Basic Understanding and information for False Ceiling and its fitting. Best for first few semester of architecture students.

1. FALSE CEILING
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION
TECHNIQUES IV
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAIPUR
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

2. SEMESTER III
SECTION B
GROUP 1
PALLAVI SUDHAKER 19122042
PAWAR MIHIR MANOJ 19122045
RITWIK HALDER 19122055
ROUNIT MEHRA 19122056
SANDEEP VERMA 19122062
T KIRAN SHAKTHI 19122068

3. INTRODUCTION

4. •A FALSE CEILING IS A CEILING MADE BENEATH THE MAIN
CEILING OF THE ROOM OR BUILDING. IN OTHER WORDS, IT IS A
SECOND LAYER OF ROOF SUSPENDED FROM THE MAIN ROOF
WITH THE HELP OF METAL OR WOODEN FRAME.
• IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS DROPPED CEILING. FALSE CEILING HAS
MULTIPLE ADVANTAGES.
•IT IMPROVES THE AESTHETICS OF THE ROOM. FALSE CEILING IS
PROVIDED TO KEEP THE ROOM COOL DURING SUMMER AND
WARM IN WINTER. IT IS ALSO PROVIDED TO CONCEAL THE UGLY
MESH OF ELECTRICAL WIRES, LIGHT FIXTURES, AIR-
CONDITIONING DUCTS AND OTHER FIXTURES.

5. THE FALSE CEILING IS HUNG OR FIXED IN A FRAMEWORK MADE OF
ALUMINIUM OR GI SECTIONS OR WOODEN BATTEN FIXED WITH THE
MAIN CEILING. THE FALSE CEILING IS FIXED AT A MINIMUM DISTANCE
OF 8 INCHES FROM THE MAIN CEILING. FALSE CEILING IS MADE BY
VARIOUS MATERIALS LIKE PLASTER OF PARIS, GYPSUM BOARD,
PLYWOOD, PVC SHEETS ETC. THE CHOICE OF MATERIAL DEPENDS UPON
THE USE AND DESIGN OF THE FALSE CEILING. DIFFERENT MATERIALS
HAVE THEIR OWN ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES.

6. USES AND
ADVANTAGES / DISADVANTAGES

7. FALSE CEILING ARE ESSENTIAL USED FOR CONCEALING WIRES,
SOUND PROOFING, FIRE SAFETY, ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND TO
HELP IN MOISTURE AND SAG RESISTANCE. EARLIER, FALSE
CEILINGS WERE USUALLY MADE OF GYPSUM BOARDS, BUT THESE
DAYS, IT IS EASY TO HAVE FALSE CEILING THAT ARE NOT ONLY
FUNCTIONAL, BUT ALSO DECORATIVE.
1. IT HELPS IN HIDING THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS AND
IMPROVE THE AESTHETICS OF
ANY ROOM OR HOME.
2. IT ACTS AS A HEAT INSULATOR.
3. IT PROVIDES AN ACOUSTICAL BARRIER WHICH HELPS IN
REDUCING ECHO PROBLEMS.
4. IT ACTS AS AN ANTI-MICROBIAL ELEMENTS.
5. IT WORKS AS A FIRE SEPARATOR.
6. THE SPACE BETWEEN STRUTS AND CEILING TILES IS USED AS A
DUCT THAT CAN CARRY ALL THE WIRING AS WELL AS HIDDEN
LIGHTING SYSTEM.

8. ADVANTAGES OF FALSE CEILING :-
1. IT PROVIDES A HOMOGENEOUS SURFACE TO THE ROOF.
2. IT PROVIDES FIRE PROTECTION AS IT CREATES
COMPARTMENTATION.
3. FALSE CEILING HELPS IN ACOUSTICAL TREATMENT .
4. IT CONCEALS ALL THE NON-PLEASING ELEMENTS AND HIDES IT
FROM THE VIEWER’S EYE.
5. IT ALSO HIDES THE PIPELINES AND ELECTRICAL CABLES
RUNNING IN THE ROOM. ALL THE DUCT OF AIR CONDITIONING
CAN BE HIDDEN UNDER IT.
6. FALSE CEILING MATERIALS ARE EASY TO INSTALL AND CHEAP
AS COMPARED TO TRADITIONAL ROOF SYSTEM.
DISADVANTAGES OF FALSE CEILING :-
1. WE HAVE TO TAKE CARE AT TIME OF HANGING ANYTHING IN
THE CEILING.
2. IT WOULD REDUCE THE HEIGHT OF THE CEILING AND CAN’T
INSTALL IF WE DOESN’T HAVE DECENT CEILING AND CEILING
HEIGHT.

9. WHILE FALSE CEILING ARE USEFUL, THERE ARE QUITE A FEW
CHALLENGES TO OVERCOME WHILE INSTALLING THEM:
1. THE SHAPE OF BUILDING, ESPECIALLY IF THERE IS AN IRREGULAR
BEAM BOTTOM, MAY NOT BE CONDUCTIVE FOR FALSE CEILING.
2. IF THERE IS A LEAKAGE IN THE BUILDING, IT MAY ALSO AFFECT
THE FALSE CEILING.
3. FALSE CEILING TAKE A LOT OF TIME TO DRY AND CAN CAUSE
DELAYS IN THE PROJECT.
4. INSTALLATION OF FALSE CEILING REQUIRES EXPERTISE AND
PRECISION.
5. IF NOT EXECUTED PROPERLY, THE SURFACE CAN BE UNEVEN AND
AFTER PAINTING, THE FINISHING MAY NOT BE UP TO THE MARK,
AND MAY EVENTUALLY ADD TO THE PROJECT COSTS TO SET IT
RIGHT.
6. THE ROOM HAS TO HAVE ENOUGH HEIGHT (AT LEAST 11 FEET OR
MORE) TO ACCOMMODATE A FALSE CEILING.

11. TYPES BASED ON FIXING DETAILS
OF FALSE CEILING

12. ELEMENTS OF A FALSE CEILING
A SUSPENDED CEILING SYSTEM CONSISTS OF 3 PARTS:
• PRIMARY MEMBERS
• SECONDARY MEMBERS AND
• MAIN CEILING MATERIAL OR TILES (E.G. ACOUSTIC BOARDS, CLOTH ETC.)
THESE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MEMBERS ARE CALLED THE STRUCTURAL
MEMBERS AND FORM THE FRAMEWORK ON WHICH THE BOARDS, LIGHTING
FIXTURES, A.C DUCTS ETC. ARE FIXED. THE DIAGRAM BELOW DEPICTS ALL THE
IMPORTANT PARTS OF A FALSE CEILING (SUSPENDED CEILING) SYSTEM:
I) MAIN RUNNERS
2) SECONDARY MEMBERS
3) PERIMETER SECTION
4) HANGING MEMBER
5) TILE

13. TYPES OF FALSE CEILING SYSTEM
SUSPENDED CEILINGS ARE CREATED USING METAL GRID SYSTEMS,
WHICH ARE SUSPENDED BELOW THE CEILING OR ROOF DECK
USING A SERIES OF WIRES. THE GRID FILLED IN WITH CEILING TILES,
WHICH ARE PRIMARILY MADE FROM MINERAL BLENDS. DEPENDING
UP ON THE APPEARANCE AND VISIBILITY OF THE FALSE CEILINGS
ARE CLASSIFIED IN TO TWO TYPES. THEY ARE:
I. EXPOSED GRID
2. CONCEALED GRID
A SYSTEM WHERE THE GRID IS VISIBLE AND INTO WHICH PANELS
ARE LAID.
THE GRID IS FINISHED IN COLORS TO HARMONISE OR CONTRAST
WITH THE
PANELS IS KNOWN AS EXPOSED GRID TYPE CEILING.

14.  EXPOSED GRID VARIETIES ARE THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF
SUSPENDED CEILING.
 THEY CONSIST OF LONG METAL STRIPS, CALLED "MAINS," WHICH
ARE INTERCONNECTED WITH SHORTER METAL PIECES KNOWN
AS "TEES TOGETHER, THE MAINS AND TEES FORM A GRID
SYSTEM ,WHICH ARE THEN FILLED WITH ACOUSTICAL CEILING
TILES.
 EXPOSED GRID SUSPENDED CEILING SYSTEMS CAN CONTRIBUTE
TO PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION.
 THE SYSTEM IS RAPID TO INSTALL AND CAN PROVIDE A HIGH
DEGREE OF ACCESS TO THE CEILING VOID.

15.  CROSS TEES THAT ARE
SUPPORTED BY EITHER MAIN
RUNNERS OR OTHER CROSS
TEES SHALL BE INSTALLED SO
THAT FROM A RIGHT ANGLE
WITH THE INTERESTING
RUNNER.
 CROSS TEES OVER 600MM
LONG WHICH ARE CUT AND
REST ON THE WALL ANGLE
SHALL BE SUPPORTED BY AN
ADDITIONAL HANGER.
THE MAIN RUNNERS SHALL BE
INSTALLED SO THAT THEY ARE
LEVEL. LEVELLING SHALL BE
DONE WITH THE SUPPORTING
HANGERS TAUT TO PREVENT
ANY SUBSEQUENT
DOWNLOAD MOVEMENT WHEN
THE CEILING LOADS ARE
APPLIED
MAIN TEE CROSS TEE

17.  WALL ANGLE SHALL BE
NEATLY JOINTED AT
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL
ANGLES.
 ALL WALL ANGLE SHALL BE
FIRMLY FIXED AT THE
SPECIFIED CENTRES TO THE
PERIMETER WALL OR OTHER
STRUCTURE.
 WHERE HANGERS WIRES
PASS THROUGH MAIN
RUNNERS, THE LOOPS
SHALL BE SHARPLY BENT
AND TIGHTLY WRAPPED TO
PREVENT VERTICAL
MOVEMENT OF THE RUNNER
WITHIN THE LOOP.

19. CONCEALED GRID SYSTEMS
 CONCEALED GRID SYSTEMS USE THE ACOUSTICAL TILES TO HIDE
THE GRID SYSTEM FROM VIEW. THIS CREATES A SMOOTH, CLEAN
WHICH IS AESTHETICALLY PLEASING. THE TILE USED HAS A SMALL
GROOVE BUILT INTO IT'S PERIMETER, WHICH SLIDES OVER THE
MAINS AND TEES TO COVER THEM.
 VARIOUS METAL AND A FEW KINDS OF POP CEILINGS COME
UNDER THIS CATEGORY THIS TYPE IS MORE EXPENSIVE THAN AN
EXPOSED SYSTEM.
 THIS KIND OF FALSE CEILING SYSTEM IS DIFFICULT FOR
MAINTENANCE TO ACCESS AREAS ABOVE THE CEILING.
 FIGURES SHOWING SECTIONS OF THE CONCEALED GRID CEILINGS

20.  PERIMETER CHANNEL IS FIXED
ALONG THE PERIPHERY OF
FALSE CEILING AREA. THE
PERIMETER CHANNEL IS FIXED
TO WALL WITH HELP OF SCREW
.
 INTERMEDIATE CHANNEL ACTS
AS BASIC SKELETON TO HOLD
THE SUSPENDED CEILING
SYSTEM.
 INTERMEDIATE SECTIONS FIT
INTO THE HOLE MADE IN THE
MAIN T-SECTIONS.
COMPONENTS OF CONCEALED FALSECOMPONENTS OF CONCEALED FALSE
CEILINGCEILING

21.  MAIN T-SECTION HOLDS
INTERMEDIATE T-SECTION WITH THE
HELP OF CONNECTING CLIP.
 HANGING CLIP IS USED FOR
HANGING THE MAIN T-SECTION
AND HAS ADJUSTABLE LENGTH.
SOFFIT CLEATSOFFIT CLEAT
SOFFIT CLEAT IS USED TO HOLD THE
HANGING CLIP VERTICALLY IN
POSITION WHICH HOLDS THE
HANGING MAIN T-SECTION. SOFFIT
CLEAT IS FIXED TO CEILING WITH
HELP OF FASTENERS.

22. TT--SECTIONS FITTING DETAILSSECTIONS FITTING DETAILS
FIRST PERIMETER
SECTIONS ARE INSTALLED
AND THEN THE HANGING
MAIN T-SECTIONS ARE
INSTALLED WITH THE HELP
OF HANGING CLIPS AND
THEN INTERMEDIATE T-
SECTIONS ARE INSTALLED
FORMING THE GRID
FRAMEWORK .

23. MIDDLE PANEL FITTING DETAILSMIDDLE PANEL FITTING DETAILS
THE TWO IMAGES
SHOW HOW THE
MIDDLE PANELS
HAVE 2 DIFFERENT
TYPES OF
GROOVES MADE
FOR FITTING.
GROOVE ON ONE
SIDE IS CUT IN L
SHAPE TO PUSH
THE PANEL WHILE
INSERTING AND
THEN GETTING O
THE ORIGINAL
POSITION
CREATING A LOCK
SYSTEM.

24. SIDE PANEL FITTING DETAILSSIDE PANEL FITTING DETAILS
THESE TWO
PANELS SHOW
HOW SIDE
PANELS ARE
FIXED HAVING
A GROOVE ON
ONE SIDE AND
HAVING PLAIN
EDGE ON WALL
SIDE AFTER IT IS
FIXED IN
POSITION A
SPRINGING CLIP
IS INSTALLED
WHICH PUSHES
THE PANEL
CREATING A
LOCK SYSTEM.

26. DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATERIALS
OF FALSE CEILING PANELS

27. THE MOST COMMONLY USED MATERIALS FOR FALSE CEILING ARE :
1) GYPSUM FALSE CEILING
2) POP FALSE CEILING
3) GYPTONE FLASE CEILING
4) WOODEN FALSE CEILING
5) FIBER FALSE CEILING
6) METAL FALSE CEILING
7) SYNTHETIC FALSE CEILING
8) PVC FALSE CEILING
9) GLASS FALSE CEILING
10) ACRYLIC FALSE CEILING

28. GYPSUM FALSE CEILING

29. GYPSUM FALSE CEILING : -
GYPSUM IS A SOFT LIGHTWEIGHT HYDRATED SULFATE OF
CALCIUM. IT IS A POPULAR MATERIAL FOR FALSE CEILING
BECAUSE OF ITS:.
•IT IS HUNG FROM AN IRON FRAMEWORK TO BUILD A FALSE
CEILING. ITS TAPERED EDGES MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO JOIN BOARDS
MORE EASILY ITH GOOD FINISHES.
•IT IS AVAILABLE NATURALLY IN SHADES OF BROWN, WHITE RED
YELLOW AND GREY. ALSO AS COLORLESS MATERIAL.
•GYPSUM IS QUITE FLEXIBLE AND CAN EASILY PROVIDE DIFFERENT
SHAPE AND TEXTURE OPTIONS-PLAIN, CARVED, STEPPED, AND
COFFERED.

30. ADVANTAGES :-
THERMAL AND SOUND INSULATION, LIGHTWEIGHT AND FIRE
RESISTANCE PROPERTIES
•EASY TO INSTALL BUT ALSO CHEAPER
•BEST FOR HOME INTERIORS
•AVAILABLE IN DIFFERENT THICKNESS AND SIZES.
•IT CAN GIVE FIRE PROTECTION UP TO 2 HOURS
DISADVANTAGES:-
VERY COSTLY

31. GYPSUM BOARDS FOR FALSE CEILING-
MATERIAL-
GYP BOARDS ARE PLAIN COST
EFFECTIVE PLASTERBOARDS FOR
STANDARD PERFORMANCE AND USED
AS BEST SUBSTRATE WHERE SEAMLESS
FINISH IS REQUIRED.
SIZES AND CONFIGURATION-
GYP BOARDS ARE AVAILABLE IN
VARIOUS THICKNESSES OF 9.5 mm,12.5
mm,15 mm etc.
AND ARE AVAILABLE IN REPECTIVE
SIZES 1219mm BY 1829mm (2ft BY 3ft)
and 1219mm BY 2438mm (2ft BY 4ft).
IDENTIFICATION-
-GREY FACE PAPER
-BROWN REVERSE SIDE PAPER
MANUFACTURING
STANDARDS-
COMPILES WITH IS 2095 PART-1

32. COMPONENTS OF GYPSUM FALSE CEILING-
PERIMETER CHANNEL-
PERIMETER CHANNEL IS AN
ALUMINIUM CHANNEL WHICH IS
USUALLY FIXED TO WALL AROUND
PERIMETER OF CEILING WITH THE
HELP OF DRY WALL SCREWS.
HANGING WIRE –
HANGING WIRE OR SECTION FITTED
WITH BRACKET IS USED TO HOLD THE
INTERMEDIATE CHANNEL .

33. INTERMEDIATE CHANNEL-
INTERMEDIATE CHANNELS ARE PROVIDED
TO PROVIDE SUPPORT TO THE GRID
FRAMEWORK FOR PANEL INSTALLATION
AND ALSO IT HOLDS THE CEILING SECTION
BY CONNECTING CLIP .
CEILING SECTION –
CEILING SECTIONS ARE THE SECTIONS ON
WHICH THE
GYPSUM BOARDS ARE BOLTED OR
SCREWED .
CONNECTING CLIP-
THIS CONNECTING CLIP IS USED TO
CONNECT THE CEILING SECTIONS AND
THE INTERMEDIATE CHANNELS .
COMPONENTS OF GYPSUM FALSE CEILING-

34. FASTENERS –
FASTENERS ARE THE NUTS AND BOLTS
AND ARE USED FOR ATTACHING SOFFIT
CLEAT TO THE CEILING .
DRY WALL SCREWS-
DRY WALL SCREWS ARE USED TO
SCREW THE PERIMETER CHANNEL TO
THE WALL .
SOFFIT CLEAT-
SOFFIT CLEAT IS USED TO CONNECT THE
HANGING WIRE TO THE CEILING IT IS
USUALLY ATTACHED TO THE CEILING WITH
THE HELP OF FASTENERS AND IS
CONNECTED TO THE HANGING WIRE VIA
METAL TO METAL SCREWS .
COMPONENTS OF GYPSUM FALSE CEILING-

35. FIXING MEATHOD OF FALSE CEILING -
STEP 1 -
FIRST THE PERIMETER CHANNEL IS
SCREWED ON THE WALL AT THE
LEVEL OF THE FALSE CEILING
AND IT SHOULD BE ENSURED
THAT THE LEVEL OF THE
PERIMETER CHANNEL IS EQUAL
FROM THE ACTUAL CEILING
HEIGHT ON ALL FOUR SIDES .
STEP 2 -
THEN THE HANGING WIRE IS ATTACHED TO CEILING WITH THE HELP
OF SOFFIT CLEAT AND THEN INTERMEDIATE CHANNELS ARE
ATTACHED TO HANGING WIRES AND IT SHOULD BE CONFIRMED
THAT THE LEVEL OF THE HANGING WIRE AND ITERMEDITE
CHANNEL IS UNIFORM AND ALIGNS WITH THAT OF PERIMETER
CHANNEL .AFTER THIS CEILING SECTION IS LOCKED WITH
INTERMEDIATE CHANNEL WITH THE HELP OF CONNECTION CLIP
FORMING THE BASIC FRAME WORK FOR PANEL INSTALLATION.

36. STEP 3 -
AFTER THE GRID IS FORMED
THE FRAME WORK IS READY
FOR PANNEL INSTALLATION.
THE UPPER IMAGE SHOWS
HOW THE GRIDS AND THE
FRAMEWORK MADE FOR
PANEL INSTALLATION
LOOKS LIKE.
NOW THE GYPSUM PANELS
OF FIXED SIZES ARE TAKEN
AND SIMPLY SCREWED TO
THE CEILING SECTIONS
FORMING THE SURFACE OF
FALSE CEILING.
FIXING MEATHOD OF FALSE CEILING -

37. FIXING MEATHOD OF FALSE CEILING -
DETAILS -
THE TWO IMAGES ON THE
RIGHT SHOWS THE SECTIONAL
PERSPECTIVE AND ISOMETRIC
VIEWS OF THE FALSE CEILING
WITH PANEL INSTALLED.
WHILE THE IMAGE ON THE
BOTTOM LEFT SHOWS THE 2D
SECTIONAL DETAIL OF THE
GYPSUM BOARD FIXATION ON
THE CEILING SECTION AND
FIXATION OF PERIMETER
CHANNEL.

38. FINISHING-
AFTER THE GYPSUM BOARD
PANELS ARE INSTALLED ,THE
JOINTS AT THE CONER ,THE
SIDES OF THE WALL AND
BETWEEN THE GYPSUM PANELS
ARE COVERED WIH A TAPE AND
THE PLASTERED WITH P.O.P.
TO GIVE A MORE FINISHED LOOK
THE WHOLE GYPSUM BOARD IS
COATED WITH P.O.P SEVERAL
TIMES .
IF THERE ARE ANY CUTOUTS
FOR LIGHTS WITHIN THE PANELS
THESE CUTOUT ARE COVERED
WITH EDGE BEADS SO THAT
THERE IS NO DAMAGE TO
GYPSUM BOARD IN FUTURE
FROM THE EXPOSED EDGES.
FIXING MEATHOD OF FALSE CEILING -

39. SOME EXAMPLES-

40. GYPSUM
FALSE CEILING

41. POP FALSE CEILING

42. PLASTER OF PARIS (POP) FALSE CEILING : -
PLASTER OF PARIS (POP) IS AMONG THE MOST POPULAR
MATERIAL USED IN A VARIETY OF COMMERCIAL AS WELL AS
RESIDENTIAL ROOFING APPLICATIONS. POP IS BASICALLY GYPSUM
SANS ITS WATER CONTENT (CREATED BY HEATING GYPSUM TO A
TEMPERATURE WHEN WATER EVAPORATES) AVAILABLE IN
POWDERED FORM.
•POP FALSE CEILINGS ARE IN VARIOUS DESIGNS AND GIVES
DIFFERENT FINISHES DIFFERENT SHAPES.
•FALSE CEILING BESIDES IMPARTING AESTHETIC APPEAL, IS ALSO
VERY FUNCTIONAL. MODERN BUILDINGS, ESPECIALLY, MALLS,
HOSPITALS, AND ALSO RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS HAVE DEVELOPED
THE CONCEPT OF FALSE CEILING

43. ADVANTAGES :-
MAINTENANCE FREE AND HIGHLY DURABLE BESIDES GOOD
INSULATORS OF COLD AND HEAT.
IT HARDENS WHEN WATER IS ADDED AND MAKES FOR A GOOD
CEILING MATERIAL.
THIS VERSATILE MATERIAL SUITS MODERN HOMES THE BEST
WHERE WARM COVE LIGHTING BRIGHTENS THE HOUSE.
DISADVANTAGES :-
THE MAJOR DRAWBACK OF POP IS ITS TENDENCY TO CRACK
OVERTIME.

44. POP CONSTRUCTION :-
TO CONSTRUCT POP FALSE CEILING
SOME IMPORTANT THINGS ARE :
L SECTION
MAIN SECTION/C OR U SECTION
CROSS SECTION
GYPSUM SCREW
CHICKEN MESH
PLASTER OF PARIS (POP)
ELECTRICAL FIXTURES
COLOR PAINT
FASTENER FIX ON
CEILING
L-SECTION HANG
THROUGH FASTENER
U OR C SECTION
CHANNEL FIX WITH L-
SECTION BY SCREW
CROSS SECTION BOLTED
WITH C-SECTION
THROUGH BLACK
COLOR GYPSUM SCREW
ELECTRICAL WORK
CHICKEN MESH
L- SECTION FASTENER FASTNER
U OR C SECTION CROSS SECTION GYPSUM SCREW

45. CHICKEN MESH
FIXING OF L- SECTION
WITH CEILING HELP OF
FASTENER
CROSS SECTION HANGING POP LAYERING

46. PLASTER OF PARIS
FALSE CEILING

47. GYPSUM POP
 costlier than pop  Cheaper than gypsum by almost 25-
50%(depending on the quality of gypsum
being compared and the availability of both
the materials in the local market).
 Require less framework  Require more framework
 Less possibility of cracking  More possibility of cracking
 Easy installation  Hard installation
 Provide a seamless finish with
minimum joints.
 Doesn’t have the same finesse and precision
that is characteristic of gypsum boards.
 Available in three different
thickness of 9mm,12mm and
15mm – and in bigger sheets of
4x6feet, 4x8 feet and 4x10 feet.
 Mostly available in small , standard size of
2x2 feet.
 Easier to work with and delivers
a good finish almost effortlessly.
 Must ensure that labour at hand is highly
skilled. Labour should be capable of
delivering a well-finished design despite the
limitations of the material.

48. GYPTONE FALSE CEILING

49. GYPTONE FALSE CEILING :-
THESE ARE THE SMALL PANELS
WHICH CAN BE PERFORATED OR
NON PERFORATED PLASTERBOARD.
THESE ARE MAINLY FOR SILENT OR
PEACE ENVIRONMENT REQUIRED
SUCH AS OFFICE, AUDITORIUM AND
HOSPITALS ETC.
ADVANTAGES :-
•EASY TO MAINTAIN AND
HAVE LONG LIFE SPAN.
•SOUND INSULATOR AND
ALSO HEAT INSULATOR.
DISADVANTAGES :-
•A LITTLE HEAVY
•IT CAN FALL AND WANT HIGH
MAINTENANCE

50. WOODEN FALSE CEILING

51. WOODEN FALSE CEILING :-
WOOD BESIDES BEING A LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIAL, ALSO HAS ITS
OWN TEXTURE AND PATTERN. WOODEN FALSE CEILING IS USED
VERY COMMONLY THESE DAYS AND HAVE A VERY PLEASANT
IMPACT TO THE VIEWERS EYES.
• HOLLOW WOODEN BLOCKS OR PANELS OR BOARDS CAN BE
USED TO MAKE A WOODEN FALSE CEILING.
• WOODEN BLOCKS CAN BE EASILY INSTALLED EVEN WITH THE
HELP OF NAILS AND SCREWS..

52. ADVANTAGES :-
• THEY ARE MOST SUITABLE FOR THE COLD CLIMATES.
• THEY CAN BE COLORED AND AVAILABLE IN DIFFERENT
SHADES.
DISADVANTAGES :-
• THEY ARE DURABLE BUT ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO TERMITE
ATTACKS AND WARPING.
• MORE EXPANSIVE PANELS BECAUSE OF THEIR HIGH COST
OF THE MATERIAL AND MAINTENANCE.
• HEAVY MATERIAL AND LESS FIRE RESISTANCE PROTECT UP
TO 2 HOURS.

53. WOODEN
FALSE CEILING

54. DIFFERENT TYPES OF WOODEN PRODUCTS FOR
FALSE CEILING :-
WOOL BOARD
BLOCK BOARD
PLY BOARD
MDF BOARD
Rustic pallet board

55. WOODEN FALSE CEILING
INTRODUCTION
• IT IS USED BOTH FOR PROVIDING ROOFING
AND FOR AESTHETICAL PROVIDING
ROOFING AND FOR AESTHETICAL PURPOSE
IN A BUILDING.
• IT CAN BE USED BOTH FOR DOMESTIC AND
COMMERCIAL PURPOSE.
TYPES OF WOODEN FALSE CEILING
• SUSPENDED CEILING
• CEILING TILES

56. 2) CEILING TILES
• CEILING TILES ARE STANDARD 12" X 12"
OR 16" X 16" SQUARES THAT ARE
ATTACHED TO A FRAME WHICH ARE
CONNECTED WITH VERTICAL MEMBER.
1) SUSPENDED CEILING
• A NON STRUCTURAL CEILING
STRUCTURAL SLAB OR
FROM THE STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS OF A BUILDING ANDNOT BE
ARING ONTO THE WALLS IS KNOWN
AS SUSPENDED CEILING.

57. COMPONENTS OF WOODEN FALSE CEILING
1) FIXING THE FRAMEWORK DIRECTLY TO THE
BEAMS OR CEILING
• START BY FIXING A WOODEN FRAMEWORK
TO ACT AS SUPPORTING STRUCTURE
DIRECTLY TO THE EXISTING CEILING OR
ROOFING BEAMS.
• FIX THE WOODEN SUPPORTS WITH A SPACING
OF 40 CM. THE CEILING PANELS ARE THEN
SCREWED TO THE WOODEN FRAMEWORK.
2) FIXING VERTICAL STRUTS TO THE
SUPPORTS
• THE NEXT STEP IS TO DECIDE ON THE HEIGHT OF
THE NEW CEILING.
• MEASURE THE DESIRED HEIGHT FROM THE FLOOR
AND MARK IT OFF AT THE 4 CORNERS.
• YOU CAN THEN USE STRUTS OF THE RIGHT
LENGTH TO FIX THE FALSE CEILING PANELS. FIX
THE STRUTS TO THE SUPPORTS ON THE CEILING.

58. 3) FIXING THE WALL SUPPORTS AND FRAMEWORK
MEMBERS
• USE A CORD AND A SPIRIT LEVEL TO
MARK OFF THE POSITIONS OF THE
WALL SUPPORTS ON THE WALL.
• THE UNDERSIDE OF THE FRAMEWORK
WILL THEN BE HORIZONTAL. FIX THE
WALL SUPPORTS TO THE WALL ALONG
THE MARKED LINES WITH PLUGS AND
SCREWS, AND THEN FIX THE FRAMEWORK
MEMBERS ALL AT THE SAME HEIGHT TO
THE BOTTOMS OF THE STRUTS.
4) APPLY THE INSULATION
• THE INSULATION PANELS ARE THEN
FITTED OVER THE FRAMEWORK
MEMBERS.
• IF YOU HAVE FITTED THE STRUTS WITH
SPACINGS OF 60 CM YOU WILL BE ABLE
TO FIX THE INSULATION PANELS
WITHOUT THE NEED TO CUT THEM TO
SIZE.

59. 5) FIX THE FIRST ROW OF CEILING PANELS
• SCREW THE FIRST CEILING PANEL TO
THE LEFT SIDE AGAINST THE WALL,
USING 25 MM PLASTERBOARD
SCREWS WITH A SPACING BETWEEN
SCREWS OF 20 CM.
• ALLOW AN 8 MM EXPANSION GAP
BETWEEN THE PANEL AND THE WALL.
THIS GAP IS LATER COVERED WITH A
FINISHING STRIP.
6) FINISHING THE JOINTS
• IF YOU WANT TO FINISH THE JOINTS
BETWEEN THE CEILING PANELS, MAKE
SURE THEY ARE CLEAN AND DUST
FREE.
• THEN FILL THE GAPS WITH
SOLUTION AND A PUTTY KNIFE.

60. 7) EDGING PROFILE
• TO FINISH THE OUTER EDGES OF THE
FALSE CEILING NEATLY, FIX THE
FINISHING STRIPS IN PLACE WITH
CONSTRUCTION ADHESIVE.
• PUT A FEW SPOTS OF ADHESIVE
ON THE FINISHING STRIP, PRESS
IT INTO PLACE

61. FIBER FALSE CEILING

62. FIBER FALSE CEILING :-
IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS ACOUSTIC OR SOUND PROOFING
CEILING FOR THEIR SOUND AND HEAT INSULATION PROPERTIES
SUCH AS BITUMEN, TARS, VEGETABLE FIBER, WOOD AND STONE.
•BECAUSE OF THE REINFORCEMENTS, FIBER CEILING TILES
ACQUIRE TOUGHNESS, HARDNESS.
•BUT IT HAS A LACK OF AESTHETIC APPEAL SO THEY ARE NOT
SUITABLE FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS.
•AVAILABLE IN DIFFERENT SHAPES AND SIZES AND PATTERNS.

63. Advantages :-
•Resistance to fire making which makes it suitable for the
commercial applications in noisy places such as shopping malls,
retail showrooms and offices.
•Low costly and ca be easily installed
•Sound absorption
Disadvantages:-
•Doesn’t have long life
•High maintenance require

64. METAL FALSE CEILING

65. METAL FALSE CEILING : -
METAL SUCH AS ALUMINUM AND GALVANIZED IRON ARE
WIDELY USED IN FALSE CEILING. THIS CEILING PANELS CAN BE
INSTALLED EASILY AND REQUIRE VERY LITTLIE MAINTENANCE.
• ALSO BE REMOVED EASILY AND REINSTALLED WHICH MAKES IT
IDEAL TO WATER PIPES, AC DUCTS AND ELECTRIC WIRES AWAY
FROM THE PUBLIC GLARE.
• CAN BE FINISHED IN INNOVATIVE WAYS
• AVAILABLE IN DIFFERENT SIZES AND THICKNESS FOR THE
DIFFERENT PURPOSES OF FALSE CEILING.
• CONSUMES VERY LESS LABOUR.
ADVANTAGES :-
LONG DURABILITY
•FIRE AND WATER RESISTANCE
•LESS MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES :-
•EXPENSIVE
•LIGHT REFLECTIVITY

66. METAL
FALSE CEILING

67. SYNTHETIC FALSE CEILING

68. SYNTHETIC FALSE
CEILING :-
SYNTHETIC LEATHER AND
THERMOCOL SHEETS ARE MAN-
MADE MATERIALS BEING
DEVELOPED TO PROVIDE
AESTHETIC APPEARANCE.
•THIS TYPE OF FALSE CEILING IS
NOT EXTENSIVELY USED BUT IS
VERY LIGHT WEIGHT AND IS
QUITE NEW.
•MATERIAL USED IN THIS TYPE
OF FALSE CEILING IS EITHER
LEATHER AND CLOTHS.
•THEY CAN BE FORM IN ANY
SHAPE AND DESIGN.

69. ADVANTAGES :-
•IT COLLECTS DUST AND HAS LOW LIGHT TRANSFERRING
PROPERTY SO IT’S ONLY USED IN TEMPORARY TENTS OR
BUILDINGS OR STUDIOS.
•SYNTHETIC FIBERS DO NOT ABSORB WATER
DISADVANTAGES :-
•HEAT SENSITIVE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES IT BURN.

70. PVC FALSE CEILING

71. PVC FALSE CEILING :-
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
(PVC) IS AN IDEAL PLASTIC
MATERIAL FOR FALSE CEILINGS
IN GARAGES, BASEMENTS,
KITCHENS, TOILETS AND
BATHROOMS.
•PVC CEILING PANELS ARE A
HIGHLY COST-EFFECTIVE
ALTERNATIVE TO OTHER
COSTLIER PANELS.
•THEY CAN ALSO BE FINISHED IN
A VARIETY OF WAYS GIVING
FLEXIBILITY IN DESIGN.

72. ADVANTAGES :-
•THESE PANELS ARE EASY TO INSTALL AND MAINTAIN.
•THEY ARE LIGHTWEIGHT AND RESISTANT TO MOISTURE AND
TERMITES.
•THEY DO NOT GET AFFECTED BY UV LIGHT AND HENCE ARE
COLOR FAST.
•DOESN’T CRACK EASILY
•RECYCLABLE
DISADVANTAGES:-
•BECAUSE OF LOW MELTING POINT IT TENDS TO DEFORM
EASILY
•CANNOT BE PLACED AT VERY HOT CLIMATE

73. PVC FALSE CEILING PANELS
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) IS AN IDEAL
PLASTIC MATERIAL FOR FALSE CEILINGS IN
GARAGES, BASEMENTS, KITCHENS, TOILETS
AND BATHROOMS. PVC CEILING PANELS ARE
A HIGHLY COST-EFFECTIVE ALTERNATIVE TO
OTHER COSTLIER PANELS. THESE PANELS ARE
EASY TO INSTALL AND MAINTAIN. THEY ARE
LIGHTWEIGHT AND RESISTANT TO MOISTURE
AND TERMITES. THEY DO NOT GET AFFECTED
BY UV LIGHT AND HENCE ARE COLOUR FAST.
THEY CAN ALSO BE FINISHED IN A VARIETY
OF WAYS GIVING FLEXIBILITY IN DESIGN.

74. PVC PANELS
CONSISTS OF
GROOVES AND
THICKNESS OF 5 TO
10 MM IS USED FOR
FALSE CEILING.

75. STEP 1
FIRST OF ALL THE WALL ANGLE OF THE ROOM IS
CALCULATED AND THE PERIMETER MADE OF
ALUMINIUM ARE WHICH IS KNOWN AS WALL
BRACKETS ARE BOLTED ALONG THE WALLS. THE WALL
BRACKETS CAN BE OF TWO SECTIONS, THEY ARE L
AND C SECTIONS.

76. STEP 2
YOU HAVE TWO EASY OPTIONS FOR THE CORNERS OF
THE ROOM WHERE THE WALL BRACKETS MEET.
THE FIRST AND THE SIMPLEST OPTION IS TO SIMPLY
CUT THE WALL BRACKETS TO PROPER LENGTH AND
CREATE THE CORNER BY OVERLAPPING THE ENDS OF
THE BRACKET TO CREATE A SQUARE JOINT.
SQUARE JOINT

77. FOR A MORE FINISHED LOOK MITER CUT THE LOWER FLANGE
ON THE WALL BRACKET THAT IS EXPOSED LOWER AT THE
JOINT WITH THE TIN SNIPS.
MITER CUT

78. A LONG ALUMINIUM SQUARE SECTION IS USED AS A MAIN TEE IN
THE CASE OF PVC FALSE CEILING. THE CORNERS OF THE SQUARE
ALUMINIUM SECTION IS CUT AND MADE INTO FLAPS. THE
NUMBER OF FLAPS DEPENDS ON THE TYPE OF THE WALL
BRACKETS WHETHER IT IS C OR L SECTION. THIS FLAPS ARE
DIRECTLY BOLTED ON TO THE WALL BRACKET AND FORMS A GRID
DEPENDING ON THE DESIGN OF THE FALSE CEILING.
STEP 3
MAIN TEE FOR L SECTION MAIN TEE FOR C SECTION

79. FIXATION DETAIL OF MAIN TEE
WITH
C SECTION
FIXATION DETAIL OF MAIN
TEE WITH
L SECTION

80. STEP 4
BY CALCULATING THE HEIGHT FROM WHICH THE
FALSE CEILING IS GOING TO BE SUSPENDED FROM THE
ORIGINAL CEILING, ALUMINIUM HANGERS ARE MADE.
THE HANGERS ARE DIRECTLY BOLTED TO THE
ORIGINAL CEILING AND THE OTHER SIDE IS BOLTED TO
THE MAIN RUNNERS TO GIVE THEM SUPPORT.

81. ONCE ALL THE COMPONENTS ARE
FIXED THE GRID LOOKS LIKE THIS.
ACCORDING TO THE DESIGN
OF THE FALSE CEILING THE
GRID PATTERN CHANGES.

82. STEP 5
AFTER FORMATION OF THE GRID ACCORDING TO THE
DESIGN OF THE FALSE CEILING THE PVC PANELS ARE CUT
INTO THE DESIRED SHAPE AND LENGTHS AND ARE FIXED
ON TO THE GRID BY BOLTING. ONE SIDE OF THE PVC PANEL
IS BOLTED TO THE RUNNERS OF THE GRID AND THE OTHER
SIDE IS USED TO FORM A TONGUE AND GROOVE JOINT
WITH THE OTHER PVC PANEL.
groove

83. BOLTING THE PVC
PANELS TO THE
RUNNERS.
TONGUE AND
GROOVE JOINT IS
USED TO CREATE
SEAMLESS
CONNECTION
BETWEEN PANEL
AND PANEL.

84. WOODEN FRAMED PVC FALSE CEILING IS ALSO USED, IN A FEW
COUNTRIES. MOST OF THE PEOPLE PREFER METAL FRAME WORK
RATHER THAN THE WOODEN FRAME WORK IN INDIA.

86. GLASS FALSE CEILING

87. GLASS FALSE CEILINGS :-
NON- CRYSTALLINE BUT
TRANSPARENT MATERIAL, GLASS
IS A GOOD MATERIAL FOR
IMPROVING THE AESTHETICS OF A
FALSE CEILING.
•THEIR TRANSPARENCY CAN BE
USED EFFECTIVELY TO MAKE
SMALL SPACES LOOK BIGGER.
GLASS IS A GOOD INSULATOR.
•IT IS SUITABLE FOR
ESTABLISHMENTS SUCH AS
LIBRARIES, RESTAURANTS AND
JEWELLERY SHOPS.

88. ADVANTAGES :-
•RESIST MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE
FLUCTUATIONS.
•EASY TO CLEAN AND MAINTAIN.
•IT CAN BE DECORATE WITH DIFFERENT WAYS
SUCH AS STICKERS, PAINTINGS ETC.
DISADVANTAGES:-
•HEAVY BECAUSE OF MORE THICKNESS
•WANTS MORE CARE AT REPAIRING OR ANYTIME.
•CAN’T PLACE AT NOISY ENVIRONMENT

89. GLASS FALSE CEILING
•Usually transparent glass
is not used as ceiling as
it contradicts the
very idea of false
ceiling- to hide
from viewer's eye .
•Thus glass used in ceiling
are treatment glass
such as frost glass, back
painted , stained glass ,
mirror etc.

90. ADVANTAGES:-
•Creates the illusion of
depth, it makes the room
visually higher.
•Resist moisture
and temperature
fluctuations .
•Suspended glass ceiling
with stained-glass
panels can be decorated
with the image , ink jet
or sticker on the top of
transparent glass.

91. DISADVANTAGES:-
•Hard and brittle to cut .
•Suspended glass ceilings
are quite heavy compared
to other ceiling materials
•Most dangerous if glass
tile breaks during work
•Not advisable in
earthquake prone areas .
•Its not easy to maintain.

92. METHOD OF FIXING THE GLASS CEILING
Step 1:-
•Fixing the framework directly to the
beams or plaster ceiling.
•Step 2:-
•Fixing suspended framework to
a plastered ceiling.
•Step 3:-
•Fixing vertical struts to support .
•Step 4:-
•Fix a play on that frame structure.

93. OTHER WAY TO APPLIED A GLASS IN FALSE
CEILING
FIX ALL VERTICAL MEMBER
•ALUMINUM OR WOODEN
FRAMEWORK.
•FIX HORIZONTAL MEMBER
•FIX OR APPLY A GLASS ON
THE TOP
GLASS APPLIED ON WOODEN FRAME
Uses
•To get a natural lights all day.
•In some country to get a heat of sun light glass ceiling also helpful
GLASS APPLIED ON ALUMINUM FRAME

94. ACRYLIC FALSE CEILING

95. ACRYLIC FALSE CEILING :-
THESE IS BEST ALTERNATIVE
FOR GLASS CEILINGS.
ADVANTAGES :-
•VERY EASY TO HANDLE AND
DOESN’T BREAK ON FALLING.
•INKJET PRINTING ON THE PANELS
OF FROSTED PLEXIGLAS CAN
CREATE EFFECT OF STAINED –
GLASS CEILING.
•REDUCES CONDENSATION.
DISADVANTAGES :-
•IT HAS LOW MELTING POINT AND
IT CAN DEFORM SO IT IS A
DEFAULT.

96. TYPES OF LIGHT FIXTURES

97. DIFFERENT TYPES OF LIGHT USED IN FALSE
CEILING:-
1. LED RECESSED LIGHTING:- THESE LIGHTS ARE THE
MOST COMMON. THEY ARE COST-EFFICIENT, SOFT AND CAN BE
EASILY INSTALLED BEHIND A FALSE CEILING. THE BEST WAY FOE
YOU TO USE THEM IS TO STRATEGICALLY HIGHLIGHT A PART OF
THE ROOM, SPOTLIGHT AN AREA OR UNOBTRUSIVELY PUT THE
FOCUS ON A WALL.

98. A.COVE LIGHTING:- THIS INDIRECT LIGHT
FOCUSES ON THE CEILING AND PROVIDES
GENTLE ILLUMINATION DOWN THE WALLS.
COMBINE IT EASILY WITH FLOOR LAMPS AND
HANGING LIGHTS FOR EFFECT AS WELL AS
SPOTLIGHT. CONCEALED BEHIND THE CROWN
MOULDINGS, THEN HAVE THE POWER TO GIVE
ANY ROOM A LUXURIOUS FEEL AND MUTE
DOWN HARSHNESS. COVE LIGHTING ARE
ALSO VERY EFFECTIVELY USED TO HIGHLIGHT
OR ACCENTUATE AN ARCHITECTURAL
ELEMENT . SO, IF YOUR HOUSE HAS A CEILING
TO DISPLAY, THEN THEY ARE YOUR BEST BET.
B. GIMBAL RECESSED LIGHT:- THE
GIMBLE RECESSED LIGHTS ARE YOUR
ANSWER TO HIDING THOSE FRAGILE AND
UGLY-LOOKING BULBS. THESE FLEXIBLE AND
HIGHLY EFFICIENT LIGHTS CAN CREATE
DRAMA IN THE ROOM WITH COLOURED
LIGHTS OR STAY SUBTLE WITHOUT
COMPROMISING THE DESIGN OF THE ROOM IN
THE DIM MODE.

99. C. STANDARD RECESSED LIGHTS:-
STANDARD RECESSED LIGHTS ARE THE
BEST BET WHEN YOU HAVE A COMPACT
ROOM WITH A LOW CEILING AND YOU
NEED LIGHT WITHOUT SEEING THE LIGHT
SOURCE. THESE LIGHTS ARE USUALLY
ARRANGED IN A GRID PATTERN OR ARE
USED IN COMBINATION WITH A CENTRAL
SUSPENDED LIGHT OR WITH COVE
LIGHTS. MOST HOTEL ROOMS TODAY
FAVOUR THESE AS CEILING LIGHTS.
D. TROFFERS:- WHAT STANDARD
RECESSED LIGHTS ARE TO RESIDENCES,
TROFFERS ARE TO OFFICES AND LABS.
TROFFERS ARE RECTANGULAR LIGHT
FIXTURES THAT FIT INTO A MODULAR
DROPPED CEILING GRID. THESE ARE
DESIGNED TO ACCOMMODATE
STANDARD FLUORESCENT TUBE
LIGHTS OR EVEN LED LIGHTS.

100. 2. FLUSH LIGHTS:- FLUSH LIGHTS RANGE
FROM THE SIMPLE TO THE VERY ORNATE
AND CAN BE MATCHED TO VARYING
INTERIOR STYLES. FLUSH LIGHTS ARE SUITED
TO ROOMS WITH A MAXIMUM HEIGHTS OF
10 FEET . THESE FIXTURES ARE QUITE
LIGHTWEIGHT AND HENCE WORK WELL IN
ROOM S WITH A FALSE CEILING HEIGHT IN
HIGH CEILING ROOMS, IT ALSO KEEPS ALL
WIRING OUT OF SIGHT.
A. FULL FLUSH:- FULL FLUSH FIXTURES ARE
THOSE WHERE THERE IS NO GAP BETWEEN
THE CEILING AND THE FIXTURE. FLUSH LIGHT
FIXTURES VARY FROM THE SIMPLE AND
UNOBTRUSIVE TO MORE ORNATE DESIGN.
FULL FLUSH FIXTURES ARE IDEAL FOR
ROOMS WITH A CEILING HEIGHT OF 8 FEET
OR LESS.

101. C. FLUSH MOUNT LIGHTING:- IDEAL FOR
LOW- CEILING SPACE, FLUSH LIGHTS
SPREAD LIGHT OVER A LARGE AREA
SEAMLESSLY AND WITHOUT BEING HARSH
ON THE EYES. USE THIS STYLE OF AMBIENT
LIGHTING IN ANY A ROOM-IT IS AN
ECONOMICAL SOLUTION FOR PLACES
WHERE HANGING LIGHTS ARE NOT A
VIABLE OPTION.
D. SEMI FLUSH:- CEILING FIXTURES THAT
HAVE A SLIGHT GAP UPTO A MAXIMUM OF
A FEW INCHES BETWEEN THE CEILING AND
THE FIXTURES PROVIDE BOTH DIRECT AND
INDIRECT LIGHT. THE PROPORTION OF
DIRECT TO INDIREST LIGHTING DEPENDS
ON THE STYLE OF THE FIXTURES.

102. 3. BACK-LIT CEILING PANELS:- THE CEILING LIGHTS
THAT ARE PERFECT FOR CREATING A NATURAL GLOW,
SIMILAR TO DAYLIGHT, ARE BACK-LIT CEILING PANES. IF
YOU ASPIRE TO CREATE A CALM AND SERENE SPACE,
THEN THESE EASY-TO-INSTALL, COMPACT, MADE-TO-
MEASURE LUMINOUS CEILING PANELS ARE THE
ULTIMATE SOLUTION.

104. FITTINGS OF LIGHT

105. COVE LIGHTS FITTINGS :-
USUALLY COVE LIGHTS ARE FOUND IN STRIPS THEY HAVE
ADHESIVE AT BACK. THUS THEY ARE PASTED ON EITHER
DROP CEILING OR LIP TO CREATE GOOD EFFECT.

106. RECESSED LIGHTS
FITTINGS :-
RECESSED LIGHTS ARE FITTED
USING SOME CLIP OR SPRING.
SOMETIMES SCREW CAN BE
USED ON METAL PLATE. THESE
TYPE OF LIGHTS ARE
GENERALLY PREFFERED IN
MORE CEILINGS.

109. SPOT LIGHTS FITTINGS :-
SPOT LIGHTS ARE FITTED ALSO
FITTED WITH CLIP OR SPRING.
SOMETIMES SCREW CAN BE
USED. THESE TYPE OF LIGHTS
ARE GENERALLY PREFFERED IN
MORE CEILINGS TO PROVIDE
FOCUS ON SOMETHING.

110. THANK YOU