This document discusses personality from several perspectives, including: - Psychoanalytic perspective focusing on Freud's ideas of the id, ego, and superego. - Behavioural perspective emphasizing conditioning and response tendencies. - Humanistic perspective centered on Rogers' ideas of self-actualization and unconditional positive regard. - Biological perspectives examining the role of genes and neuroscience. It also covers the Big Five model of personality traits and compares various theories on the development and structure of personality.

1. LESEDI MATABOGE
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2. Study Unit 5.2
Personality
• Personality: Unique and consistent performance characteristics.
• I.e. how often you are in a situation to act
• Purpose:
• * Comparisons
• * Forecasts
• Personality: Tendency to a specific course of action

3. Consistent behaviour: in all situations on the same. Eg. optimistic personalities always look for the
brighter side of the situation. The property lies in the heart of the concept of personality.
Characteristic feature is the core of the personality.
Personality is described to determine behaviour: stability in the person's behaviour over time and
through situations.
Behaviour is different about people who react to the same situation.
Can the ideas together?: Personality refers to the individual's unique set of consistent
behavioural traits.
Personality Feature: Durable focus on a certain way to act in different situations.
Attitude: Friendly, anxious, honest, etc..

4.  Less determined bigger example. impulsive behaviour.
 Factor analysis: Correlation between variables were analysed and related groups
of variables were identified.
 Hidden factors is the low-order features that set procedure.
 Personality fix by just 16 distinct factors to determine.

6. Five Factor Module of Personality Traits
 Neuroticism : Angstig, vyandig, self-bewus. Orreageer as stres. meer impulsief en emotioneel
onstabiel.
 Extraversion: High score: Outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly. Vriendeliker as ander persoonlikhede.
Gemotiveer vir sosiale situasies, onderligende afhanklikheid.
 Openess: Nuuskirig, buigsaam, fantasie, verbeeldingryk, kreatiewe sensitiwiteit en informeel. Het nie
nodig om met issues te deal nie.. Openness has been inderestimated.
 Agreeableness: Simpatie, vertroubaar, kooperasie, nederig, straightforward.
 Conscientiousness: Gedisiplineerd, georganieseerd, betyds, staatmaak.. Self dissipline.

7. Approaches to Personality
 1. The Psychoanalytic Perspective
 2. Behavioural perspective
 3. Humanistic perspective
 4. The postmodernist perspective

8. Psycoanalitical: FREUD
1.1 Basic Principles :
• Unconscious experiences and conflicts
• Childhood experiences
• Sexuality and aggression

9.  Theory have personality, motives and problems by psychologiese to childhood's
experiences focus.
 Comfortable with theory: Behaviour in awareness among factors which anchored them
unaware. Not masters of their own not mind.
 Adult personality shaped by childhood experiences. Not in control of future.
 How people control sexual urges

10. Structure of Personality
 Id
 Pleasure principle
 Primary, instinctive component.
 Pleasure principal that instant
gratification of desires.
 Store raw biological urges.
 Primary processing: primitive,
illogical, not rational and
fantasy oriented.

11.  Ego
 Reality Principle
 Decision making component of personality
that operates by reality component.
 Social norms, etiquette, rules.
 Reality principal, delayed gratification of id's
urges until appropriate statements and
situations can be found.
 Long-term ego wants to maximize
satisfaction.
 Secondary process thinking.

12.  Superego
 Internalized moral standards of society
 Partial reality. Moral component of
personality that social standards of right
and wrong represents.
 Superego from ego at the age between
3 and 5.
 In some cases, the superego
dominating in the quest for moral
perfection.

13. Levels of Awareness
 3 levels vd conscious /
Awareness:
 Conscious
 You are aware of a specific time.
 for Conscious
 Just subconscious that easily can
be made. eg. Your middle name
 unconscious
 Thoughts, memories, and desires
under the conscious surface lie.
Great influence on behavior.

14. Psychosocial Conflict
• Behavior is a result of persistent internal conflicts
• Constant conflict between Id and Superego
• Urges the psyche (id) vs requirements and norms vd social sphere (superego)
• Conflict around sexual aggression and most intense
• One tries as much satisfaction and as little debt as possible to experience
• All conflicts are not equal.

15. Defence Mechanisms
• Internal conflicts in unconscious between Id and Superego: causes
anxiety. Ego trying to protect.
• Anxiety is unpleasant experience - relieved through defenses.
• Defense mechanisms to protect individual experiences of anxiety and
guilt
• Not always aware of the conflicts in onderwusyn.
• Defense Mechanisms onderbeuste reactions to unpleasant emotions
person to protect.

17.  Sublimation: occurs when unacceptable impulses to sosialle acceptable behavior are
linked.
 Rationalization: Form false but plausible excuses to justify worn.
 Reaction: behavior is opposite than how one feels.
 Identification: Supported self-image through imaginary or real connections with a person
or group form.

18. Psychoanalysis development
Stage
Approximately age Psigoseskeuele fokus
1. Oral phase. Birth to ± 24 months
Mouth: Suck & Eat: Dealing with food. Fixation: Not
expected to stage one phase to another move.
2. Anal phaze
2 to
3 years
Toilet training process. Anxiety on the stage can lead to
anxiety in sexual activities later in life.
3. Phallic phase 4 to 5 years
Attachment to parents, Oedipal complex. Jealousy
against same-sex parent.
4. Latent phase 6 years to puberty Socializing
5. Genital phase Puberty to adult Adult sexuality
Important how child breast to bottle feeding goes. Fixation can lead to overeating or smoking later in life.

19. Jung
 Analytical psychology:
 Two unconscious levels: Personal information is
unconscious conscious individual - is forgotten or
suppressed.
 Collective unconscious: Inherited and deepest level of
unconscious. Everyone.
 Archetype:
 Emotionally charged images and ideas that have
universal meaning.

20. Adler
 Universal aspiration to superiority
 People compensate for inferiority
 Inferiority complex: Feeling of weakness
 More concerned about appearance than reality.

21. Evaluate psychodynamic perspective
 Research shows that:
 Unconscious forces influence behaviour
 Internal conflict plays role in generating psychological distress
 Early childhood experiences can influence adult behaviour.
 People use defence mechanisms to deal with emotions.

22. Criticism
 Weak testability
 Can not see examples
 Insufficient evidence
 Sexism against women
 Early research. Beginning stages so unfair criticism

23. Behaviourism Perspective: Watson (1913)
 Psychology should only observable behaviour study /
 Concentrate on learning explains personality accordingly
 (Classical and operant conditioning)

24. Structure of Personality
 Ignore what "inside" people going
 Determinism: External stimuli
 Response propensity: Constant response to events
 Personality: Collection response tendencies that connects to certain stimuli situations

25.  Skinner researches mainly rats and pigeons. Operant conditioning was not meant to
derive the personality to be.
 Speculation internal is useless. Do external observe.
 People have stable response tendencies by experience gained

26. Development of Personality
 Response propensity taught by
 Strengthening,
 Penalty
 Defence
 Find mechanical / automated
 Lifelong and continuing process
 Determined - mechanically - Non-cognitive

27. Skinner tables of possible reactions to
situation
Party: Don’t know
people
R 1: Talk to people if
they talk first
R 2: Stay with people
you know
R 3: Observe
everyone
R4: Go home with the
first opportunity you
get

28. Social Cognitive Theory : Bandura
 Cognitive component of behaviorism:
 Aware actively involved? autonomous
 Reciprocal determinism: Environment determines behavior. Can also be different. in other words,
people can choose their environment and their behavior accordingly.
 RD is the idea that internal mental gebeuretenisse, external environmental events, and overt behavior
all influence each other.
 Eg. room
 Neglect of cognitive processes: Skinner ignores the most distinctive and important of human
behavior.
 Bandura calls it: Social learning theory.
 Today is Social Cognitive theory.
 Personality created by learning. Not mechanical process. People affected their life situations and
outcomes.

29. Gedrag / Behaviour Omgewing / Environment
Persoonlike /Kognitiewe faktore /
Personal / Cognitive factors

30. Observational Learning
• A model is a person whose behaviour is observed by another person.
• Imitation
• Some models are more influenced by others. Children and adults tend to get people to do what they
like and who respect them. Attractive and power. Same sex models more LIKELY.
• If behaviour to positive outcome leads, more likely to imitate.
• Characteristics are formed by models.
• Select models of the observed outcomes.

31. • Self Efficacy in Nb behavior. The ability to perform an action to perform and that there is an
expected outcome will be.
• If high, confident that some response is needed to get reinforcement.
• As low as concern that response is beyond capacity.
• Mischel: Consistency of behavior. Situational factors contributing to behavior.
• People do things when they think it's going to strengthen the lending situation.
• Eg situation. Tax. Evaluation of Behaviourism criticism
• Inhuman nature of radical behavior - no free will
• Dilution of the behavioral approach

32. Humanities Perspective: Rogers
• Basic assumptions:
• Focus on the unique qualities of people: Freedom, Potential
• Rational beings. Can Biological control cravings
• Subjective views
• Phenomenological approach: Understanding individual's own personal experience of his
situation to understand behaviour

33. • Theoretical orientation that the unique characteristics of people point out. Especially their
freedom.
• It is assumed that people
• Can they suppress animal instincts
• Largely conscious and rational control by unconscious
• People are not helpless pawns

34. Personality structure
 Self / Self-concept:
 Collection belief about your unique nature, qualities, and typical behavior. Mental picture
of yourself, do not bury subconscious.
 Subjective and not always close to reality. Incongruence is a degree of difference
between self and experiences. Self-concept fairly accurately

35. Development of Self
Selfkonsep
Kongruensie
Onvoorwaardelike aanvaarding
Realiteit Selfkonsep Realiteit
Inkongruensie
Voorwaardelike aanvaarding
Incongruence =
Anxiety
Defense Mechanisms
How childhood experiences
affect congruence.
People = strong desire for
love and acceptance.
Sometimes parents love
conditionally, and in the
cases children feel as if their
love was not. They only seek
acceptance from their
parents.
Then there are parents who
love
unconditional. The
experiences children block
out less.

36. Anxiety and Defence
 The more your self-concept differs from realteit - the more anxiety will be experienced

37. Self-Actualization : Maslow
 3.3.1 Hierarchy of needs:
 Human motives and behaviour of organized hierarchy needs
 - Physiological needs to
 Personal growth needs (self-actualization)
 One level needs are fulfilled - activate next level needs
 "What a Man Can Be, he must be" -
 If not: frustration and never self-actualization not

38.  People have built desire for positive groie.
 As seen growth needs
 Need for self-actualization, need for potential.
 70 years after the discovery, researchers looked more to the evolutionary perspective. The
upper levels of the pirimide be reworked (Kenrick)

39.  New Pyramided: Kenrick
 Parenting
 Mate retention
 Mate acquisition
 Status/esteem needs
 Affiliation needs
 Self-protection needs
 Physiological needs

40. Healthy Personality
 Self actualized-healthy individuals personalities personal growth.
 Characteristics self actualized individuals:
 In touch with reality
 Peace with themselves and accepting
 Open and spontaneous
 Appreciate the world around them
 Sense of humour
 individual
 Balance in personality

41.  Is sensitive to others' needs and enjoy strengthening interpersonal relationships. But they
are not dependent on other's acceptance and is not uncomfortable to be alone.
 Thrive at work hun.
 Childlike and adult

42. Evolution of Humanism
 Subjective point more important than objective reality.
 Self-concept part of psychology.
 Criticism
 Poor test capability
 Unrealistic point of human nature
 Insufficient evidence.

43. Biology Perspective
 Eysenck's theory
 That's just the personality of high order features arise: Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism
(egocentric, impulsive, cold, antisocial).
 Gene
 By conditioning concepts
 Suggests that introverts more physiologically can be generated. Condisional easier than
extroverts. The people need more inhibition that they are more shy, tentative and
uncomfortable in social situations.

44. Behaviour, Genes and Personality
 Genes play a role and should be taken into account as affect personality. By navorisng
prove only problem is certain personality characteristics can no more than be made, it will
be too small to pick up on any layout.
 Can similar behavior and personality in identical twins look. By research evidence. Some
think it may be that environmental factors rather a greater role in the situation.
 Found a shared family environment contributes to a small impact on the personality.

45. Neuroscience of Personality
 Recent research looking at the big 5 and the parts of the brain (size wise) associated with
it, using MRI.
 Extra Version, relates to part of brain that activate with reinforcement.
 Neuroticism is related to parts by threats activated.
 Size of areas correlated by awareness

46. Evolution Perspective
 Natural selection has some features over the years chosen, so it should play a role and be
worn. May contribute to reproductive power of ancestors.
 Protect against risk
 Share food
 Buss's big 5 general survival effects that occur.
 Adaptability.

47. Evaluating
 Funder, there is excessive focus on inheritance that does not is not advised.
 Results of attempts to conduct genetic and environmental components to find
counterfeit.

48. Contemporary Empirical Approach
 Narsisme is a personality trait that vergroote a sense of urgency, need for
attention and allocation, sense of entitlement and a tendency to exploit others.
 Usually held as many meets, very charming, comes with time behind the
symptoms.
 arrogant
 Bad criticism
 feel Aangesproke
 Thinking is important
 Need for attention
 Think it trough the increase over generations
 materialism
 Me first attitude

49.  Terror Management Theory
 In 90s
 Would explain why people need self-esteem.
 That people are aware of death and the self-preservation instinct may have anxiety due.
 How do people cope?
 Cultural Form an outlook that resolve the crisis that comes with the awareness of death.
 How does self-esteem in?
 Personal value sense.
 Anxiety buffer
 Mortality Salience - the deaths are prominent in their minds.
 Increase - people work around the world look to improve.

50. Culture en Personality
 Individualism - Self interest to the group sense
 Collectivism - Group's interest before self-interest.
 Self Enhancement - Positive feedback. Overreact to strengths.

51. Postmodern Perspective
• Self as samestelling van
 verskillende en alternatiewe “selwe”
• Self is veranderlik en vloeibaar – nie vaste konstruk : verskillende
funksies in verskillende kontekste
• Konteks (Millieu, omgewing, plek): - Skep basis vir interpretasie
van gebeure en ervaringe
• Bevraagteken die objektiewe wêreld: Bv. Middagete by die PUK

52. Study Unit 5.3
Self reflection
 Self-monitoring: Aware of the impact that
you and your behaviour on others
 Awareness of own values, attitudes and
behaviour - provide insight into self
 What I feel and why I feel it?

53.  Two-stage process:
 Assess own thoughts and attitudes about an issue
 What is the situation we found - act accordingly.
 Self-knowledge is very important and part of self-reflexivity