EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES

1. This prestigious mixed use building project was given to C.Y.Lee and
Partners with the help of the Structural Engineer Shaw Shieh and
the Consultant Thornton-Tomasetti Engineers. The construction of
the tower began in June 1998 (The base level consisted of a mall)
which rea hed 508 meters after the construction.
Total Height – 508m
No. of Floors – 101
Plan Area – 50m X 50m
Cost – $ 700 million
TAIWAN
Building Use – Office Complex + Mall
Parking - 83,000 m2, 1800 cars
Retail - Taipei 101 Mall (77,033 m2)
Offices - Taiwan Stock Exchange (198,347 m2)
LOCATION : No. 7, Section 5, Xinyi Rd, Xinyi
District Taipei City, Taiwan 110
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
•Structure depicts a bamboo stalk
• Youth and Longevity
•Everlasting Strength
•Pagoda Style
•Eight prominent sections Chinese lucky number “8”
• In China, 8 is a homonym for prosperity
•Even number = “rhythm and symmetry”
•Outrigger Trusses
•Moment Frames
•Belt Trusses
LATERAL LOAD RESISTANCE
•Braced Moment Frames in the
building’s core
• Outrigger from core to perimeter
•Perimeter Moment Frames
•Shear walls
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
380 piles with 3 inch concrete slab.
•Mega columns- 8 cm thick steel
& 10,000 psi concrete
infill to provide for overturning.
•Walls - 5 & 7 degree slope.
•106,000 tons of steel, grade 60- 25% stronger.
•6 cranes on site – steel placement.
•Electrical & Mechanical.
•Curtain wall placement.
STRENGTHS
• Designed to withstand typhoons and earthquakes.
• Withstand 134 mph winds
• Withstand a 7.0 Richter scale earthquake, only happens
in a 2,500 year cycle.
• Withstood a 6.8 earthquake during construction in
which a crane fell off of the tower and killed 5 people.
CHALLENGES
Taipei being a coastal city the problems present are:
•Weak soil conditions (The structures tend to sink).
•Typhoon winds (High lateral displacement tends to
topple structures).
•Large potential earthquakes (Generates shear forces).
LOADS ACTING
WIND ANALYSIS
• For 0.5 year return period of wind: floor acceleration without damper=7cm/sec 2
• For 50 year return period of wind: max story drift =0.499% ＜0.5% allowable
• For 100 year return period of wind: max member stress ratio ＜1.00 max story drift=0.57%
SEISMIC ANALYSIS
Under envelope of Code shear and dynamic
shear: max story drift =0.325% ＜0.5% allowable
• For 100 year return period of earthquake:
stress ratio ＜1.00 by response spectrum
analysis
• For 950 year return period of earthquake:
ductility demand <2.5 by pushover method;
plastic hinge rotatio=0.25%
• For 2500 year return period of earthquake:
plastic hinge rotatio=4% ＜4% allowable
• If plastic rotation demand ＞0.5%, cut girder
WIND FORCES
• Skyscrapers experience alternating cross wind forces due to vortex shedding.
• Resonance
•Here a typhoon with 100 years return period brings winds of 43.3m/sec (97 mph), averaged
over 10 min at a height of 10M.
• Square tower with sharp corners creates large cross wind excitation.
• Saw tooth or double notch corner with 2.5m notches achieved dramatic reduction in cross wind
excitation.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN/SYSTEM
•These features combine with the solidity of its foundation to make Taipei 101 one
of the most stable buildings ever constructed.
•The foundation is reinforced by 380 piles driven 80 m (262 ft) into the ground,
extending as far as 30 m (98 ft) into the bedrock.
•Each pile is 1.5 m (5 ft) in diameter and can bear a load of 1,000– 1,320 tonnes
(1,100–1,460 short tons).
PROJECT PROFILE
❑ SITE AREA : 30,277 SQM
❑ FLOOR AREA : 373,831 SQM
❑ HEIGHT : 508 M
❑ FLOORS :
Main tower - 101
Podium - 6
Basement - 5
MAIN USAGE :
• Main tower -
• office (7F - 84F)
• Mech lvl (every 8F)
• Podium -
• Shopping mall (B1F - 5F)
• Basement -
• Parking (B2F - B5F)
The stability of the design became evident during construction when, on 31 March
2002, a 6.8-magnitude earthquake rocked Taipei. The tremor was strong
enough to topple two construction cranes from the 56th floor, the highest
floor at the time. Five people died in the accident, but an inspection showed
no structural damage to the building, and construction soon resumed.
Taipei 101 is designed to withstand the typhoon winds and earthquake
tremors common in its area of the Asia-Pacific.
Planners aimed for a structure that could withstand gale winds of 60 m/s
(197 ft/s, 216 km/h or 134 mph) and the strongest earthquakes likely
to occur in a 2,500 year cycle.
Since, Skyscrapers must remain rigid enough to prevent large
sideways movement and structural damage.
The design achieves both strength and flexibility for the tower
through the use of high-performance steel construction.
Thirty-six columns support Taipei 101, including eight "mega-
columns" packed with 10,000 psi (69 MPa) concrete.
Every eight floors, outrigger trusses connect the columns in
the building's core to those on the exterior.
TAIPEI 101, TAIWAN
COLUMN SYSTEMS
•Gravity loads are carried vertically by a variety of columns.
•Within the core, sixteen columns are located at the crossing
points of four lines of bracing in each direction.
•The columns are box sections constructed of steel plates,
filled with concrete for added strength as well as stiffness till
the 62nd floor.
•On the perimeter, up to the 26th floor, each of the four
building faces has two ‘super columns,’ two ‘sub-super-
columns,’ and two corner columns.
•Each face of the perimeter above the 26th floor has the two
‘super-columns’ continue upward.
•The ‘super-columns’ and ‘sub-super- columns’ are steel box
sections, filled with 10,000 psi (M70) high performance
concrete on lower floors for strength and stiffness up to the
62nd floor.
•Uses the world’s largest and heaviest tuned mass damper.
•Meant to limit the vibrations of the 1,667-foot tall building.
•The main objective of such a system is to supplement the structures damping to dissipate energy and to control undesired
structural vibrations.
•A common approach is to add friction or viscous damping to the joints of the buildings to stabilize the structural vibration.
•A large number of dampers may be needed in order to achieve effective damping when the movements of the joints are
not sufficient to contribute to energy absorption.
The Taipei 101 uses a 800 ton TMD which occupy 5 of its upper floors (87 – 91).
•The ball was assembled on site in layers of 12.5-cm-thick steel plate. It was welded to a steel cradle suspended from level
92 by 3” cables, in 4 sets of 2 each.
•Eight primary hydraulic pistons, each about 2 m long, grip the cradle to dissipate dynamic energy as heat.
•A roughly 60-cm-dia pin projecting from the underside of the ball limits its movement to about 1 m even during times of
the strongest lateral forces.
•The 60m high spire at the top has 2 smaller ‘flat’ dampers to support it.
DAMPERS
MATERIALS
• 60ksi Steel
• 10,000 psi Concrete Systems
DONE BY : RIFQUTH SB || AYESHA ZAHRA || MOHAMMED AHMED || R. SAI YASHWANTH || IFHAM NADEEM || 7TH SEMESTER || CASE STUDY – TAIPEI 101 || EQRS || FACULTY : En. YASHAWINI || AAAD, BANGALORE
The region where it is built straddles the Pacific Ring
of Fire, an arc of fault lines that erupt in earthquakes
every decade or so. There are also many typhoons in
this region.