The document discusses the potential of nanorobots for cancer treatment. It describes how nanorobots could detect cancer cells in early stages using various nanotechnology tools and destroy the cancerous cells while leaving healthy cells unharmed. This would provide a more targeted treatment compared to surgery and chemotherapy, reducing side effects and allowing faster recovery for patients. The document outlines key considerations for designing nanorobots for medical applications like size, structure, communication methods, and biocompatibility.

1. NANO ROBOTICS IN CANCER
J.P.SAI POOJITHA
ABSTRACT
If nanorobots are implemented in cancer
treatment it will bring about miraculous
result freeing thousands of people from
the hold of pain of cancer. The long time
endeavour to find a weapon to fight cancer
because fruitful with the invention of
nanorobots. Nanorobots are a blend of
nanotechnology and robotics. Nanorobots
are tiny robots of a size of bacteria which
are highly efficient, skilled, accurate and
specific in their work. They can easily move
through the cell walls of human body. They
are capable of detecting cancerous cells in
the early stages by analyzing the mutation
from the normal genetically and molecular
structure. Once they trace the cancerous
cells they start to destroy them by using
various tools of nanotechnology. Nano
robots see to it that they do not harm the
healthy cells. This avoids the harmful side
effects as like in the contemporary
chemotherapy. Thus the patient doesn’t
get isolated from the common world and
recovers faster. In this paper we bring to
light the basic structure outline of a
nanorobot, various tools used by a
nanorobot to trace and cure cancer,
challenge faced by a nanorobots and
future hope of nanorobotics in cancer
treatment.
ISBN:978-1535061506
www.iaetsd.in
Proceedings of ICRMET-2016
©IAETSD 201628
S.V Engineering College, Tirupati

2. INTRODUCTION
The use of robots in surgery has provided
addition tools for surgeons enabling
minimally invasive intervention or even
long distance tele-operated surgeries. This
gave to a new thought of applying robotics
in molecular level giving way to
nanorobots .Indeed we may trust on
human creativeness and technical
capabilities that can ever improved in
terms of technical achievements.
TYPICAL NANOROBOT
In recent years the medicine has enabled
significant wellness for the life quality and
longevity of the world population .And for
the coming years, we may be prepared to
experimental even more benefits, as result
from advances that are being pursued step
by step in new field of nanorobotics.
Nanorobots with high performance can be
well analysed and addressed via simulation
to help pave the way for future use of
nanorobots in biomedical engineering .If
nanorobots are implemented in cancer
treatment it will bring about miraculous
result freeing thousands of people from
the hold of pain of cancer.
WHAT IS NANOROBOTICS?
Nanorobotics is the technology of creating
machines or robots at or close to the
microscopic scale of a manometer.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF NANOROBOTS
Nanorobotics is that branch of
nanotechnology which deals with the
study and application of creating machines
or robots of microscopic nanoscale.
CANCER CURE USING ‘NANOROBOTICS’
The following three steps summarise how
basically a nanorobot help to cure cancer.
 Magnetic particles which have a
coating that binds them to
cancerous cells are injected into
the patient.
 The patients are heated with a
“light oven” which uses
electromagnetic radiation to warm
the particles by between 1 degree c
and 5 degree c.
 The heat produced kills the cancer
cells without harming the healthy
ISBN:978-1535061506
www.iaetsd.in
Proceedings of ICRMET-2016
©IAETSD 201629

3. cells nearby.
The treatment could mean an end to
invasive surgery as well as powerful
chemotherapy drugs.
HOW NANOROBOTICS WORKS?
Imagine going to doctor to
get treatment for a persistent fever.
Instead of giving you a pill or a shot, the
doctor refers you to a special medical
team which implants a tiny robot into
your bloodstream. The robot detects
the cancer of your fever, travels to the
appropriate system and provides a
dose of medication directly to the
infected area of the peoples.
“The robot in this illustration swims
through the arteries and veins using a
pair of tail appendages.”
Naorobots will eventually be
used to treat everything from
haemophilia to cancer. A viable
nanorobot has to be small and agile
enough to navigate through the human
circulatory system, an incredibly
complex network of veins and arteries.
The robot must also have the
capacity to carry medication or
miniature tools. Assuming the
nanorobot isn’t meant to stay in
patient forever, it also has to be able to
make its way out of the host.
BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION OF
NANOROBOTICS INPATIENT CURE
The enormous potential in the
biomedical capabilities of nanorobots
and the imprecision and side effects of
medical treatments today make
nanorobots very desirable.
Traditional medical treatment
for cancer involves.
 Surgery
 Drug therapy
SURGERY
Surgery is a direct, manual approach
to fixing the body. Surgery is dangerous
since anaesthetics, infections, organ
rejection and missed cancer cells can all
cause failure.
DRUG THERAPY
It affects the body at the molecular
level. Drug molecules are dumped into
the body where they are transported
by the circulatory system.
They may come into contact with un-
targeted parts of the body and lead to
unwanted side effects. But today, in
this revolutionary era we propose for
ISBN:978-1535061506
www.iaetsd.in
Proceedings of ICRMET-2016
©IAETSD 201630

4. NANOMEDICAL ROBOTS, since they
will have no difficulty identifying
cancer cells even at the very early
stages which cannot be done in the
traditional treatment and will
ultimately be able to track them down
and destroy them wherever they may
be growing. By having these robots, we
can refine the treatment of diseases by
using biomedical, nanotechnological
engineering.
N
The Nanorobot would have a small
computer, several binding sites to
determine the concentration of
specific molecules, and a supply of
some poison which could be selectively
released and was able to kill a cell
identified as cancerous cell.
Using nanorobots we can selectively
target and deliver drug to affected cells
of the body. This reduces the time of
treatment and prevents destruction of
healthy cells. This is one of the most
important uses of nanorobots. Since
healthy cells are not affected the
patient can recover very fast.
DESIGN OF NANOROBOTS
The nanorobots that we describe here
will be floating freely inside the body
exploring and detecting the cancerous
cells. so while designing such a
nanorobot for cancer detection and
cancer treatment, the main factors that
are to be considered are
1. TECHNIQUE USED
We use the bottom-up approach which
involves assembling structure atom-by-
atom or molecule-by-molecule which
will be useful in manufacturing devices
used in medicine.
2. SIZE
Nanorobots will typically be 0.5 to 3
microns larger with 1-100 nm parts.
Three microns is the upper limit of any
nanorobot because nanorobots of
larger size will block capillary flow.
3. STRUCTURE
The nanorobots have two spaces:
 INTERIOR
 EXTERIOR
INTERIOR:- It will be closed, vacuum
environment into which liquids from
the outside cannot normally enter
unless it is needed for chemical
analysis.
EXTERIOR:- It will be subjected to
various chemical liquids in our bodies.
4. CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
Carbon will likely be the principal
element comprising the bulk of a
medical nanorobot, probably in the
form of diamond or
diamondoid/fullerene nano
composites largely because of the
ISBN:978-1535061506
www.iaetsd.in
Proceedings of ICRMET-2016
©IAETSD 201631

5. tremendous strength and chemical
inertness of diamond. Many other light
elements such as hydrogen, sulphur,
oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, silicon, etc.
5. ABILITY TO DEFEND FROM IMMUNE
SYSTEM
Immune system response is primarily a
reaction to a “foreign” substance.
Passive diamond exterior may turn out
to be ideal. Several experimental
studies hint that the smoother and
more flawless the diamond surface, the
less leukocyte activity and the less
fibrinogen adsorption we will get. So it
seems reasonable to hope that when
diamond coatings can be laid down
with almost flawless atomic precision,
making nanorobot exterior surfaces
with near-manometer smoothness
that with these surfaces may have very
low bioactivity.
Due to the extremely high surface
energy and the strong hydrophobicity
of the diamond surface, the diamond
exterior is almost completely
chemically inert and so opsonisation
should be minimized. If flawless
diamond surface alone do not prove
fully bio inactive as hoped, active
surface management of the nanorobot
exterior can be used to ensure
complete nanodevice biocompatibility.
Allergic and shock reaction are similarly
easily avoided.
6. COMMUNICATION
Having nano robots inside the body it is
very essential to know the actions done
by it. One of the simplest ways to sent
board cast type message into the body,
to be received by nanorobots, is
acoustic messaging
.
A device similar to an ultra sound probe
would encode messages on acoustic
carrier waves at frequencies between
1-10 MHZ. thus the supervising
physician can easily sent new
comments or parameters to
nanorobots already at work inside the
body. Each nanorobots has its own
power supply, computer, and sensorial,
thus can receive the physician’s
messages via acoustic sensors, then
compute and implement the
appropriate response. The other half of
the process is getting messages back
out of the body, from the working nano
devices out to the physician. It can be
done acoustically.
ISBN:978-1535061506
www.iaetsd.in
Proceedings of ICRMET-2016
©IAETSD 201632

6. However, onboard power
requirements for micron-scale acoustic
wave generators in water dictate a
maximum practical transmission range
of at most a few hundred microns for
each individual nanorobot. Therefore it
is convenient to establish an internal
communications network that can
collect local messages and pass them to
along to a central location, which the
physician can then minor, using
sensitive ultrasound detectors to
receive the messages.
7. TRACKING
A navigational network may be
installed in the body, with station
keeping navigational elements
providing high positional accuracy to all
passing nanorobots that interrogate
them, wanting to know their location.
Physical positions can be reported
continuously using an in vivo
communications network.
DETECTION AND TREATING OF
CANCER CELLS
Each cell has its own unique set of
surface antigens. Other cell surface
antigens indicate the health status of
the cell, the parent organ type, the
species of the animal, and even the
identity of the individual a kind of
biochemical social security number. we
use the following tools in cancer
detection.
 NANOWIRES
In this diagram, nano sized sensing
wires are laid down across a micro
fluidic channel. These nanowires by
nature have incredible properties of
selectivity and specificity.
As particles flow through the micro
fluidic channel, the nanowire sensor
pick up the molecular signatures of
these particles and can immediately
relay this information through a
connection of electrodes to the outside
world. These nano devices are man-
made constructs made with carbon,
silicon and other materials that have
the capability to monitor the
complexity of biological phenomenon
and relay the information, as it is
monitored, to the medical care
provider. They can detect the presence
of altered genes associated with cancer
and may help researchers pinpoint the
exact location of those changes.
 CANTILEVERS
These tiny levers, which are anchored
at one end, can be engineered to bind
to molecules that represent some of
the changes associated with cancer.
They bind to altered DNA sequences or
proteins that are present in certain
types of cancer cells. When those
molecules bind to the cantilevers,
surface tension changes, causing the
cantilevers to bend. By monitoring the
bending of the cantilevers, we can tell
ISBN:978-1535061506
www.iaetsd.in
Proceedings of ICRMET-2016
©IAETSD 201633

7. whether cancer molecules are present.
Thus cantilevers can be used to detect
the cancer in earlier stages.
 NANOPORES
They allow DNA to pass through one
strand at a time and hence DNA
sequencing can be made more
efficient.
Thus the shape and electrical
properties of each base on the strand
can be monitored. As these properties
are unique for each of the four bases
that makeup the genetic code, the
passage of DNA through a nanopore
can be used to decipher the encoded
information, including errors in the
code known to be associated with
cancer.
 QUANTUM DOTS
These are tiny crystals that glow when
these are stimulated by ultraviolet light
.the latex beads filled with these
crystals when stimulated by light, the
colours they emit act as dyes that light
up the sequence of interest. By
combining different sized quantum
dots within a single bead, probes can
be created that release a distinct
spectrum of various colours and
intensities of lights saving as sort of
spectral bar code.
 NANOSHELLS
These are another recent invention. NS
are miniscule beads coated with gold.
By manipulating the thickness of the
layers making up the NS, the beads can
designed that absorb specific
wavelength of lights. The most useful
nano cells are those that absorb near
infrared light that can easily penetrate
several centimetres in human tissues.
Absorption of light by nano shells
creates an intense heat that is lethal to
cells. Nano shells can be linked to
antibodies that recognize cancer cells.
In laboratory cultures, the heat
generated by light-absorbing nano
shells successfully killed tumour cells
while living neighbouring cells intact.
 DENDRIMER
ISBN:978-1535061506
www.iaetsd.in
Proceedings of ICRMET-2016
©IAETSD 201634

8. A number of nanoparticles that will
facilitate drug delivery are being
developed .one such molecule that has
potential to link treatment with
detection and diagnostic is known as
Dendrimer. These have branching
shape which gives them vast amounts
of surface area to which therapeutic
agents or other biologically active
molecules can be attached .A single
dendrimer can carry a molecule that
recognizes cancer cells , a therapeutic
agents to kill those cells and a molecule
that recognizes that signals of cells
death.
It is hoped that dendrimers can be
manipulated to release their contents
only in the presence of certain trigger
molecules associated with cancer.
 NANOTUBES
Nanotubes are carbon rods about half
the diameter of a molecule of DNA that
not only can detect the presence of
altered genes, but they helps us to
pinpoint the exact location of those
changes .to prepare DNA for
nanotubes analysis, it must be
attached with a bulky molecules to
regions of the DNA that are associated
with cancer .they can design tags that
seek out specific mutation in the DNA
and bind to them.
CONCLUSION
Nanotechnology, through scientific
research and technological
developments create massive amounts
of wealth and other goodness simply
by the exercise of our intelligence.
Relax and enjoy a long life........
“BUILD SMALL AND
TNINK BIG.”
ISBN:978-1535061506
www.iaetsd.in
Proceedings of ICRMET-2016
©IAETSD 201635