Personality

1. PERSONALITY
Dr.Suresh Kumar Murugesan and Dr.Subasree Vanamali
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2. About the Presenters
● Dr.Suresh Kumar and Dr.Subasree Vanamali are
passionate Professors, Trainers and Positive
Mental Health Practitioners from Tamil Nadu, India
● At present they are Heading the PG Department of
Psychology respectively at Madras School of Social
Work, Chennai and The American College, Madurai
● They are very keen in learning new research
studies in behavioural Sciences and open to learn.
● Their ultimate aim is to make impression in the
field of Knowledge
● Their area of specializations are Positive
Psychology, counseling Psychology & Psychometry
etc
● They are the founders of TNCCA, Yellow Pond,
TNCPA
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3. Disclaimer
● This presentation is prepared
for learning purpose only and
anyone can use the content.
● All the images used in this
presentation are taken from
google image search.
● Due acknowledgement was
given to all the material
collected from the various
sources.
● Any name or reference is not
included kindly bring it to the
notice of the presenters for
inclusion.
● Email -
sureshkumar800@yahoo.com
Thank you
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4. ORIGIN
▪ The term personality is derived
from the Latin word “Persona”
which means “Mask”.
▪ The mask put on by the theatre
artist in ancient Rome theatre
to portray their characteristics
in a play.
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5. DEFINITION
G.W. Allport (1937), “Personality is the dynamic
organization within the individual of those psycho-physical
systems that determine his unique adjustment to the
environment.”
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6. PERSONALITY THEORIES
Personality
Type
1. Hippocrates
[Blood]
2. Sheldon
[Biological/
Somatotype]
3. Kretschmer [Hand]
4. C.Jung [Nature]
Trait
1. Allport [Cardinal,
Central & Secondary]
2. Cattell [16PF]
Type cum
Trait
Eysenck [NPE]
Psychoanalysis
1. Sigmund Freud [Id, Ego
& Superego]
2. Alfred Adler [Life Style]
3. Carl Jung [Personal &
Collective Unconscious]
Humanistic
Carl Roger
[Humanisti
c
Approach]
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7. TYPE THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
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8. TYPE THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
Type Theories of
Personality
Hippocrates
1. Sanguine
2. Melancholic
3. Choleric
4. Phlegmatic
Kretschmer
1. Pyknic Body Type
2. Asthenic Body type
3. Athletic Body Type
4. Dysplastic Body Type
Sheldon
1. Endomorph
2. Mesomorphic
3. Ectomorph
Carl Gustav
Jung
1. Extrovert
2. Introvert
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9. TYPE THEORY OF
PERSONALITY -
HIPPOCRATES

10. HIPPOCRATES
▪ The Father of Modern Medicine
▪ Hippocrates was born around 460 BC on the island of Kos,
Greece.
▪ He was regarded as the greatest physician of his time.
▪ He based his medical practice on observations and on the study
of the human body.
▪ He held the belief that illness had a physical and a rational
explanation.
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11. Temperaments
18th Century depiction of the four
temperaments
● Phlegmatic
● choleric
● sanguine and
● melancholic
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12. Four Temperaments
• Choleric,
• sanguine,
• melancholic, and
• phlegmatic temperaments:
17c., part of the Grande Commande
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15. Sanguine Personality Type
● People with a sanguine personality type tend to be lively, optimistic, buoyant, and carefree.
● They love adventure and have high risk tolerance.
● Sanguine people are typically poor at tolerating boredom and will seek variety and
entertainment.
● Naturally, this trait can sometimes negatively affect their romantic and other relationships.
● Because this temperament is prone to pleasure-seeking behaviors, many people with
sanguine personalities are likely to struggle with addictions. Their constant cravings can
lead to overeating and weight problems.
● Sanguine people are very creative and can become great artists. Moreover, they are
fantastic entertainers and will do well if they choose careers in the entertainment industry.
Their natural abilities will also serve them well if they choose jobs related to
○ marketing,
○ travel,
○ fashion,
○ cooking,
○ or sports.
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16. CHOLERIC PERSONALITY TYPE
● Someone with a pure choleric temperament is usually a goal-oriented person.
● Choleric people are very savvy, analytical, and logical. Extremely practical and
straightforward, they aren’t necessarily good companions or particularly friendly.
● They dislike small talks and enjoy deep and meaningful conversations. They
would rather be alone than in the company of shallow, superficial people.
● Ideally, they want to spend time with people who have similar professional
interests.
● Ideal jobs for Cholerics are related to the following industries:
■ management;
■ technology;
■ statistics;
■ engineering;
■ programming;
■ business.
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17. PHLEGMATIC PERSONALITY TYPE
● Someone with a phlegmatic personality is usually a people person.
● They seek interpersonal harmony and close relationships, which makes phlegmatic
people loyal spouses and loving parents. They make it a point to preserve their
relationships with old friends, distant family members, and neighbors.
● People with phlegmatic temperaments tend to avoid conflict and always try to
mediate between others to restore peace and harmony.
● They are very much into charity and helping others. Ideal careers for phlegmatic
personality types should be related to
○ nursing;
○ teaching;
○ psychology or counseling;
○ child development;
○ or social services.
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18. MELANCHOLIC PERSONALITY TYPE
1. People with melancholic personalities love traditions. Women cook for men;
men open doors for women.
2. They love their families and friends and, unlike sanguine people, they do not
look for novelty and adventure. Even more so, they avoid it as much as they
can.
3. Someone with a melancholic temperament is unlikely to marry a foreigner or
leave their homeland for another country.
4. Melancholic people are very social and seek to contribute to the community.
Being extremely thorough and accurate, they are fantastic managers with good
personalities.
Perfect careers for melancholic personality type should be in:
▪ management;
▪ accounting;
▪ social work;
▪ or administration.
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19. RELATION OF VARIOUS FOUR
TEMPERAMENT THEORIES
Classical Element Adler Humor MBTI Carl Jung
Melancholic Earth Avoiding Blood ISTJ Thinker
Phlegmatic Water Getting Yellow Bile INFP Feeler
Sanguine Air Socially useful Phlegm ESFP Intuitor
Choleric Fire Ruling Black bile ENTJ Sensor
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20. COMPARISON
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21. TYPE THEORY OF
PERSONALITY - SHELDON
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22. WILLIAM HERBERT
SHELDON
● Born November 19, 1898, Warwick, Rhode Island,
U.S.
● Died September 16, 1977, Cambridge,
Massachusetts
● American psychologist and physician
● Who was best known for his theory associating
physique, personality, and delinquency.
● Sheldon attended the University of Chicago, where
he received a Ph.D. in psychology in 1926 and an
M.D. in 1933.
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23. WILLIAM SHELDON BODY TYPE/ SOMATOTYPE
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33. TYPE THEORY OF
PERSONALITY -
KRETSCHMER
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34. ERNST
KRETSCHMER
● Born 8 October 1888 at
Wüstenrot
● Died 8 February 1964 (aged 75)
at Tübingen
● Nationality German
● Known for Typology and
Scientific career
● He is specialised in Psychiatry
● Institutions - Marburg University

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36. KRETSCHMER’S HAND TYPE
APPROACH
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38. ERNST KRETSCHMER’S
CLASSIFICATION
●German psychologist Kretschmer has attempted to correlate physique and character. From his
studies on mental patients, he found that certain body types are associated with particular types of
mental disorders. He has classified personalities into four types:
●a. Pyknic type:
●These are people who are short and having round body. They will have personality traits of
extraverts. These people are more prone to suffer from a mental disorder called Manic Depressive
Psychosis (MDP).
●b. Asthenic type:
●These people will have a slender or slim body. They will have the personality traits of introverts.
These people are more prone to suffer from a serious mental disorder called Schizophrenia.
●c. Athletic type:
●These people will have strong body. They are more energetic and aggressive. They will be strong
enough, determined, adventurous and balanced. They are comparable with ambiverts. They are
more prone to suffer from MDP.
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39. KRETSCHMER TYPOLOGY
●Kretschmer typology is a controversial classification of individuals
based on a “clear biological affinity” between specific physiques and
specific personality tendencies.
●According to this classification,
1. the short, stocky pyknic type tends to be jovial and subject to mood swings;
2. the frail asthenic type is likely to be introversive and sensitive;
3. the muscular athletic type is usually energetic and aggressive; and
4. the disproportioned dysplastic type presents a combination of traits but tends
toward the asthenic.
●These tendencies were attributed to endocrine secretions. [formulated
in the 1920s by German psychiatrist Ernst Kretschmer (1888–1964)]
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40. TYPE THEORY OF
PERSONALITY – CARL JUNG

41. CARL JUNG
▪ Carl Gustav Jung was a Swiss
psychiatrist and psychoanalyst
▪ Who founded analytical
psychology.
▪ Jung's work was influential in the
fields of psychiatry, anthropology,
archaeology, literature,
philosophy, and religious studies.
▪ Jung worked as a research
scientist at the famous Burghölzli
hospital, under Eugen Bleuler.
▪ Source - Wikipedia
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43. EXTROVERT VS INTROVERT
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44. EXTROVERT VS INTROVERT
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45. EXTROVERT VS INTROVERT
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46. EXTROVERT VS INTROVERT
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47. EXTROVERT VS INTROVERT
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48. EXTROVERT VS INTROVERT
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49. EXTROVERT - CAREERS
Extroverts are more like to enjoy careers which:
● Are people-oriented, i.e. tending to favour relationship maintenance and team
collaboration.
● Involve frequent interactions with varied sets of people.
● Have a dynamic work environment, i.e. some aspect of the daily tasks and environment
keeps changing.
● Involve coordination with large groups of people or teams.
● Are away from the predictable humdrum of daily life.
● Involve more action than thought.
● Have a work environment full of hustle bustle, action, chatter and activity, rather than
peace and quiet.
● Inspire them to make things happen and take the lead.
● Make best use of their networking and people skills.
● Allow them to work on a number of different things simultaneously.
● Allow them to explore and discover new ideas and things.
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50. INTROVERT - CAREERS
Introverts are more like to enjoy careers which:
● Are task-oriented, i.e. tending to favour task accomplishment rather than fulfilling
relationships.
● Allow them to spend time working alone in their independent space.
● Don’t involve quick results and targets, and gives them time to process, plan and think.
● Don’t involve too much social interaction, allowing time to replenish their energy.
● Allow them to introspect within and come up with ideas.
● Allow for change, but in small, infrequent dozes.
● Do not involve quick results and targets, as they take time to process things through
contemplation, analysis and planning.
● Have a “noise-free”, i.e. quiet and serene work-environment.
● Don’t require projects to be completed through team collaboration.
● Don’t involve field-work or meetings with new people at different locations.
● Don’t require frequent social activities such as meetings, parties, meetings, and
gatherings.
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52. TRAIT THEORY OF
PERSONALITY
BY
GORDON ALLPORT

53. GORDON ALLPORT
▪ Gordon Willard Allport (November
11, 1897 – October 9, 1967)
▪ Was an American psychologist.
▪ Allport was one of the first
psychologists to focus on the
study of the personality, and is
often referred to as one of the
founding figures of personality
psychology
▪ He emphasized the uniqueness of
each individual, and the
importance of the present context,
as opposed to past history, for
understanding the personality.
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54. ALLPORT
▪ Allport and Henry Odbert
worked through two of the most
comprehensive dictionaries of
the English language available
and extracted around 18,000
personality-describing
words. From this list they
reduced the number of words
to approximately 4,500
personality-describing
adjectives which they
considered to describe
observable and relatively
permanent personality traits.
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55. ALLPORT – TRAIT THEORIES
●Allport organized these traits into a hierarchy of three levels:
●Cardinal traits dominate and shape an individual’s behavior, such as Ebenezer Scrooge’s greed
or Mother Theresa’s altruism. They stand at the top of the hierarchy and are collectively known as
the individual’s master control. They are considered to be an individual’s ruling passions. Cardinal
traits are powerful, but few people have personalities dominated by a single trait. Instead, our
personalities are typically composed of multiple traits.
●Central traits come next in the hierarchy. These are general characteristics found in varying
degrees in every person (such as loyalty, kindness, agreeableness, friendliness, sneakiness,
wildness, or grouchiness). They are the basic building blocks that shape most of our behavior.
●Secondary traits exist at the bottom of the hierarchy and are not quite as obvious or consistent as
central traits. They are plentiful but are only present under specific circumstances; they include
things like preferences and attitudes. These secondary traits explain why a person may at times
exhibit behaviors that seem incongruent with their usual behaviors. For example, a friendly person
gets angry when people try to tickle him; another is not an anxious person but always feels nervous
speaking publicly.
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57. ALLPORT – TRAIT APPROACH
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58. TRAIT THEORY OF
PERSONALITY
BY
RAYMOND CATTELL

59. RAYMOND CATTELL
▪ Raymond Bernard Cattell was a
British and American psychologist,
known for his psychometric research
into intrapersonal psychological
structure. Wikipedia
▪ Born: 20 March 1905, West
Bromwich, United Kingdom
▪ Died: 2 February 1998, Honolulu,
Hawaii, United States
▪ Full name: Raymond Bernard Cattell
▪ Known for: 16PF Questionnaire, Fluid
and crystallized intelligence, Cattell
Culture Fair Intelligence Test
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60. RAYMOND CATTELL’S TRAIT THEORY
●Unlike Eysenck, Cattell based his theory on various sources rather than just self
reporting. Cattell’s trait theory has been built around the use of factor analysis, a
mathematical technique devised by Charles Spearman. With the use of factor analysis,
Cattell reviewed and categorized a large number of traits, seeking the most basic and
useful ones, and developed a scheme for classifying them.
●This brought down the Allport’s initial list of over 4000 words to 171 different traits. He
further identified the closely related terms and the final list was prepared of 16 basic
source traits. According to him, these are the base of all human personality.
●Cattell discovered that some traits are surface traits, easily visible to any observer, and
others are source traits, the underlying structures responsible for the surface traits.
1. Surface Traits – clusters of related behaviors observed in a given situation.
2. Source Traits – Sixteen basic dimensions of personality which are the roots of all
behavior.
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61. 16 PF
●1. Abstractedness: Imaginative versus
practical
●2. Apprehension: Worried versus confident
●3. Dominance: Forceful versus submissive
●4. Emotional Stability: Calm versus high-
strung
●5. Liveliness: Spontaneous versus restrained
●6. Openness to Change: Flexible versus
attached to the familiar
●7. Perfectionism: Controlled versus
undisciplined
●8. Privateness: Discreet versus open
●9. Reasoning: Abstract versus concrete
●10. Rule-Consciousness: Conforming versus
non-conforming
●11. Self-Reliance: Self-sufficient versus
dependent
●12. Sensitivity: Tender-hearted versus tough-
minded.
●13. Social Boldness: Uninhibited versus shy
●14. Tension: Inpatient versus relaxed
●15. Vigilance: Suspicious versus trusting
●16. Warmth: Outgoing versus reserved
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64. TYPE CUM TRAIT THEORY
OF PERSONALITY
BY
EYSENCK

65. HANS JÜRGEN EYSENCK
▪ Hans Jürgen Eysenck was a German-
born British psychologist who spent his
professional career in Great Britain. He
is best remembered for his work on
intelligence and personality, although
he worked on other issues within
psychology. Wikipedia
▪ Born: 4 March 1916, Berlin, Germany
▪ Died: 4 September 1997, London,
United Kingdom
▪ Full name: Hans Jürgen Eysenck
▪ Spouse: Sybil B. G. Eysenck (m. ?–
1997)
▪ Known for: Intelligence, Personality
psychology, MORE
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66. TYPE CUM TRAIT APPROACH
●HJ Eysenck identified the major components of personality as a
number of personality types.
●Each type is made up of a set of personality characteristics. For
example, people who fit Eysenck’s extroverts type are said to have
such characteristics as sociability, liveliness and excitability. Each of
these characteristics, according to Eysenck can be broken down into
certain habitual response.
●Pattern that habitual response patterns can be broken down further
into specific responses within specific situations. This progression
from broad, global types down to specific situation bound, responses
is what makes Eysenck’s approach a hierarchical theory.
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76. PSYCHOTICISM
●Psychoticism is one of the three traits used by the psychologist Hans
Eysenck in his P–E–N model (psychoticism, extraversion and
neuroticism) model of personality. Psychoticism is a personality
pattern typified by aggressiveness and interpersonal hostility.
●High levels of this trait were believed by Eysenck to be linked to
increased vulnerability to psychosis such as in schizophrenia. He also
believed in a genetic basis to the trait, suggesting that blood relatives
of psychotics would show high levels of psychoticism.
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77. PSYCHOTICISM - NATURE
●Psychoticism is conceptually similar to the constraint factor in
Tellegen's three-factor model of personality. Psychoticism may be
divided into narrower traits such as impulsivity and sensation-seeking.
These may in turn be further subdivided into even more specific traits.
For example, impulsivity may be divided into narrow impulsivity
(unthinking responsivity), risk taking, non-planning, and liveliness.
Sensation seeking has also been analysed into a number of separate
facets.
●Eysenck argued that there might be a correlation between
psychoticism and creativity.
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78. PSYCHOTICISM - CRITICISM
●Critics of the trait have suggested that the trait is too heterogeneous
to be taken as a single trait.
●Costa and McCrae believe that agreeableness and conscientiousness
(both of which represent low levels of psychoticism) need to be
distinguished in personality models.
●It has also been suggested that "psychoticism" may be a misnomer
and that "psychopathy" or "Impulsive Unsocialized Sensation Seeking"
would be better labels.
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79. PSYCHOTICISM – BIOLOGICAL BASES
▪ Psychoticism is believed to be associated with levels of dopamine.
▪ Other biological correlates of psychoticism include low
conditionability and low levels of monoamine oxidase; beta-
hydroxylase, cortisol, norepinephrine in cerebrospinal fluid also
appear relevant to psychoticism level.
▪ Eysenck's theoretical basis for the model was the theory of
Einheitspsychosen (unitary psychosis) of the nineteenth-century
German psychiatrist Heinrich Neumann.
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80. PSYCHOANALYTIC
THEORY OF
PERSONALITY
BY
SIGMUND FREUD

81. SIGMUND FREUD
▪ Sigmund Freud was an Austrian
neurologist and the founder of
psychoanalysis, a clinical method for
treating psychopathology through
dialogue between a patient and a
psychoanalyst. Freud was born to
Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian
town of Freiberg, in the Austrian
Empire. Wikipedia
▪ Born: 6 May 1856, Příbor, Czechia
▪ Died: 23 September 1939, Hampstead,
London, United Kingdom
▪ Children: Anna Freud, Ernst L. Freud,
Jean Martin Freud, Mathilde Freud,
Oliver Freud, Sophie Freud, Martin
Freud
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95. ICEBERG MODEL
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99. PSYCHOANALYTIC
PSYCHOLOGY THEORY
OF PERSONALITY
BY CARL JUNG

100. CARL GUSTAV JUNG
▪ Carl Gustav Jung was a Swiss
psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who
founded analytical psychology. Jung's
work was influential in the fields of
psychiatry, anthropology, archaeology,
literature, philosophy, and religious
studies. Jung worked as a research
scientist at the famous Burghölzli
hospital, under Eugen Bleuler.
Wikipedia
▪ Born: 26 July 1875, Kesswil,
Switzerland
▪ Died: 6 June 1961, Küsnacht,
Switzerland
▪ Movies: Matter of Heart
▪ Influenced by: Sigmund Freud, Arthur
Schopenhauer, Otto Rank, MORE
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109. ARCHETYPES
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111. INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY
BY
ALFRED ADLER

112. ALFRED ADLER
▪ Alfred Adler was an Austrian medical
doctor, psychotherapist, and founder of
the school of individual psychology. His
emphasis on the importance of feelings
of inferiority, the inferiority complex, is
recognized as an isolating element
which plays a key role in personality
development. Wikipedia
▪ Born: 7 February 1870, Rudolfsheim-
Fünfhaus, Vienna, Austria
▪ Died: 28 May 1937, Aberdeen, United
Kingdom
▪ Spouse(s): Raissa Epstein
▪ Known for: Individual psychology,
Superiority complex, Inferiority complex,
Style of life
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114. SURESHKUMAR800@YAHOO.COM
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123. Humanistic Approach to
Personality
By
Carl Roger

124. HUMANISTIC APPROACH
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125. HUMANISTIC APPROACH BY
CARL ROGERS
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127. Personality Assessment
Objective
Rating Scales
Inventories,
Check List,
Questionnaire,
Test, etc
Subjective
Sentence Completion,
Open format,
Essay Writing,
Instant Speaking etc.,
Projective
Inkblot Test
Thematic Apperception
Test [TAT],
CAT, Cartoon test,
Draw A man Test.
Cloud Test, etc.,
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128. OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT
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129. SUBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT

130. PROJECTIVE ASSESSMENT
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131. TAT

132. THANK YOU
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133. REFERENCE
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Eysenck
2. https://www.slideshare.net/dpadmavathi/type-cum-trait-approach
3. https://www.slideshare.net/psue4a/eysenck-three-personality-trait-theory
4. https://study.com/academy/lesson/psychoticism-definition-lesson.html
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoticism
6. https://www.psychologistworld.com/personality/pen-model-personality-eysenck
7. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/psychoticism
8. https://exploringyourmind.com/dimensions-personality-hans-eysenck/
9. http://www.psychologyunlocked.com/eysenck-theory/
10. https://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/574485.2-Electrophysiological-Differences-in-Sanguine-
Choleric-Phlegmatic-and-MelancholicEnglish.pdf
11. http://www.thetransformedsoul.com/additional-studies/miscellaneous-studies/the-
four-human-temperaments
12. https://larissapahomov.com/2012/09/05/whats-your-teacher-temperament/
13. http://www.thetransformedsoul.com/additional-studies/miscellaneous-studies/the-
four-human-temperaments
14. https://psychologia.co/four-temperaments/
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134. REFERENCE
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung
2. https://onedio.co/content/12-honest-illustrations-explaining-introverts-vs-extroverts-12299
3. https://www.mindler.com/blog/introverts-extoverts-careers/
4. https://quizzclub.com/stories/society/introverts-vs-extroverts-they-really-see-the-world-
differently/
5. http://totallyhistory.com/alfred-adler/
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler
7. https://sites.google.com/site/psychologyofpersonalityperiod8/home/psychodynamic-
theories/adler-s-personality-theory
8. http://journalpsyche.org/alfred-adler-personality-theory/
9. https://alfredadler.edu/about/alfred-adler-theory-application
10. https://www.simplypsychology.org/carl-jung.html
11. http://journalpsyche.org/jungian-model-psyche/
12. https://www.psychologistworld.com/cognitive/carl-jung-analytical-psychology
13. https://sites.google.com/site/psychologyofpersonalityperiod8/home/psychodynamic-
theories/jung-s-personality-theory
14. https://www.psychestudy.com/general/personality/carl-jung-theory
15. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-are-jungs-4-major-archetypes-2795439
16. file:///C:/Users/Suresh%20Kumar/Downloads/ActiveImagination--Bowman.pdf
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135. REFERENCE
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Kretschmer
2. http://www.psychologydiscussion.net/personality/notes-on-types-and-traits-
theories-of-personality/710
3. https://study.com/academy/lesson/type-theory-in-psychology-definition-
theorists.html
4. https://dictionary.apa.org/kretschmer-typology
5. https://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/142390-Classification-Of-
Personality-Type-Approach-And-Trait-Approach.aspx
6. https://managementmania.com/en/personality-typology-by-kretschmer
7. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-an-oedipal-complex-2795403
8. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-fixation-2795188
9. https://www.verywellmind.com/defense-mechanisms-2795960
10. https://www.communicationtheory.org/psychoanalytic-theory-of-communication/
11. https://sites.google.com/site/psychologyofpersonalityperiod6/home/psychodynami
c-theories/freud-s-personality-theory
12. https://www.verywellmind.com/the-conscious-and-unconscious-mind-2795946
13. https://www.psychologistworld.com/freud/defense-mechanisms
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136. REFERENCE
1.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Allport
2.https://exploringyourmind.com/allports-trait-theory-of-personality/
3.https://www.simplypsychology.org/personality-theories.html
4.https://www.verywellmind.com/trait-theory-of-personality-2795955
5.https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-psychology/chapter/trait-perspectives-on-
personality/
6.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Cattell
7.https://www.verywellmind.com/cattells-16-personality-factors-2795977
8.https://www.psychestudy.com/general/personality/trait-theory
9.https://www.psychestudy.com/general/personality/trait-theory
10.https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/psychologists/raymond-cattell-and-his-theory-of-personality/
11.https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Book%3A_Personality_Theory_in_a_Cult
ural_Context_(Kelland)/10%3A_Trait_Theories_of_Personality/10.05%3A_Basic_Concepts_of_Cat
tell's_Theory

137. REFERENCE
●https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Sheldon
●https://www.studocu.com/en-us/document/university-of-california-
santa-barbara/personality-individual-differences/lecture-notes/traits-
and-theories-of-personality/2919312/view
●https://sites.google.com/site/psychologyofpersonalityperiod8/home/typ
e-and-trait-theories/sheldon-s-personality-theory
●https://temperaments.fighunter.com/?page=comparison
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