Fruit morphology and botanical classification

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* Created by using various internet Resources for Educational Purpose only
15-03-2018

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Fruit
Simple
Dry
Dehiscent
1. Legume
2. Follicle
3. Siliqua
4. Silicula
5. Capsule
6. Pyrix
7. Urticle
Indehiscent
1. Caryopsis
2. Achene
3. Cypsela
4. Samara
5. Nut
Schizocarpic
1. Lomentum
2. Cremocarp
3. Regma
4. Carcerulus
Fleshy
Aggregate
Composite
CLASSIFICATION
15-03-2018kishan.gusai2008@gmail.com

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Fleshy Fruit
1. Drupe
2. Pome
3. Berry
4. Pepo
5. Hesperidium
6. Balausta
7. Amphisarca
Aggregate fruit
1. Etaerio of
Drupes
2. Etaerio of
Achenes
3. Etaerio of
Follicles
4. Etaerio of
Berries
Composite fruit
1. Serosis
2. Syconus
CLASSIFICATION

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Types of Fruits
1. True fruits
 Ovary of the flowers grows into
the fruit.
2. Peudo-fruits/False fruits/
Accessories fruit
 It is often found that other floral
parts such as thalamus,
receptacle or calyx, may grow
and form a part of fruit. 15-03-2018kishan.gusai2008@gmail.com

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Simple Fruit Aggregate Fruit Multiple Fruit False Fruit

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Simple, Dry, Dehiscent
Simple Fruit – Single
fruit developes from a
single ovary of a single
flower
Dry Fruit - in which the
coat becomes dry at
maturity.
Dehiscent Fruit - dry fruit
whic at maturity open by
definite natural beans to
shed the contained seeds.15-03-2018kishan.gusai2008@gmail.com

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1.LegumeSimple, Dry, Dehiscent
 Developed from simple, superior and unilocular ovary,
 Opening along both the sutures
 Pod – legume with one or two seeds
 E.g. – beans, peas, mung, aparajita

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2. FollicleSimple, Dry, Dehiscent
 Developed from simple, superior and unilocular
ovary,
 Opening along ventral suture only.
 E.g - Aclepedipiadaceae family members,

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3. SiliquaSimple, Dry, Dehiscent
 Two chambered many seeded fruit,
 Developed from bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary,
 dehiscing from below upwards by both the suture,
 Seeds remain attached to Replum (Septum).
 E.g. – Brassicaceae family

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4. SiliculaSimple, Dry, Dehiscent
 Much shorter and flattened siliqua with few
seeds
 E.g.- Iberis amara (Candytuft), Capsella bursa-
pastoris (Shepherd’s purse).
Shepherd’s purse

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5. CapsuleSimple, Dry, Dehiscent
 Developes from compound, syncarpus, generally superior,
 one to many chambered ovary with many seeds,
 Axile placentation
 Unlike Legume, Capsule is composed of more than one carpel.
 E.g. – Poppy, cotton, datura etc.

12 6. Pyxis
Simple, Dry, Dehiscent
Capsule with circumscissile dehiscence
E.g. – Celosia, Amaranthus
7. Urticle
One seeded fruit with thin
wall,dehiscent by lid.
E.g. - Amaranthus

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Single Locule
Septum
3. Septifragal
Valves, Seeds attached to
central collumn
Types of dehiscence
1. Locullicidal 2. Septicidal
 Each locule seperates from
middle, e.g. - Malvaceae
 Splits at the point of union of
septum, in such a way that
each carpel seperates
 Locullicidal or septicidal
dehiscence but valves (septum)
fall off and seeds attached to
the central column, e.g. -
Dhatura

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5. Poricidal4. Sutural
 From one or both
suture, e.g. -
Calotropis
 From pores and flap like
valves, e.g. - Poppy
6. Circumscissile
 Transverse dehiscence
and tip of the valve fall
of as a lid, e.g. -
Eucalyptus
Types of dehiscence

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Simple, Dry, Indehiscent
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Indehiscent Fruit- Dry fruits which do not open when mature to shed their seeds.

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1. Caryopsis/Grain
 One seed which has the seed coat fused to the
pericarp,
 Developed from monocarpellary superior ovary
with pericarp fused with seed coat,
 very small,dry, indehiscent one seeded fruit.
2. Achene
 Developed from monocarpellary superior ovary,
 Seed coat is not fused with the pericarp,
 A small indehiscent one seeded fruit.
 Seed without wings and with thin fruit wall.
 One seed attached to ovary wall at one point.
Pericarp Seed

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3. Cypsela
 Developed from
bicarpellary, syncarpous,
inferior ovary with pericarp
and seed coat free,
 A dry indehiscent one
seeded fruit
4. Nut  Developed from superior bi-
or polycarpellary ovary
 Fruit wall(ovary wall) is
hard, stony or woody at
maturity,
 Dry, indehiscent one seeded
fruit.
 Similar to an achene but
with the wall greatly
thickened and hardened.

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5. Samara
 Developed from superior ovary,
 Dry indehiscent one or two seeded winged fruit
 A one- or two-seeded dry, indehiscent fruit in which
part of the fruit wall (ovary wall) grows out into a wing.
 an achene with a wing for wind dispersal
Single winged - Haloptelea
Two winged - Maple Three winged - Hiptage Five winged - Arjuna15-03-2018kishan.gusai2008@gmail.com

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Simple, Dry, Schizocarpic

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1.Lomentum
 Schizocarpic = intermediate between dehiscent and indehiscent.
 Fruit breaks into one or more seeded units.
 Sometimes seeds are liberated only after the decay of pericarp
 Leguminous fruit with one seeded segments
 E.g. –Desmodium, tamarind, acacia
DesmodiumTamarindAcacia

21  Developed from bicarpellary, bilocular inferior
ovary, splitting at maturity into two single
seeded mericarp.
 Each borne on a carpophore.
 the two achene like ripe carpelsseparating at
maturity from a slender axis
 cremocarps either entire of seperated into its
mericarps. (one cremocarp = two mericarp)
 E.g. – Apiaceae family, fannel, coriander
2. Cremocarp
Remains
of style
Mericarp

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3. Regma
 Developed from tricarpellary,
syncarpous, superior ovary and
splitting at maturity into three cocci.
 Each chamber with single seed
separates, Remains attached to the
central carpophore.
4. Carcerulus
 Pistil has several loculi and each of
loculi of ripened fruit separate
from each other as mericarps,
 Type of capsule,
 e.g – Tulsi, abutilon,
Ocimum Fruit Abutilon

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Simple, Fleshy fruits
1. Drupe
 Generally one seeded fruit with pericarp differentiated into epicarp, mesocarp
and endocarp.
 The innermost portion of the wall (endocarp) becomes hard and stony,
 The outermost part (exocarp) becomes a relatively thin skin,
 The middle portion between the skin and the stone (mesocarp) becomes either
fleshy or fibrous. (cherry)
 Pericarp – Matured ovary wall,
 Exocarp – Outermost layer,
 Mesocapr – Middle layer,
 Endocarp – Innermost layer.
Fleshy/Succulent Fruit - which the wall becomes soft and
fleshy as it matures.

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 If a fruit is fleshy and it has a hard stony pit containing a seed it is classified as a drupe. 15-03-2018kishan.gusai2008@gmail.com

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Coconut Drup

26 2. Pome
 Pome is French name of an apple
 Often called as an Accessory Fruit,
 Fleshy fruit surrounded by the thalamus and developed from two or
more carpellary, syncaprous, inferior ovary.
 A pome is an accessory fruit composed of five or more carpels in which
the exocarp forms an inconspicuous (undistinguished) layer.
 Edible part of the fruit is the fleshy receptacle.

27 3. Berry
 Few or many seeded fruit generally developed from
compound syncarpous superior or sometimes
inferior ovary.
 The entire pericarp is fleshy.
 Epicarp forms the skin, mesocarp and endocarp forms
pulp and in the pulp seeds remain scattered.
 Interior seeds are NOT covered by a hard coat and
endocarp is neither hard nor lignified.

28 4. Pepo
 Many seeded fruit like berry but it
developed from inferior tricarpellary
unilocular ovary with parietal placentation

29 5. Hesperidium
 This is a special type of berry in which a leathery rind forms containing oil
and locules filled with fleshy outgrowths containing juice.
 the interior of the fruit divided by septa, indicating the number of carpels.
 Developed from multicarpellary, syncarpous superior ovary with axile
placentation
 Endocarp- projecting inwards and forming distinct chambers
 Epicarp and Mesocarp- fused togather forming the rind of the fruit

30 6. Balausta
 Many chambered, many seeded, inferior ovary fruit like berry
 but pericarp is tough with two rows of carpels one above the other
bearing seeds irregularly.
 Calyx is persistent

31 7. Amphisarca
 Fleshy fruit with woody pericarp,
 developed from a syncarpous, superior, many seeded
ovary.
 Edibale portion is placenta and inner pulpy layers of
pericarp
 E.g. – woodapple,

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Aggregate Fruit
1. Etaerio of Drupes
 Fruit composed of mature ovaries from separate
pistils of one flower (Apocarpous ovary)
 Fruit developed from a flower having a number of
free carpels on a common receptacle
 The individual pistil develops into small fruitlets,
but they mature as single fruit in a single
receptacle.
2. Etaerio of Achenes
Peduncle
Druplet
Sepals

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3. Etaerio of Follicles
Aggregate Fruit
4. Etaerio of berries
Seed
Follicle

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Composite/Multiple Fruit
1. Sorosis
 Fruit composed of number of closely associated fruits, derived from
entire inflorescence and forming one body at maturity
 Each flower has own receptacle, but as the flower matures seperately
into fruitllets, they develop togather into a single large fruit.
 Developed from spike or spadix.
 Flowers fused by their succulent tepals
 Axis becomes fleshy
 E. – jackfruit, pineapple, mulberry
Peduncle
Axis
Seeds

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Composite Fruit
2. Syconus
 Developed from hypanthodium inflorescence,
 characteristically having hollow, pear shaped fleshy
receptacle
 E.g. – Fig,

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 Derived from separate but
closely clustered flowers
(Inflorescence)
 Derived from a flower having
many pistils (Apocarpous ovary)
on a common receptacle
 Derived from a single or
syncarpous ovary e.g. Peach,
Plum, mango

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