changing states, atoms, matter

1. EARTH & SPACE SCIENCEEARTH & SPACE SCIENCE
BASICS OF MATTER

2. • Matter is anything that
– takes up space
• Has measurable volume
– has mass
• Measured as weight in a
gravitational field
• Different than weight (which
changes with gravity)
• All matter is made up of atoms

3. AtomsAtoms are The Building Blocks of Matter
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4. Atoms
• Smallest possible unit into
which matter can be
divided, while still
maintaining its properties.
• Made up of:
– protons
– neutrons
– electrons
• The solar system is
commonly used as an
analogy to describe the
structure of an atom
For example, you can take a book and divide it into
chapters, paragraphs, sentences and words. You
could even chop up the words into letters, but they
wouldn’t work together to make sense any more, and
you certainly wouldn’t have a book anymore.
Atoms are like words, made up of smaller parts
(letters), but not sensibly divisible.
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5. Atoms are so small that…
• You cannot see them, even with a
microscope. (Electron scanning microscopes can
record digital simulations, but not photographs,
because the wavelength of light is too large.)
• it would take a stack of about 50,000
aluminum atoms to equal the thickness
of a sheet of aluminum foil from your
kitchen.
• a human hair is about 1 million carbon
atoms wide.
• a speck of dust might contain 3x1012
(3
trillion) atoms.
• it would take you around 500 years to
count the number of atoms in a grain
C-C-C-C-C-… + 999,995 more
.
Is made of approximately 3 trillion atoms
Just one of these grains
Hydrogen
atoms

6. Matter
• Anything that has mass and takes up
space (volume)
– Examples:
• A brick has mass and takes up space
• A basketball has mass and takes up space
• A lake has mass and takes up space
What else has mass & takes up space?
• Does air have mass and take up space?

7. OBSERVATION
Quest i on: Does ai r have mass?
- Mat t er i s anyt hi ng t hat has and t akes up space.
- Al l mat t er i s made up of .
- Mat t er of di f f er ent el ement s have var yi ng mass dependi ng on t he
mat er i al ’ s densi t y and t he at oms’
.
HYPOTHESIS
If ai r i s made of mat t er , t hen an i nf l at ed bal l oon shoul d wei gh
an empt y bal l oon, because al l mat t er has mass.
EXPERIMENT
1. Fi nd aver age wei ght of bal l oon, sugar , and bal l oon + sugar t o i l l ust r at e t hat t he
sum of each t ype of mat t er ’ s mass = i ndi vi dual masses.
2. Fi nd aver age wei ght of bal l oon and bal l oon + ai r , t hen cal cul at e t he mass of j ust
t he ai r .
CONCLUSION
Our dat a showed t hat t he mass of t he ai r bl own i nt o t he bal l oon wei ghed
grams. Theref ore, my hypot hesi s t hat t he i nf l at ed bal l oon woul d wei gh
i s ( suppor t ed/ not suppor t ed) by t he dat a and we can concl ude t hat
mass
at oms
at omi c mass

8. Matter
• Anything that has mass and takes up space (volume)
– Examples:
• A brick has mass and takes up space
• A basketball has mass and takes up space
• A lake has mass and takes up space
• Air has mass and takes up space
Can you think of anything that would NOT be
considered matter?
• Heat, light, sound, thoughts, emotions, time, gravity

9. Protons (+)
• Positively charged particles
• Located in the nucleus of the atom
• Protons identify the atom
– Each element has atoms with a
different number of protons
– Protons = atomic number
• Contribute to the atomic mass
• Equal to the number of electrons
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Interactive Periodic Table

11. Neutrons
• Neutral particles; no electric
charge
• Located in the nucleus
• Contribute to the atomic mass
• Number can vary
– isotopes have different #’s of
neutrons
– number calculated by rounding the
atomic mass & subtracting protons
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12. Electrons (-)
• Negatively charged particles
• Found outside the nucleus of the
atom, in the electron orbits/levels
– each orbit/level can hold a maximum
number of electrons
• 1st
= 2, 2nd
= 8, 3rd
= 8 or 18, etc…
• Move so rapidly around the nucleus
that they create an “electron cloud”
• Mass is insignificant when compared
to protons and neutrons
• Equal to the number of protons
• Involved in the formation of
chemical bonds
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13. Hydrogen (H) Atom
• Notice the one electron in the first orbital
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Even though there are no neutrons present,
Hydrogen is still considered an atom
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-
= 1
= 0
= 1
How many
more
electrons
can fit in
the 1st
orbital/
level?

14. Oxygen (O) Atom
• Notice the two electrons in the first
orbital/level and the six in the second
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= 8
= 8
= 8
How many
more
electrons
can fit in
the 2nd
orbital/
level?

15. Sodium (Na) Atom
• Notice the two electrons in the first orbital/level,
eight in the second, and one in the third
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= 11
= 12
= 11
How many
more
electrons
can fit in
the 3rd
orbital/
level?

16. Sub-Atomic Particles
Weight Comparison
(protons, neutrons, electrons)
Neutron = 1.6749286 x10-27
kg
Proton = 1.6726231 x10-27
kg
Electron = 9.1093897 x10-31
kg
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1836 electrons = 1 proton1839 electrons = 1 neutron
How do you think the mass of a neutron
compares to that of a proton?
1 neutron ≈ 1 proton

17. Atomic Number
• The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
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What would be the
atomic number of
this atom?

18. Mass Number
• The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus
• Expressed in Atomic Mass Units (amu)
– Each proton or neutron has a mass of 1 amu
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What would be the mass
number of this atom?
+  3
 4
3 protons + 4 neutrons =
a mass number of 7 amu
Why did we not account for the
electrons when calculating the
mass number?

19. Number of protons determines the element.
Number of protons also equals the number of electrons (in a neutral atom).
Atomic Math Challenge
Atomic Number (protons)
Symbol
Name of Element
Atomic Mass (protons + neutrons)
To determine the number of neutrons in the most abundant isotope, first
ROUND the Atomic Mass to the nearest whole number and then subtract the
number of protons. (15.999 → 16) (16 - 8 = 8 neutrons)

20. Matter
 Atoms of the same kind combine to form a pure
elementelement (like a word)(like a word)
 Two or more atoms joined together is called a
molecule (like a sentence)(like a sentence)
 Two or more types of atoms joined together makes a
compoundcompound
 What makes gold soft and shiny?
 What causes salt to form into crystals?
 Why is Helium "lighter than air"
Interactive Periodic Table

21. Bonding
Sodium - Na Chlorine - Cl+ -
Ions

22. Ionic Bond
Sodium Chloride - NaCl
-+

23. Common States of Matter
• Elements & compounds can exist in different states

24. States of Matter
States of matter are classifiedStates of matter are classified
based on...based on...
• particle arrangement
• what patterns the atoms or
molecules form (bonds)
• energy of particles
• how fast the atoms/molecules
are moving (temperature)
• distance between particles
• how far apart the atoms or
molecules are (density)

25. Solids
• Particles are tightly packed together
• Crystal lattice structure
• Particle vibrate about a fixed position.
• They have a definite shape and a
definite volume.
• retain their shape regardless of container
• cannot be compressed

26. Liquids
• Particles are touching, but can slide
around one another.
• Have an indefinite shape
• Take the shape of whatever container they
are placed in
• Have a definite volume
• Cannot be compressed

27. Gases
• Particles are very far apart and move
freely.
• Gases have an indefinite shape
• conform to whatever container they are
place in
• Gases have an indefinite volume
• can easily be compressed

28. Plasmas
A plasma is an ionized gas.
superheated over 1,000o
C
electrons are stripped of the atoms
A plasma is a very good conductor
of electricity
it is affected by magnetic fields
has an overall neutral charge
Plasmas, like gases have an
indefinite shape and volume.

29. • Kelvin
– No negatives
– No degrees
• Celsius
– Water based
• Fahrenheit

30. Points of Change
• Predictable temperatures of phase changes for
water (at sea level):
– Melting/Freezing Point = 0o
C, 32o
F or 273K
– Boiling/Condensing Point = 100o
C, 212o
F or 373 K

31. Bose-Einstein Condensate
• Super-cooled matter (near absolute zero
or - 273o
C) forms another state
HigherHigher
TemperatureTemperature
LowerLower
TemperatureTemperature
LowerLower
PressurePressure
HigherHigher
PressurePressure

32. • Atoms no longer move around as individuals.
• They all act in exactly the same way
– you can no longer tell them apart!
 Requires quantum physics to understand
BE Condensate

33. Changes of State
• What affects a substance’s physical state?
– Temperature
• Adding heat (energy) excites the atoms/molecules
– Pressure
Adding pressure
“immobilizes” the
atoms/molecules
Atomic
Interactions
Bonding between
atoms/molecules