MIKOLOGI TANAMAN SPONGOSPORA DAN POLYMYXA

1. PASCASARJANA AGRONOMI
FAKULTAS PERTANIAN
UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN
SUMEDANG
2016
Josua Crystovel
150320160005
MIKOLOGI TANAMAN
SPONGOSPORA DAN POLYMYXA

2. Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea J.A. Toml.
Klasifikasi Tumbuhan
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Protozoa
Phylum: Plasmodiales
Class: Plasmodiophoromycetes
Order: Plasmodiophorales
Family: Plasmodiophoraceae
Nama Umum:
Powdery scab, Corky scab, Powdery scab of potato, Tomato powdery scab,
Corky scab: potato
Sinonim:
Sorosporium scabies
Inang Utama: Kentang dan Tomat; Solanum tuberosum (Potato), Lycopersicon esculentum (Tomato)
Inang Lainnya: Cabai, Apel, Tembakau; Capsicum annuum (bell pepper), Datura stramonium (jimsonweed),
Nicandra physalodes (apple of Peru), Nicotiana rustica (wild tobacco), Physalis peruviana (cape
gooseberry), Solanum marginatum (white-edged nightshade), Solanum nigrum (black nightshade),
Tussilago farfara (Colt's-foot), Ullucus tuberosus (Ulluco).

3. Distribusi Geografis:
Asia: China, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines,
Sri Lanka, Turkey
Eropa: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia (former), Denmark, Finland,
Former Yugoslavia, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom
Afrika: Algeria, Burundi, Egypt, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique,
Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, Zimbabwe
Amerika Tengah dan Caribbean: Costa Rica, Panama
Amerika Selatan: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Falkland Islands,
Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela
Oceania: Australia, New Zealand
Amerika Utara: Canada,USA

4. Morphologi:
Secara morfologi spesies S. subterranea f.sp.
subterranea dan f.sp. Nasturtii memiliki
kesamaan,dan dilaporkan tidak memiliki
perbedaan sama sekali. Tetapi pengukuran secara
mikroskopik agak berbeda antara fsp. Subterranea
dengan f.sp. Nasturii karena inang utama mereka
memang berbeda.
Protozoa seperti jamur ini memiliki bentuk bulat
telur, tidak teratur, memanjang tipis(sporeballs),
serta memiliki diameter 19-85 m (18-82 pM), yang
terdiri dari agregat kista erat (spora tidur)
mengelilingi pusat berongga, membuat spons tipis
seperti gabus. Setiap kista adalah berbentuk
polyhedral, dengan diameter 3,5-4,5 um dengan
halus, tipis, dinding kuning-coklat. Kista
menimbulkan uninucleate, memiliki bulat telur
untuk zoospora bola diameter 2,5-4,5 um (2,5-6,0
m) serta memiliki dua flagella jenis whiplash yang
tidak sama panjang (sekitar 0,5 dan 14 m), apikal
melekat dan malah searah.

6. Siklus Hidup S. subterranea f.sp. subterranea

9. Kentang Yang Terserang

10. Jaringan yang abnormal seperti koreng pada akar kentang

11. Serangan Pada Akar Tanaman

12. Akibat Bagian Tanaman Diserang
Daun: layu
Akar: koreng; mengurangi sistem akar Batang:
Bentuk normal organ vegetatif: perubahan
warna eksternal (perubahan warna)
Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea
adalah organisme karantina untuk beberapa
negara dan dapat memiliki dampak ekonomi
yang cukup besar pada tanaman kentang
nasional.
Impor umbi kentang dari negara-negara yang
terkena kontaminasi harus hati-hati dan seleksi
yang akurat dalam impor umbi diuji dan jika
mungkin tidak mengimpor area yang terkena.
Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea juga
terdaftar sebagai hama karantina, daerah
produksi kentang dimonitor dan dievaluasi
dengan tindakan karantina. Terhadap umbi-
umbian, tanah dan tanaman bagianyang
diragukan harus diuji setiap tahun.

13. Kegiatan Inspeksi Kentang
Dilapangan dan Digudang

14. Rujukan Pustaka:
De boer, R., and Tony, P. Powdery scab and potato production in Australia.
http://www.pa.ipw.agrl.ethz.ch/spongospora/EUworkshop/proceeding17.pdf
Draper, M. A., Secore, G. A., and Gudmestad, N. C. 1997. First report of potato powdery scab ,
Caused by Spongospora sunterranea f.sp. subterranea , in North Dakota. Plant Disease, 81: 693.
EPPO/CABI 1997 Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea. In : Quarantine pest for Europe. 2nd
edition.(Ed. By Smith, I. M., McNamara, D. G., Scott, P. R. and Holerness, M.) CAB
INTERNATIONAL, Wallingford, UK.
Hamidullah, J., Hidalgo, A. H., Mohammad, A. and Shafqatullah K. 2002. Effect of seed treatment
with fungicides on the control of powdery scab of potato. Asian Journal of plant sciences, 44: 454-455.
Iftikhar. S., Fahmeed. F., Ahmad. I., and Hameed., A. 2002. Characterization of Spongospora
subterranea f.sp. subterranea, the cause of powdery scab of potato in Pakistan. OnLine Journal of
Biological Sciences. 2(7): 441-443.
Merz, U., Ahmad I. and Iftikhar, S. Evidence for the presence of Spongospora subterranea f.sp.
subterranea in North areas in Pakistan and its importance for national potato production.
http://www.sfiar.ch/document/poster/merz.pdf
Miller, J. 2001. Powdery scab-Summary Notes. http://www.uidaho.edu/ag/plantdisease/scabnote.htm
http://www.plantwise.org/KnowledgeBank/Datasheet.aspx?dsid=51088
http://www.scri.ac.uk/research/pp/pestanddisease/pmtv
http://www.hutton.ac.uk/research/groups/cell-and-molecular-sciences/virus-research/hostpathogen
interactions/potato-mop-top-virus.
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/225784644_Alternative_hosts_for_potato_moptop_
virus_genus_Pomovirus_and_its_vectorSpongospora_subterranea_f.sp._subterranea.
14-http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18070323

16. Polymyxa graminis adalah spesies protista plasmodiophorid. Polymyxa
graminis merupakan parasit obligat dari akar tanaman.
Polymyxa graminis

17. Polymyxa graminis. (a) Siklus Hidup (b) scanning dengan
mikrograph elektron pada zoospora tunggal biflagelate; (c) scanning
mikrograph elektron pada sporosorus tunggal.
Re-drawn after Williams (1973).

18. Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) and
Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) that
belong to Bymovirus genus, familiy
Potyvirideae, are causal agents of soil-borne
mosaic disease in winter barley in the UK,
China, Japan and several European countries,
but they are not yet reported in the Czech
Republic. This disease is economically
important and in years particularly favourable
for disease development is known to cause
crop yield losses of up to 50-70 %. Mechanical
transmission of BaMMV into barley seedlings
is generally inefficient and is the major
constraint for testing cultivar resistance to the
virus. Both viruses are transmitted to plants
exclusively by a vector,

19. Penyebaran Cepat Di Jerman
Pada Tahun 1978 seorang peneliti Huth melaporkan
adanya gejala serangan Barley yellow mosaic virus.

20. Serangan Polymyxa pada tanaman

21. Polymyxa graminis, which is a
relatively poor characterised
eukaryotic fungal-like micro-
organism. It survives in the soil as
resting spores (cystosori) containing
the viruses within their protective
‗shells‘. When the host plants are
present and the environmental
conditions are favourable, these
spores release swimming zoospores
which invade and develop in the roots
of barley and some other cereal crops.
During root invasion, the viruses are
transmitted to healthy root cells from
where they move upwards
systemically into the shoots and
leaves where they cause mosaic
symptoms, general stunting of the
crop and poor seed set.

22. Contoh Jurnal laporan tentang polymyxa graminis

23. Contoh Jurnal laporan tentang polymyxa graminis

24. Contoh Jurnal laporan tentang polymyxa graminis

25. Rujukan Pustaka:
Mutasa E.S., Chwarszczynska D.M., Adams M.J., Ward E., Asher M.J.C., 1995. Development of
PCR for the detection of Polymyxa betae in sugar-beet roots and its application in field studies.
Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 47: 303-313.
Ward E., Adams M.J., 1998. Analysis of ribosomal DNA sequences of Polymyxa species and
related fungi and the development of genus- and species-specific PCR primers. Mycological
Research 102:965-974.
Adams, M. J. 1990. Epidemiology of fungally-transmitted viruses. Soil Use Manage. 6:184-189.
Maraite, H., Goffart, J.-P., and Bastin, V. 1988. Development of a quantitative method for
assessment of Polymyxa graminis Led. Inoculum potential in soils. Pages 259-266 in: Integrated
Crop Protection in Cereals. R. Cavalloro and K. D. Sutherland, eds. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, the
Netherlands.
Littlefield, L. J., Delfosse, P., Whallon, J. H., Hassan, Z. M., Sherwood, J. L., and Reddy, D. V. R.
1997. Anatomy of sporosori of Polymyxa graminis, the vector of Indian peanut clump virus, in
roots of Sorghum bicolor. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 19:281-288.
Maraite, H., Goffart, J.-P., and Bastin, V. 1988. Development of a quantitative method for
assessment of Polymyxa graminis Led. Inoculum potential in soils. Pages 259-266 in: Integrated
Crop Protection in Cereals.
R. Cavalloro and Ratna, A. S., Rao, A. S., Nolt, B. L., Reddy, D. V. R., Vijayalakshmi, M., and
McDonald, D. 1991. Studies on the transmission of Indian peanut clump virus disease by
Polymyxa graminis. Ann. Appl. Biol. 118:71-78.
Goffart, J.-P., Van Bol, V., and Maraite, H. 1987. Quantification du potentiel d’inoculum de
Polymyxa betae dans les sols. Pages 295-306 in: Proc. 50th Winter Congress IIRB. I.I.R.B.,
Brussels, Belgium.