migrants chose to re-establish themselves
on the borders of Faku's kingdom. This led to a
M.N.SPIES 16
on the borders of Faku's kingdom. This led to a
long period of instability and violence in the
region.
• Faku was able to strengthen his kingdom during
the 'time of troubles' though, and defeated Zulu
invaders in 1824 and 1828.

17. PONDOLAND'S SUCCESS AT
MAINTAINING INDEPENDENCE
• Pondoland managed to maintain its
independence long after most African kindoms
lost their independence in the 19th century.
• The British annexed Pondoland in 1895, and it• The British annexed Pondoland in 1895, and it
later became the focus of rural resistance to
colonial and later apartheid rule.
• In 1960, the Mpondo showed their disapproval
of apartheid rule in a revolt that lasted for two
years.
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18. M.N.SPIES 18

19. THE SOUTHERN TSWANA
The decline of Tswana towns:
• By the mid 19th century, Tswana
towns in the Rustenburg-Zeerusttowns in the Rustenburg-Zeerust
areas had come to an end.
• Various historical events contributed
to this.
19M.N.SPIES

20. The decline of Tswana towns: External
forces
• Tswana towns ended when they were finally
destroyed during the 'time of troubles'. This period
of widespread fighting and displacement of people
in southern Africa was at its height west of the
Drakensberg in the 1820's and 1830's.
• Earlier historians believed the Difaqane was due• Earlier historians believed the Difaqane was due
solely to the aggressive militarism of the rise of the
Zulu state under Shaka and the Zulu state, east of
the Drakensberg. There is no question that many
Tswana settlements were destroyed by raiders, like
Mzilikazi, from across the Drakensberg and
elsewhere. But, external forces as an explanation for
collapse of towns are only a partial explanation.
20M.N.SPIES

21. The decline of Tswana towns: Internal
forces
• Well before the 1820's, the Tswana themselves were in a
cycle of aggressive raiding and competition as some chiefs
grew in power and others declined. Destruction during the
'time of troubles' simply intensified a process that had
already been underway for some time. The Griqua and
Kora also played a part in destabilising the Tswana fromKora also played a part in destabilising the Tswana from
the late 18th century through increasing competition for
trade, and raiding.
• A series of droughts, particularly in the early 1820's,
contributed to the general instability of this period.
Famine drove whole communities to move in search of
new places to find or grow food. The oral sources indicate
that some Tswana chiefdoms destroyed each other in this
competition for resources.
21M.N.SPIES

22. What happened to the Tswana
Chiefdoms?
• Tswana chiefs thought that the displacement of
Mzilikazi by the Voortrekkers would mean that
they could become independent again.
• But the Voortrekkers became their new• But the Voortrekkers became their new
overlords.
• Some Hurutshe, Kgatla and Rolong came to
terms with living under the Boers but others
relocated westwards to present-day Botswana
during the 19th century to escape the new Boer
state, the South African Republic.
22M.N.SPIES