1. Energy In India : A perspective
Rangan Banerjee
Department of Energy Science and Engineering
& Centre for Technology Alternatives in Rural Areas
IIT Bombay
Keynote Address IIT Bombay Alumni meet Goa , September 21, 2014

2. Long term global temperature
record
2
Rockstrom et al, Nature, 2009

3. 3
Global Trends – Unbounded Growth?
GEA Chapter 3

4. Sustainable Development?
Is our present consumption
and growth pattern
sustainable? Can we continue
this into the future?
4

5. What is sustainable
Development?
Development that meets the needs
of the present without
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own
needs.
Brundtlant Report WCED 1987
Development without cheating our
children
5

6. Rockstrom et al, Nature 2009 6

7. Carbon Dioxide Concentrations
http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/graphics/lawdome.gif 7

8. Carbon Footprint
8
7.06
1.41
0.13
Nepal
Kenya
India
Brazil
China
UK
South Africa
Japan
Canada
Saudi Arabia
blog.beliefnet.com http://www.iea.org/statistics/
16.28
16.94
15.37
9.28
7.27
5.92
2.07
0.28
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
USA
GHG Emissions Tonnes CO2/capita - 2011
World Average

9. Carbon footprint calculator
Source: http://www.icicibank.com/html/en/go-green/Index.html 9

10. What is our current Energy
Use pattern?
10

11. 11

12. India-Primary Energy mix 2012
2007 24 EJ
2010 29 EJ
2012 33 EJ
Coal
42%
Oil
27%
Biomass
22%
NatGas
6%
Hydro
1%
Solar/Wind
1%
Nuclear
1%

13. Share of Energy Imports - India
13
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Import Share (INDIA)

14. Primary Energy Mix
14
Renewables and Nuclear
Coal
Oil and Gas
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
TIFAC, 2013

15. Power Generation – Supply mix
15
Thermal
Nuclear
40%
60%
80%
Renewables (incl Hydro)
20%
100%
0
100% 0
TIFAC, 2013

16. Electricity Lorenz Curves India
Urban
Year
Rural
GINI
Urban
GINI
1999 0.60 0.45
2009 0.43 0.27
2011 0.36 0.23
16
Source: K.Mehta
2014

17. Historical Household
Electrification Rates
GEA, Chapter 19
17

18. Cookstoves
More than 50% households - solid cooking fuels
Fuelwood , Dung Cake – Low Cost, Low Efficiencies, High
Emissions (PM) Health impact- Drudgery, collection,
cooking time (cooking+ collection time=2000 hours/year)
Replace stove, replace grate
18
Reduce fuel usage by 20%, reduce
emissions, being sold by local
blacksmiths
Twisted tape swirlers in a
traditional cookstove
Source: Honkalaskar (2014)

19. Efficient Gasifier Cookstoves
19
Sources : Anderson(2012)
http://www.firstenergy.in

20. Indian Energy Scenario
 Present energy systems –predominantly fossil
fuel based
 Unsustainable- fossil fuel reserves, climate
change, environmental impact
 Energy Access –affordability,
 Energy Shortages,
 Low usage, high growth
 Energy Inequality
 Energy Security
20

21. Green Technologies?
21
http://www.dilbert.com/

22. 22
Solar Biomass Wind Geothermal
Electricity
Space
Cooling
Space
Heating
Water
Heating
Cooking Lighting
Appliances
Motive power Computing
Small Hydro

23. 23
Renewable Share in Power
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Share of total (%)
Year
Renewable Installed Capacity
Renewable Generation
Nuclear Installed Capacity
Nuclear generation

24. 24
Renewable installed capacity and
generation
Installed
Capacity*
Estimated
Capacity factor
*as on 31.07.2014 MNRE website: www.mnre.gov.in
Estimated
Generation
(MW) (GWh)
Wind 21693 14% 26604
Biomass Power 1365 70% 8371
Bagasse
2680 60% 14088
Cogeneration
Small Hydro 3826 40% 13407
Waste to Energy 133 50% 581
Solar PV 2753 19% 4582
Total 32450 25% 67634

25. Cost of Electricity ($/MWh)
25
3 Rs./kWh
6 Rs./kWh
9 Rs./kWh
Bloomberg, 2014

26. India Abatement Curve
Source: McKinsey

27. Standard Fan vs Efficient Fan
27
Standard Fan Efficient Fan
Power 70 W 35 W
Price Rs 1300 Rs 2600
BLDC motor
Life: 10years Sweep 1200 mm RPM – 350-400
Similar air delivery 230 m3/min

28. Incandescents vs CFL vs LED
Incandescent Compact Fluorescent Lamp LED
Power 60 W 14 W 6W
Price 10Rs Rs. 150 Rs.1200
Life : 1000 hours 8000 hours 30,000 hours
Lumens/ W 12 50 120
Lumen output: 700 lumens
28

29. DSM: Financing through Utility Bill
29
Source: BESCOM, 2006

30. 30
Source: BEE web site

31. DSM – Effect on load profiles
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
12:00 AM
1:00 AM
2:00 AM
3:00 AM
4:00 AM
5:00 AM
6:00 AM
7:00 AM
8:00 AM
9:00 AM
10:00 AM
11:00 AM
12:00 PM
1:00 PM
2:00 PM
3:00 PM
4:00 PM
5:00 PM
6:00 PM
7:00 PM
8:00 PM
9:00 PM
10:00 PM
11:00 PM
Energy
savings
from DSM
New Load
curve
(kW Old Load
Main Building – IIT load profiles

32. 2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Hours
Power generated in MW
January
June
September
Mean value
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
9500
9000
8500
8000
7500
7000
6500
6000
5500
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Months
Wind energy generated (MU)
Hourly variation of
wind power
Monthly variation
of wind energy
generated
32
5000
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Jan-07
june
july
august
sept
Total Generation

33. 5 kWp Solar PV
system
Rajmachi village,
Maharashtra
33
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0:00 2:24 4:48 7:12 9:36 12:00 14:24 16:48 19:12 21:36 0:00
Time (hrs)
Power(Watts) and Voltage (Volts)
VOLTAGE POWER

34. Without DSM
Average(kWh) - 6.3
Peak(kW) -18.6
Total demand(kWh/day) - 153
With EE DSM
Average(kWh) -2.9
Peak(kW) –6.65
Total demand(kWh/day) – 70.3
25
20
15
10
5
0
Total load Average Load(DSM) Average(DSM)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Load(kW)
Time of day(h)
34

35. 1 MW Solar Plant – IIT Bombay
http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/education/20140128287038.htm 35

36. National Solar Thermal Power Facility – Consortium supported
by MNRE and led by IIT Bombay
36
Thermal
Storage
Solar
Field
Expansion
Vessel
Heat
Exchanger
Generato
r
Turbine
Condenser
Pump Pump
Cooling
Water
Circuit
Water/
Steam
Loop
Thermic
Oil Loop
CLFR
Direct
Steam
Schematic of 1 MW Solar Power Plant
Simulator snapshot
Parabolic Trough Solar Field
Linear Fresnel Reflector Solar Field
at Gwalpahari site
Consortium Members
KIE Solatherm

37. 37

38. 38

39. User Interface: Main Window
39

40. Electric Vehicle - Evo
40
Evo 1 Evo 2
200 kg, Top speed 100 kmph
60kW peak, LiPo battery
0-60 in 2.5s
EVo 3.0 at Silverstone, UK
2014

41. TEAM SHUNYA
SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2014
41

42. House in Versailles – 26th June, 2014
Team Shunya
70 students 13 disciplines 12 faculty

43. Proposal for New Energy Storage
Centre IIT Bombay
43
Source: A. Sarkar, ETV 2035

44. Summing Up
 Energy Access and Equity- Capital/ Development –
Electrification, Clean Cooking fuels
 India – Energy shortages, growth , Energy Security
 Paradigm shift- focus on energy services
 Need for Technology development, cost reduction,
hybridization, energy efficiency and renewables
 Consortia/ Collaboration academia - industry
 Special focus on new stock- buildings, industry
 Systems integration issues, storage, load matching
 Land, water, employment
 Incubation/ Innovation Ecosystem
44

45. Acknowledgment
Balkrishna Surve, Jay Dhariwal, Anjali Sharma, Team Shunya, DESE and
CTARA faculty colleagues
45
You never change things by fighting the
existing reality. To change something
build a new model that makes the
existing model obsolete
Buckminster Fuller
Email: rangan@iitb.ac.in
rangan.banerjee@gmail.com Thank you

46. References
 Rockstrom et al, Nature, 2009
 GEA, 2012 Chapter 3 & 19 : Global Energy Assessment - Toward a Sustainable Future, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA and the International Institute for Applied
Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.
 BEE web site: Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), Government of India, Ministry of Power, New Delhi,
http://www.beeindia.in/
 Bloomberg, 2014: GLOBAL TRENDS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY INVESTMENT 2014, UNEP and Bloomberg
New Energy Finance.
 Brundtlant Report WCED 1987
 http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/graphics/lawdome.gif
 http://www.iea.org/statistics/
 blog.beliefnet.com
 http://www.icicibank.com/html/en/go-green/Index.html
 MNRE website: www.mnre.gov.in
 TIFAC, 2013: TIFAC Energy Technology Vision 2035 – draft in progress
 Ketav Mehta, Dual Degree Thesis,DESE 2014, IIT Bombay
 http://www.dilbert.com/
 Honkalaskar, 2014, PhD Thesis, CTARA, IIT Bombay
 McKinsey, 2010: McKinsey Global Institute, India’s urban awakening: Building inclusive cities,
sustaining economic growth, April 2010
 BESCOM, 2006
 http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/education/20140128287038.htm