all about glazing. definition history evolution types uses advantages disadvantages conclusion

1. BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLLEGE OF
ARCHITECTURE
Subject : Building material and
construction-3
Topic : GLAZING
Faculty:- Ar. Viren Mahida

3. 1) WHAT IS GLAZING? EXPLAIN BRIEFLY
2) TYPES OF GLAZING
3) DIFFRENCE BETWEEN STRUCTURAL GLAZING AND CURTAIN WALLING
QUESTIONS
CONTENT
1) INTRODUCTION
2) MATERIALS
3) WHY GLAZING
1) STRUCTURAL GLAZING
2) CURTAIN WALLS
1) BOLTED GLAZING
2) CABLE STAYED GLAZING
3) FIN SUPPORTED GLAZING
3) TYPES
4) DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CURTAIN WALLS AND STRUCTURAL GLAZING
5) MARKERT SURVEY
6) CASE STUDY
7) CONCLUSION
CONTENT
1) STICK SYSTEM
2) UNITIZED SYSTEM

4. WHAT IS GLAZING
• GLAZING, WHICH DERIVES FROM THE MIDDLE ENGLISH FOR 'GLASS', IS A PART OF
A WALL OR WINDOW MADE OF GLASS.
• GLAZING IS WHEN YOU PAINT A THIN LAYER OF MINERALS AND GLASS ONTO A FIRED OR
UNFIRED CERAMIC PIECE.
• THE ACT OF INSTALLING GLASS IN WINDOWS, DOORS OR FIXED OPENINGS.
• IN PRACTICALLY , IT WOULD BE THE ACTUAL INSTALLATION OF A PIECE OF GLASS
WITHIN A FRAME.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
• GLAZES HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED TO HAVE BEEN USED IN THE DECORATION OF CERAMICS
AS FAR BACK AS THE EARLY EGYPTIAN PERIOD.
• POWDERED GLASS WAS ORIGINALLY USED AS THE BASE OF HISTORIC GLAZES.
• MINERALS AND WATER-SOLUBLE SALTS WERE ADDED WHICH ALTERED THE COLOUR AND
TEXTURE OF THE FINAL PRODUCT.

5. MATERIALS TO BE USED
• GLASS - 100% RECYCLABLE MATERIAL.
• ALUMINUM - LESS WEIGHT, BUT HIGH STRENGTH.
• SILICONE SEALANTS - SAND GEL USED FOR BONDING GLASS.
• EPDM - ETHYLENE PROPYLENE DI AMINE MONOMER.
WEATHERPROOF JOINT SEALANTS.
TO PREVENT WATER AND AIR ENTERING.
TEMPERATURE UNTO 110 DEGREE KELVIN.
• ALUMINIUM
• STAINLESS STEEL
MATERIALS
- Used as framing materials

6. MATERIALS
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
The design professional specifies the structural framing members in accordance with design
parameters of the building project. The structural framing is normally fabricated from an aluminum
alloy and may be either anodized or finished with an architectural coating. If an architectural
coating is applied, it must be done in-shop by a licensed applicator in strict conformance with the
manufacturer’s specification and quality control procedures. Anodized coatings on aluminum tend
to be variable, and may create problems for silicone adhesion if not strictly monitored.
GLASS
Glass type normally used is clear vision glass, which may be tinted or treated with a reflective
coating. Other types of glass considered by the design professional include: annealed, heat-
strengthened, tempered, laminated, or insulating glass. Considerations – if the glass is treated
with a reflective coating, low E coating, or an opacifier (as with some spandrel types), structural
silicone sealant adhesion to, and compatibility with, this coating must be verified. If insulating
glass is used, it shall be a high quality, dual-seal unit with a silicone secondary seal in compliance
with local specification.
STRUCTURAL SILICONE SEALANTS
The sealant selection is made based on several factors, including: the type of System being
used, the design parameters to be met and the requirements of the glazing contractors, only
high strength silicone sealants specifically designed tested for structural glazing shall be used.
General or multi- purpose silicone sealants not specifically designed for structural glazing should
CONTENT

7. • STRUCTURALLY GLAZED SYSTEMS CREATE A GREATER
TRANSPARENCY THAN TRADITIONAL CAPTURED SYSTEMS.
• THERE ARE LESS VISUAL INTERRUPTIONS DUE TO THE LACK
OF METAL ON THE EXTERIOR (AND POTENTIALLY THE
INTERIOR), CREATING A SEAMLESS, CONTINUOUS GLASS
LOOK.
• TRADITIONAL CAPTURED CURTAIN WALL SYSTEMS HAVE
PRESSURE PLATES AND CAPS THAT CAN CONDUCT LARGE
AMOUNTS OF HEAT IN OR OUT OF THE FAÇADE DEPENDING
ON THE SEASON.
• SINCE THERE IS LITTLE TO NO EXPOSED EXTERIOR METAL,
THERE IS ALSO LESS THERMAL BRIDGING WITH STRUCTURAL
GLAZING, SAVING ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION COSTS.
• NEW TECHNOLOGY AND BETTER INTEGRATION WITH DAY
LIGHTING AND CLIMATE CONTROL SYSTEMS ALLOW
ADVANCED GLAZING IN BUILDING FACADES TO
• 1) IMPROVE THE COMFORT AND PERFORMANCE OF
BUILDING OCCUPANTS,
• 2) ASSIST IN NATIONAL AND GLOBAL EFFORTS TO REDUCE
WHY GLAZING
WHY GLAZING?

8. TYPES OF GLAZING
COMMONLY USED INNOVATIVE GLAZING
SYSTEMS ARE:
STRUCTURAL GLAZING
1. BOLTED GLAZING
2. CABLE STYED GLAZING
3. FIN SUPPORTED GLAZING
CURTAIN WALLS
1. SYICK SYSTEM
2. UNITIZED SYSTEM

9. 1. STRUCTURAL GLAZING
• STRUCTURAL GLAZING, IN THEIR SIMPLEST FORM
• CONSISTING OF GLASS THAT IS BONDED TO A STRUCTURE WITHOUT THE
USE OF CONTINUOUSLY GASKET ALUMINUM PRESSURE PLATES .
• WHY STRUCTURAL GLAZING ?
• CREATE A GREATER TRANSPARENCY .
• LESS VISUAL INTERRUPTIONS.
• SEAMLESS, CONTINUOUS GLASS LOOK.
• LESS THERMAL BRIDGING WITH STRUCTURAL GLAZING, SAVING ON ENERGY
CONSUMPTION COSTS.
STRUCTURAL GLAZING

10. STRUCTURAL GLAZING
• THE FACADES ARE USED IN LONGER SPANNING APPLICATIONS WHERE AN ALUMINUM EXTRUSION AS THE
PRIMARY SPANNING MEMBER BECOMES IMPRACTICAL OR IMPOSSIBLE.
• STRUCTURAL GLAZING IS A SYSTEM OF BONDING GLASS TO A
BUILDING’S STRUCTURAL FRAMING MEMBERS UTILIZING A HIGH
STRENGTH, HIGH PERFORMANCE SILICONE SEALANT
SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED AND TESTED FOR STRUCTURAL
GLAZING.
• IN STRUCTURAL GLAZING APPLICATIONS, DYNAMIC WIND LOADS
ARE TRANSFERRED FROM THE GLASS, BY THE STRUCTURAL
SILICONE SEALANT, TO THE PERIMETER STRUCTURAL SUPPORT.
• STRUCTURAL GLASS FAÇADE TECHNOLOGY EMBRACES A DESIGN OBJECTIVE OF
HIGH TRANSPARENCY AND EXPRESSED STRUCTURE, AND INCORPORATES SOME
TYPE OF GLASS AS THE CLADDING MATERIAL.
STRUCTURAL GLAZING

11. 1. BOLTED GLAZING
1. SPIDER GLAZING IS AN IMPORTANT CONCEPT FOR GLAZING .
2. SPIDER GLAZING ACT AS STRUCTURAL SUPPORT FOR ANY HIGH-END EXTERIOR DESIGNS.
3. TOUGHENED GLASS AND VARIOUS OTHER COMPONENTS INVOLVED IN SPIDER GLAZING .
4 .SPIDER GLAZING CONCEPTS PROVIDES SAFETY AND SECURITY FOR THE END USERS.
5 . TOUGHENED GLASS LIKE 12MM ,15MM TOUGHENED GLASS AND 19MM TOUGHENED GLASS.
6. STRUCTURAL SUPPORT FOR THE SPIDER GLAZING CAN BE TAKEN FROM STRUCTURE OF THE BUILDING AND FOR THE LARGER
ELEVATIONS STRUCTURAL SUPPORT SHOULD BE CREATED WITH MILD STEEL OR STAINLESS STEEL. IN SPIDER GLAZING CONCEPT FIN GLASS
OF 15MM IS USED AS DEAD WEIGHT AND PRESSURE WITH STANDING FORCE.
7 . SPIDER GLAZING FITTINGS AVAILABLE LIKE 4 WAY SPIDERS,2 WAY SPIDERS AND SINGLE WAY SPIDER FITTINGS TO FACILITATE VARIOUS
SPIDER GLAZING DESIGN OPTIONS.
BOLTED GLAZING
• SPIDER GLAZING IS GENERALLY INSTALLED IN A AREAS WHERE MAXIMUM VISIBILITY IS REQUIRED AND THE SYSTEMS ARE CHOOSEN
BASED UPON THE HEIGHT OPENING AVAILABLE.
• SPIDER GLAZING IS A MAJOR CONCEPT FOR FACADE GLAZING AND ELEVATION GLAZING USING SPIDER GLASS HARDWARE. ALMOST ALL THE
EXTERIOR DESIGN CONCEPTS CAN BE DONE WITH SPIDER GLAZING CONCEPTS. SPIDER GLAZING IS THE ONLY OPTION AVAILABLE FOR THE
LARGER OPENING ELEVATION IN THE EXTERIOR AND ENTRANCE OF COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS. SPIDER GLAZING ACT AS
STRUCTURAL SUPPORT FOR ANY HIGH-END EXTERIOR DESIGNS. SPIDER GLAZING CAN BE CUSTOMIZED FOR VARIOUS DESIGNED BUILDINGS
WITH THE HELP OF SPIDER GLAZING HARDWARE.

12. FIN SUPPORTED
GLASS FINS REPRESENT THE EARLIEST FORM OF STRUCTURAL GLASS
FACADE
A GLASS FIN IS REPLACES A FRAME OR MULLION.
THE REACTION LOAD TRANSFERRED TO THE TOP &
BOTTOM OF THE
FIN SHOE.
FIN SYSTEMS ARE ALSO DESIGNED WITH BOLTED JOINTS.
IT CREATE GREATER VISIBILITY & INCREASE THE NATURAL
LIGHT IN
INTERIORS.
2. FIN SUPPORTED GLAZING

13. CABLE SUPPORTED
• TENSION FACADES USE HIGH TENSILE CABLES OR STAINLESS
STEEL RODS TO IMPOSE THE LOADS OF THE FACADE ON THE
MAIN STRUCTURE. THIS DECREASES THE AMOUNT OF SOLID
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS VISIBLE ON THE PROJECT,
THEREFORE INCREASING THE TRANSPARENCY OF THE
FACADE. THE TWO MAIN TYPES IN THE INDUSTRY ARE
TENSION ROD FACADES AND CABLE NET WALLS.
• THIS STRUCTURAL SYSTEM SUPPORTS GLASS BY A NET
GEOMETRY OF PRE-TENSIONED CABLES.
• CABLE NETS ARE REMARKABLY MINIMAL STRUCTURES
WHEN THE BOUNDARY STEEL REQUIRED TO
ACCOMMODATE TYPICALLY HIGH PRESTRESS LOADS IS
IGNORED.
• CABLE PRESTRESS MUST BE APPLIED IN THE FIELD VIA
COMPLEX HYDRAULIC JACKING PROCESSES. INSTALLATION
MEANS AND METHODS ARE A PRIMARY CONSIDERATION
FOR ALL CABLE STRUCTURES.
3. CABLE SUPPORTED GLAZING

14. 4 SIDED STRUCTURAL GLAZING
• THE MOST WIDESPREAD AND ECONOMIC
SYSTEM OF STRUCTURAL GLAZING. GLASS IS
SUPPORTED FROM 4 SIDES BY STRUCTURAL
SILICONE
• THESE SYSTEMS ARE USUALLY PREFABRICATED
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL GLAZING BY
JOINERY
2 SIDED STRUCTURAL GLAZING
• IN THESE SYSTEMS SILICONE IS USED ONLY
ON 2 SIDES OF THE GLASS PANEL. TWO
OTHER SIDES OF THE GLASS ARE SUPPORTED
BY A MECHANICAL FRAME OR ANOTHER NON-
STRUCTURAL METHOD. THESE SYSTEMS ARE
PREFABRICATED OR ASSEMBLED
AT CONSTRUCTION SITE.
• USED FOR BETTER AESTHETIC PURPOSE OF
THE BUILDING
• ITS COSTLY AS COMPARE WITH 2 SLIDE
GLAZING SYSTEM.
• THERE ARE MANY TYPES AND SYSTEMS OF STRUCTURAL GLAZING. THESE SYSTEMS ARE
CHARACTERIZED WITH THE USE OF STRUCTURAL SILICONE JOINT SEALANT FOR STRUCTURAL FIXING
OF GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS TO STRUCTURAL UNITS OF THE BUILDING.
STRUCTURAL GLAZING

15. TYPES OF STRUCTURAL GLAZING ACCORDING TO DETAIL
JOINERY1. TOOTH-SHAPE GLAZING
• IN THESE SYSTEMS GLASS UNITS ARE PRODUCED STAGE BY
STAGE: FIRST THE EXTERIOR PANEL, THEN INTERNAL PANEL.
STRUCTURAL JOINT IS MOUNTED ON THE INSIDE SURFACE OF THE
INTERIOR PANEL OF THE GLASS UNIT.
2. SYSTEMS WITH U-SHAPED PROFILE
• IN STANDARD SYSTEMS GLASS UNITS ARE FASTENED TO THE
BUILDING BY A U-SHAPED PROFILE. DEPENDING ON SYSTEM
DESIGN, SILICONE JOINT SEALANT CAN SERVE AS GASKET OR
STRUCTURAL JOINT SEALANT.
3. SYSTEMS WITH PANORAMIC REVIEW
• THESE SYSTEMS ARE USUALLY MOUNTED ON THE FACADE IN
ORDER TO EXPAND THE VIEW PANORAMA. GLASS RIDGES ARE
USED FOR STRUCTURAL SUPPORT OF THE VIEWING GLASS.
SILICONE IS USED IN THE JOINTING AREA BETWEEN GLASS
STRUCTURAL GLAZING

16. OTHER GLAZING SYSTEMS
STRUCTURAL BRACING OF NON-GLASS MATERIALS
SHOCK RESISTANT GLAZING
FRAMELESS GLAZING SYSTEMS
CONTENT
SECTION OF STRUCTURAL GLAZING

17. STRUCUTURAL GLAZING ACCESSORIES
• (A)MULLIONS (VERTICAL MEMBER)- MULLIONS ARE PROVIDED
BASICALLY TO TRANSFER THE DEAD LOAD OF THE CURTAIN
WALL.
• (B)TRANSOMS (HORIZONTAL MEMBER) - TRANSOMS ARE
ALUMINIUM SECTIONS PROVIDED IN BETWEEN THE MULLIONS
HORIZONTALLY.
• (C)SILICONE SEALANTS -SILICONE SEALANTS ARE USED TO
PREVENT THE PASSAGE OF MOISTURE, AIR, DUST AND HEAT
THROUGH ALL THE JOINTS.
• (D)SETTING BLOCKS - SETTING BLOCKS ARE USED TO PROVIDE
SUPPORT IN THE RELATION TO THE SIZE OF GLASS, GLAZING
TECHNIQUES AND CONDITION OF USE.
• (E) LOCATION BLOCKS -EDGES OF THE GLASS, TO PREVENT
MOVEMENT OF THE GLASS WITHIN THE FRAME
CONTENT

18. ADVANTAGES AND CONCLUSION
• ALLOWS FOR BROADER ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN FLEXIBILITY
• INCREASES THE THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF BUILDINGS
• REDUCES OR ELIMINATES WATER AND AIR INFILTRATION
• REDUCES THE POTENTIAL FOR THERMAL BREAKAGE OF GLASS
• ADVANCED GLAZING'S WILL BE DYNAMIC ELEMENTS IN FACADES THAT ARE
FULLY INTEGRATED INTO BUILDING OPERATIONS, PROVIDING DAY LIGHTING
AND NATURAL VENTILATION.
• BY USING THE MODERN TECHNOLOGY OF GLAZING, WE CAN SIMPLIFY THE
CONSTRUCTION PERIOD, GIVE MORE STABILITY AND GOOD
STRUCTURAL GLAZING

19. A curtain wall system is an outer covering of a building in which the outer walls are non-
structural, but merely keep the weather out and the occupants in.
Curtain walls are non structural members and are made of a lightweight material reducing
construction costs. When glass is used as the curtain wall, a great advantage is that natural
light can penetrate deeper within the building.
The curtain wall façade does not carry any dead load weight from the building other than its
own dead load weight.
Curtain wall systems must be designed to handle all loads imposed on it as well as keep air
and water from penetrating the building envelope.
CURTAIN WALL
When a curtain wall is designed the
following are taken into
consideration,
Loads
Air Infiltration
Water Penetration
Deflection
Strength
Thermal criteria
Common types of curtain wall systems
for high-rise buildings
1. Stick system
2. Unit system
3. Unit and mullion system
4. Column-cover and spandrel system
5. Various types of glass wall system
The glass and aluminum curtain wall system is a
marvel of engineering and architecture. A totally
non combustible system of glass and aluminum
requiring minimal maintenance and providing
years of aesthetic quality and building envelope
performance. It is the most advanced exterior
window wall system available for buildings.
8
CURTAIN WALLS

20. ADVANTAGES:
 GREAT FLEXIBILITY - SITE MODIFICATION IS
POSSIBLE.
DISADVANTAGES:
 - DIFFICULTIES IN QUALITY CONTROL.
 - RELIES HEAVILY ON SITE WORKMANSHIP.
 - REQUIRES DIFFERENT TRADE MEN.
 - DIFFICULT TO ACCOMMODATE BUILDING
MOVEMENT.
 - DIFFICULT TO CONTROL WATER DRAINAGE
TO INDIVIDUAL FLOORS.
 - TOO MANY LOSS PARTS AND
COMPONENTS ON SITE.
 - POOR ACOUSTIC AND THERMAL
INSULATION.
 - DETERIORATION OF EXPANSION AND
SEALANT JOINTS.
Vertical curtainwall Convex contoured Curtain wall
Concave contoured
curtain Curtain wall
Application of curtain wall
CURTAIN WALLS
VERTICAL ELEMENTS: MULLIONS
HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS: RAILS
(SOMETIMES MULLIONS) - TYICALLY
FRAME SHORT DISTANCE FROM MULLION TO
MULLION AND TRANSFER
GRAVITY WEIGHT OF GLASS TO MULLIONS

21. UNITIZED CURTAIN WALLS ENTAIL FACTORY FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY OF PANELS
AND MAY INCLUDE FACTORY GLAZING. THESE COMPLETED UNITS ARE HUNG ON THE
BUILDING STRUCTURE TO FORM THE BUILDING ENCLOSURE. UNITIZED CURTAIN
WALL HAS THE ADVANTAGES OF: SPEED; LOWER FIELD INSTALLATION COSTS; AND
QUALITY CONTROL WITHIN AN INTERIOR CLIMATE CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT. THE
ECONOMIC BENEFITS ARE TYPICALLY REALIZED ON LARGE PROJECTS OR IN AREAS OF
HIGH FIELD LABOR RATES.
ADVANTAGES
-WATERPROOFING
-ENSURING AESTHETIC FEATURES THANKS TO ITS SYNCHRONOUS SURFACE
-EASY FOR INSTALLATION
-THE INSTALLATION IS TIME SAVING THEREFORE ENSURING THE
PROGRESS FOR PROJECTS .
-ACCOMMODATES BUILDING MOVEMENTS.
-MINIMIZES SITE OPERATIONS.
-SHORTER CONSTRUCTION DURATION. - ENABLES OTHER TRADES TO COMMENCE
WORK MUCH EARLIER.
DISADVANTAGES
-THE INSTALLATION WORK NEED TO BE DONE BY HIGH-SKILLED
WORKERS
-THE PRICE OF UNITIZED CURTAIN WALL IS HIGHER THAN STICKS.
-THE TRANSPORTATION OF PANELS IS MORE COMPLICATED.
-UNITS ARE ASSEMBLED AND GLAZED UNDER CONTROLLED SHOP CONDITIONS.
-FULL PRESSURE EQUALIZATION DRAINAGE SYSTEM AT EACH FLOOR.
UNITIZED SYSTEMS
CONTENT

22. THE VAST MAJORITY OF CURTAIN WALLS ARE INSTALLED LONG PIECES
(REFERRED TO AS STICKS) BETWEEN FLOORS VERTICALLY AND BETWEEN
VERTICAL MEMBERS HORIZONTALLY. FRAMING MEMBERS MAY BE
FABRICATED IN A SHOP, BUT ALL INSTALLATION AND GLAZING IS TYPICALLY
PERFORMED AT THE JOBSITE.
STICK CURTAIN WALLS ARE PROCESSED, MANUFACTURED AT FACTORY AND
ASSEMBLED, INSTALLED AND COMPLETED AT SITE. THIS KIND OF CURTAIN
WALL CAN BE USED FOR ALL OUTSIDE SURFACE TYPES OF BUILDINGS AND
ESPECIALLY SUITABLE FOR SOPHISTICATED AND MULTIPLE JOINT STRUCTURE
ARCHITECTURE.
ADVANTAGES
-WATERPROOFING
-EASY FOR TRANSPORTATION
DISADVANTAGES
-DIFFICULTIES IN QUALITY CONTROL.
-RELIES HEAVILY ON SITE WORKMANSHIP.
-REQUIRES DIFFERENT TRADE MEN.
-DIFFICULT TO ACCOMMODATE BUILDING MOVEMENT.
-DIFFICULT TO CONTROL WATER DRAINAGE TO INDIVIDUAL FLOORS.
-TOO MANY LOSS PARTS AND COMPONENTS ON SITE.
-POOR ACOUSTIC AND THERMAL INSULATION.
-DETERIORATION OF EXPANSION AND SEALANT JOINTS.
STICK SYSTEM
CURTAIN WALLS

23. COMPARISSION
DIFFRENCE BETWEEN UNITIZED CURTAIN WALLS AND STICK CURTAIN WALLS
• UNITIZED CURTAIN SYSTEMS ARE COMPOSED OF LARGE GLASS UNITS THAT ARE CREATED
AND GLAZED WITHIN A FACTORY AND THEN SENT TO THE CONSTRUCTION SITE.
• ONCE ON SITE, THE UNITS CAN THEN BE HOISTED ONTO ANCHORS CONNECTED TO THE
BUILDING.
• SINCE THERE IS NO ON-SITE GLAZING, ANOTHER MAJOR BENEFIT OF USING A UNITIZED SYSTEM
IS THE SPEED OF INSTALLATION.
• THE SYSTEM CAN BE INSTALLED IN A THIRD OF THE TIME OF A STICK-BUILT SYSTEM.
• THIS SYSTEM IS WELL SUITED FOR CASES WHERE THERE ARE HIGHER FIELD LABOR COSTS
(THEREBY SHIFTING THE LABOR TO A MORE COST-EFFECTIVE FACTORY WORK FORCE), WHERE
HIGHER PERFORMANCE IS NEEDED (FOR WIND LOADS, AIR/MOISTURE PROTECTION,
SEISMIC/BLAST PERFORMANCE), FOR TALLER STRUCTURES, AND MORE REGULAR CONDITIONS
FOR PANEL OPTIMIZATION
• STICK CURTAINS WALLS THE VAST MAJORITY OF LOW TO MID-RISE CURTAIN WALLS ARE
INSTALLED IN THIS WAY.
• LONG PIECES OF ALUMINUM ARE INSERTED BETWEEN FLOORS VERTICALLY AND
HORIZONTALLY BETWEEN VERTICAL MEMBERS TO SUPPORT AND TRANSFER THE LOAD OF
THE GLASS BACK TO STRUCTURE.
• MOST OF THE ERECTION AND GLAZING FOR A STICK-BUILT SYSTEM IS DONE ON SITE.
• ONE OF THE BENEFITS OF STICK-BUILT SYSTEMS IS ITS FRIENDLINESS FOR FACADES THAT HAVE
LOWER REQUIRED VOLUMES AND MANY COMPLICATED CONDITIONS.
• THIS IS SHORTER IN COMPARISON TO A UNITIZED SYSTEM, WHERE SIX MONTHS TO A YEAR CAN BE
REQUIRED FOR THIS PROCESS.
• YOU ALSO NEED A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF SPACE FOR INSTALLATION AND STORAGE OF
MATERIAL ON THE SITE, WHICH CAN BE DIFFICULT IN MANY HIGH-TRAFFIC CITIES WITH TIGHT
JOB SITES.

24. GLASS ALUMINIUM CURTAIN WALLS
• THE GLASS AND ALUMINUM CURTAIN WALL SYSTEM IS A MARVEL
OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE.
• A TOTALLY NON COMBUSTIBLE SYSTEM OF GLASS AND ALUMINUM
REQUIRING MINIMAL MAINTENANCE AND PROVIDING YEARS OF
AESTHETIC QUALITY AND BUILDING ENVELOPE PERFORMANCE.
• IT IS THE MOST ADVANCED EXTERIOR WINDOW WALL SYSTEM
AVAILABLE FOR BUILDINGS
• THE GLASS AND ALUMINUM CURTAIN WALL IS DESIGNED TO RESIST
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADS, TO LIMIT AIR LEAKAGE, CONTROL
VAPOUR DIFFUSION, PREVENT RAIN PENETRATION, PREVENT
SURFACE AND CAVITY CONDENSATION AND LIMIT EXCESSIVE HEAT
LOSS (OR HEAT GAIN). IT IS FURTHER DESIGNED TO RESIST NOISE
AND FIRE.
CONTENT

25. • STRUCTURAL GLAZING IS A SYSTEM OF BONDING GLASS TO A
BUILDING'S STRUCTURAL FRAMING MEMBERS UTILIZING A HIGH
STRENGTH, HIGH PERFORMANCE SILICONE SEALANT SPECIFICALLY
DESIGNED AND TESTED FOR STRUCTURAL GLAZING IN STRUCTURAL
GLAZING APPLICATIONS, DYNAMIC WIND LOADS ARE TRANSFERRED
FROM THE GLASS, BY THE STRUCTURAL
• A CURTAIN WALL SYSTEM IS AN OUTER COVERING OF A BUILDING
IN WHICH THE OUTER WALLS ARE NON-STRUCTURAL, UTILIZED TO
KEEP THE WEATHER OUT AND THE OCCUPANTS IN. SINCE THE
CURTAIN WALL IS NON-STRUCTURAL, IT CAN BE MADE OF
LIGHTWEIGHT MATERIALS, THEREBY REDUCING CONSTRUCTION
COSTS
COMPARISSION
STRUCTURAL
GLAZING
CURTAIN WALLING
• WHILE CLOSELY RELATED, THERE ARE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CURTAIN WALLS AND STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES.
DIFFRENCE BETWEEN STRUCTURAL GLAZING AND CURTAIN WALLS
• CURTAIN WALLS TYPICALLY SPAN ONLY FROM FLOOR TO FLOOR,
THE PRIMARY SPANNING MEMBER BEING AN ALUMINUM
EXTRUSION. CURTAIN WALLS ARE SEPARATE FROM THE BUILDING
FRAMING SYSTEM, BUT ATTACHED TO AND SUPPORTED BY IT.
• THE PANEL STRUCTURE MAY BE EXPRESSED, OR COMPLETELY
COVERED ON BOTH THE INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF THE BUILDING.
• STRUCTURAL GLASS FAÇADE TECHNOLOGY EMBRACES A DESIGN
OBJECTIVE OF HIGH TRANSPARENCY AND EXPRESSED STRUCTURE,
AND INCORPORATES SOME TYPE OF GLASS AS THE CLADDING
MATERIAL.
• THE FACADES ARE USED IN LONGER SPANNING APPLICATIONS
WHERE AN ALUMINUM EXTRUSION AS THE PRIMARY SPANNING
MEMBER BECOMES IMPRACTICAL OR IMPOSSIBLE.

26. CASE STUDY
• THE EXTERIOR CLADDING IS COMPRISED OF REFLECTIVE GLAZING
WITH ALUMINUM AND TEXTURED STAINLESS STEEL SPANDREL
PANELS AND STAINLESS STEEL VERTICAL TUBULAR FINS. CLOSE
TO 26,000 GLASS PANELS, EACH INDIVIDUALLY HAND-CUT, WERE
USED IN THE EXTERIOR CLADDING OF BURJ KHALIFA. OVER 300
CLADDING SPECIALISTS FROM CHINA WERE BROUGHT IN FOR THE
CLADDING WORK ON THE TOWER. THE CLADDING SYSTEM IS
DESIGNED TO WITHSTAND DUBAI'S EXTREME SUMMER HEAT, AND
TO FURTHER ENSURE ITS INTEGRITY, A WORLD WAR II AIRPLANE
ENGINE WAS USED FOR DYNAMIC WIND AND WATER TESTING.
THE CURTAIN WALL OF BURJ KHALIFA IS EQUIVALENT TO 17
FOOTBALL (SOCCER) FIELDS OR 25 AMERICAN FOOTBALL FIELDS.• A 1:500 SCALE CLADDING PRESSURE TAPS . THE LOCATION OF
EACH TAP WAS DETERMINED AND AGREED IN CONSULTATION
BETWEEN SOM AND THE RWDI ENGINEERS. THE MODEL WAS
PLACED ON A TURNTABLE IN THE WIND TUNNEL. THE TUNNEL
WAS CONFIGURED WITH THE EXISTING SURROUNDING BUILDINGS ,
THEN THE TUNNEL WAS CONFIGURED WITH THE SURROUNDING
BUILDINGS OF THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT IN PLACE.
MEASUREMENTS WERE TAKEN FOR 36 WIND DIRECTION SPACED 10
DEGREES APART . THE MEASURED DATA IS CONVERTED INTO
PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS BASED ON THE MEASURED MEAN
DYNAMIC PRESSURE OF THE WIND ABOVE THE BOUNDARY LAYER .
THE STATISTICAL DATA OF THE LOCAL WIND CLIMATE ACCOUNTS
FOR THE VARIABLE EXTREME WIND SPEEDS WITH WIND DIRECTION
BURJ KHALIFA

27. • ADVANCED GLAZING'S WILL BE DYNAMIC ELEMENTS IN FACADES THAT ARE
FULLY INTEGRATED INTO BUILDING OPERATIONS, PROVIDING DAY LIGHTING
AND NATURAL VENTILATION.
• BY USING THE MODERN TECHNOLOGY OF GLAZING, WE CAN SIMPLIFY THE
CONSTRUCTION PERIOD, GIVE MORE STABILITY.
COCNCLUSION
COCNCLUSION