Design Fabrication and Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Refrigeration System

1. i
A
MAJOR PROJECT REPORT
ON
“Design Fabrication and Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Refrigeration
System”
in the partial fulfilment of
Requirement for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Mechanical Engineering
SUBMITTED BY
VIPAN SAINI
1324977
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SWAMI SARVANAND INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
DINANAGAR
2013-2016

2. ii
CERTIFICATE
We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the project report entitled
“DESIGN FABRICATION AND ANALYSIS OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM” by “VIPAN SAINI” for Major project in VIII semester,
submitted in department of Mechanical Engineering, SWAMI SARVANAND INSTITUTE
OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DINANAGAR under PUNJAB TECHNICAL
UNIVERSITY, KAPURTHALA is an authentic record of our own work under the
supervision of Mr. Amritpal Singh. The matter enclosed in this project report has not been
submitted by us in any other university/institute for award of B.Tech. Degree.
VIPAN SAINI
1324977

3. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is with great pleasure this report on the project named “DESIGN FABRICATION AND
ANALYSIS OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC REFRIGERATION SYSTEM” undertaken
by us as part of our batch curriculum. First and foremost, we would like to express our thanks
towards our training guide Mr. Amritpal Singh for placing complete faith and confidence in
our ability to carry out this project and for providing us his time, inspiration, encouragement,
help, valuable guidance, constructive criticism and commitments and busy schedule to help
us to complete this project. Without the sincere and honest guidance for our respected project
guide we would have not been to reach the present stage. The constant encouragement
received from Mr. Navjot Singh, Head of Department, Mechanical Engineering, SSGI
Dinanagar Gurdaspur for providing moral support and help in each aspect to carry out the
present project work. We express our sincere thanks to the people who helped us along the
way in completing our project. We find inadequate words to express our sincere gratitude
towards them.

4. iv
ABSTRACT
In present world fossil fuel reserve of the world is continuously decreasing & use of
nonconventional energy resources is gaining high importance. Solar energy is considered best
nonconventional energy available free. Also the time of the day when the heat energy is
maximum of the solar energy the utilization solar energy in air-conditioning will be more
effective. Ozone layer depletion potential (ODP) is considered a very high threat to the
environment. Under these circumstances ODP of solar driven vapor absorption system is
zero. This gives us tremendous environmental benefits vis a vis refrigerants. Also global
warming & Carbon dioxide emission are producing very big environmental hazards. Using
solar energy instead of fossil fuels in case of vapor absorption system provides with big
environmental benefits in terms of the above mentioned effects Looking at the advantages of
solar driven vapor absorption system(VAS) in modern day environment ,we are motivated to
work towards the system because a large part of solar driven VAS remains unexplored which
has tremendous potential in the future of Refrigeration & Air-conditioning. A large number
of people in developing countries still live in Rural and Remote area like India where the grid
electricity is yet unavailable or not envisaged by the people. Vaccine preservation has
become an important issue and the basic needs in rural areas. Solar power refrigeration is the
one of promising option to resolve such burning problem.

5. v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE NO.
Certificate ii
Acknowledgement iii
Abstract iv
Table Of Contents v-vi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-20
1.1 Energy and Its Future 1
1.2 The Environmental Impact of Fossil Fuels 2
1.3 Solar and renewable energy 3
1.4 Photovoltaic Technology: A Basic Overview 4
1.4.1 Photovoltaic panel manufacturing 6
1.4.2 Different kinds of photovoltaic cells 7
1.5 How Does Temperature Affect Photovoltaic Performance? 10
1.6 Increasing Photovoltaic Panel Efficiency with Cooling 12
1.7 Different Types of HIPV/T (Hybrid Integrated Photovoltaic) 12
1.7.1 Photovoltaic thermal system with water Based: 13
1.7.2 Photovoltaicthermal system based on air: 13
1.7.3 Photovoltaic/thermal system based on refrigerant: 14
1.7.4 Photovoltaic thermal system with heat pipe: 15
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 21-30
2.1 RESEARCHS ON REFRIGERATION BASED PHOTOVOLTAIC
SYSTEM
21
2.2 Research based on Solar Thermal Method 23
2.3 RESEARCHS ON BASED ON SOLAR COOLING PHOTOVOLTAIC
SYSTEM
27
CHAPTER 3 PROBLEM FORMULATION AND OBJECTIVE 31-32
CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENT INVESTIGATION 33-37
4.1 GENERAL 33
4.2 EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP 33
4.3 Experiment Procedure 37
CHAPTER 5 RESULT 38-42
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK 43-44
6.1 CONCLUSION 43

6. vi
6.2 FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK 43
REFERENCE 44-46

7. vii
LIST OF FIGURE
Fig 1.1 crude oil prices (source EIA report 2020) 2
Fig 1.2 Primary-Energy-Consumption-2020 2
Fig 1.3 effect of photovoltaic 4
Fig 1.4 Since 1976, the energy efficiency of solar cells has been
11 increasing (national Renewable Energy Laboratory)
5
Fig 1.5 Photovoltaic panel construction detail 6
Fig 1.6 Kinds of photovoltaic innovation 8
Fig 1.7 variation of open circuit voltage with junction temperature 11
Fig 1.9 water-based photovoltaic thermal system 13
Fig 1.10 Air-based photovoltaic thermal system 14
Fig 1.11 Refrigerant-based photovoltaic thermal system.png 14
Fig 1.12 heat pipe-based photovoltaic thermal system 15
Fig 1.13 Solar Photovoltaic Absorption Refrigeration System 17
Fig.2.1- Solar Mechanical Method 22
Fig.2.2- Ammonia-water absorption refrigeration system 26
Fig 2.3 Schematic of absorption cycle 28
Fig 2.4 Solar vapour compression cycle 29
Fig 3.1 Schematic diagram of SPV Refrigerator system 32
Fig 4.1 SPV panel and SPV Refrigeration System Panel 34
Fig 4-2 SPV Refrigeration System Panel (Front and Back side) 35
Fig 5.1 variation of temperature of different SPV system with solar
radiation during day time.
38
Fig 5.2 variation of voltage of different SPV system with solar radiation
during day time.
39
Fig 5.3 variation of temperature of different SPV system with solar
radiation during day time.
40
Fig 5.4 variation of temperature of different SPV system with solar
radiation during day time.
41
Fig 5.5 variation of temperature of different SPV system with solar
radiation during day time.
42

8. 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Energy and Its Future
Humans require energy to meet their everyday needs. For continuous survival in
this planet, every living species requires energy. Following the advent of the
industrial revolution, people began to meet their energy needs by mining vast
amounts of coal. Internal combustion engines were invented, and fossil fuels such
as oil and natural gas began to be used at a rapid pace. The development of power
producing plants employing fossil fuels, hydropower, or wind power followed the
discovery of electricity and electronic gadgets. The US published its Annual
Energy Outlook. Long-term annual predictions of energy supply, consumption,
and pricing until 2040 are presented by the Energy Information Administration
(EIA). According to the analysis, global primary energy demands are expected to
rise by 50% by 2040, compared to the reference scenario in 2014, with 77 percent
of fossil fuel consumption and 23 percent of renewable energy sources meeting
these demands. As a result, natural gas and crude oil prices are expected to
skyrocket in the next years. Since the previous few years, the world's energy
demands have risen dramatically, and these demands are being met by burning
fossil fuels, which has resulted in rapid depletion and global warming. If fossil
fuel and natural gas are used to meet energy needs, Goswami (2007) anticipated
that all reserves will be exploitable until 2048 and 2065, respectively. By 2030,
Turkey and Telli (2011) predict a 44 percent rise in global total energy demand.
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), developing countries
consume energy at a far higher rate than industrialised countries and will need to
double their energy production capacity by 2020.

9. 2
Fig 1.1 crude oil prices (source EIA report 2020)
Fig 1.2 Primary-Energy-Consumption-2020
1.2 Environmental Impact of Fossil Fuels
More than 80% of people in poor nations use wood for food preparation and
house heating, kerosene for lighting, and diesel engines for irrigation, resulting in
deforestation and pollution. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are major drivers of
the global economy, but their use polluted the environment, producing global
warming and posing a significant threat to human life. According to Poizot and
Dolhem (2011), the usage of fossil fuels is rapidly increasing, necessitating the
development of technology that is economically, environmentally, and socially
sustainable.

10. 3
1.3 Solar and renewable energy
Renewable energy resources can meet all energy demands, including electricity
generation, hot water generation, and space heating. Solar, bio, wind, hydro,
geothermal, and tidal energy are all potential sources of energy that can readily meet
present and future energy demands. According to Devabhaktuni et al. (2013),
renewable energy can meet nearly 1000 times the global energy demand; however,
only 5% of this energy is being used. Solar energy is one of the most widely used
renewable energy sources, with applications including water heating, electricity
generating, and space heating, among others. Solar energy is the most abundant,
inexhaustible, and clean of all renewable energy supplies. The Earth intercepts 1.8 X
10 MW of power, which is several times more than the total energy usage of the
entire planet. According to Michael et al. (2015), 45 percent of rural areas in India
remain unconnected to the power grid. People's access to electricity can thus be
improved through the usage of solar energy. Solar energy is a clean technology since
it does not pollute the environment with pollutants like air, water, noise, or
radioactive elements. Solar energy systems, on the other hand, necessitate more room
for the generation of hot water and electricity and are inefficient.Energy can be
harnessed directly from the sun, even in cloudy weather. Solar energy is used
worldwide and is increasingly popular for generating electricity or heating and
desalinating water. Solar power is generated in two main ways:
Photovoltaics (PV), also called solar cells, are electronic devices that convert sunlight
directly into electricity. The modern solar cell is likely an image most people would
recognise – they are in the panels installed on houses and in calculators. They were
invented in 1954 at Bell Telephone Laboratories in the United States. Today, PV is
one of the fastest-growing renewable energy technologies, and is ready to play a
major role in the future global electricity generation mix.
Solar PV installations can be combined to provide electricity on a commercial
scale, or arranged in smaller configurations for mini-grids or personal use.
Using solar PV to power mini-grids is an excellent way to bring electricity
access to people who do not live near power transmission lines, particularly in
developing countries with excellent solar energy resources.The cost of
manufacturing solar panels has plummeted dramatically in the last decade,
making them not only affordable but often the cheapest form of solar panel.

11. 4
1.4 Photovoltaic Technology: A Basic Overview
At the atomic level, photovoltaic cells convert diffused and concentrated solar
energy into direct current (DC). Because of their abundance of holes and
electrons, semiconductors in the "p" and "n" kinds correlate to positive and
negative. Electrons are shaken loose from atoms in semiconductor material when
sunlight strikes a photovoltaic cell. As seen in Fig. 1.3, excess electrons in n-type
materials flow to p-type, while holes vacated during this process flow back into n-
type. If there are any electrical conductors, Electrons can be caught in the form of
an electric current by connecting the n-junction and p-junction in an electrical
circuit. The conversion efficiency of photovoltaic cells ranges from 4% to 32%,
depending on the material qualities used to make them (Kurtz, 2011).
Fig 1.3 effect of photovoltaic
Because solar radiation is abundant on the surface of Carthage, photovoltaic
technology has been widely accepted throughout the world. There are a variety of
photovoltaic materials on the market, but silicon-based photovoltaic cells are the
most popular due to their high conversion efficiency. Single junction PV panels
are the most popular on the market, and they allow photons with energies equal to

12. 5
or greater than the bandgap to release electrons. Around the world, scientists are
working to develop new solar cell materials. Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) in
multijunction cells is the subject of most of today's research. 2015 was the year of
In a four junction concentrated photovoltaic cell, Fraunhofer ISE/Soltec reached a
maximum electrical efficiency of 46.2 percent with gallium indium phosphide
gallium arsenide/germanium (GalnP/Ga(In)As/Ge). Under non-concentrated
sunlight conditions, a novel solar cell combining 1.8-ev gallium indium
phosphide as the top cell and crystalline silicon heterojunction as the bottom cell
achieved electrical efficiency of 29.8% in 2016. As demonstrated in Figure 1.4,
the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has provided the most recent
improvements in solar cell efficiency.
Fig 1.4 Since 1976, the energy efficiency of solar cells has been increasing
(national Renewable Energy Laboratory)
Solar cell efficiencies vary from 6% for amorphous silicon-based solar cells to 44.0%
with multiple-junction production cells and 44.4% with multiple dies .

13. 6
1.4.1 Photovoltaic panel manufacturing
Fig 1.5 Photovoltaic panel construction detail
To provide protection from the top, the photovoltaic panel's top layer is tempered
and textured glass with good solar transmittance and low iron content. It also
allows for maximum solar energy transmission of roughly 95%. Ethylene vinyl
acetate (EVA) is the second layer of a photovoltaic panel, and it is a copolymer of
ethylene and vinyl acetate with elastomeric and thermoplastic properties. This
polymer possesses good clarity, gloss, low-temperature toughness, stress-crack
resistance, waterproof hot-melt adhesive characteristics, and UV resistance. It's a
sheet that's used to lay it over and below silicon cells. It prevents solar cells from
deforming as a result of thermal expansion, thermal pressures, fractures, and
moisture. The ethylene-vinyl acetate layer degrades when the temperature of a
solar panel rises (EVA). Mohammad and Ahmed (2008) conducted an experiment
in the Saharan region to explore photovoltaic panel degradation and found that
long-term exposure to temperatures above 50°C caused discoloration or browning
of the ethylene-vinyl acetate layer. Armstrong and Hurley (2010) employed
silicon nitride with a thickness of nanometers as an anti-reflection coating placed

14. 7
over silicon cells to reduce reflection losses. Photovoltaic cells, which are formed
of semiconductor material and utilised to generate electricity from solar radiation,
make up the fourth layer of photovoltaic panels. The final layer of a photovoltaic
panel is polyvinyl fluoride (PVF or Tedlar), which is a fluoropolymer that has
good adherence to EVA. durable, weather resistant, hydrolytic stability, high
dielectric strength, protects PV panel from physical damage, and insulates
photovoltaic panel's electric connection
1.4.2 Different kinds of photovoltaic cells
The global PV production is steadily increasing. In 2013, China led the world in
solar cell production, followed by Taiwan and Japan, as illustrated in Fig. 1.7.
According to Nayak et al. (2012), crystalline silicon (CsSi) and gallium arsenide
(GaAs) have the highest efficiency of any other solar cell material option
available on the market, but nano-crystalline or amorphous inorganic and
inorganic or organic material, or a combination of these, have a lower cost, are
more sustainable, and are more economical for solar energy production.
As illustrated in Fig. 1.8, there are many different types of photovoltaic materials
for solar cells on the market, but silicon-based photovoltaic solar cells are the
most popular due to their high electrical efficiency. The two major types of
photovoltaic cell materials used are crystalline silicon and thin film deposits, which
vary from each other in terms of light absorption efficiency, energy conversion
efficiency, manufacturing technology and cost of production.

15. 8
Fig 1.6 Kinds of photovoltaic innovation
Crystalline The most widely utilised photovoltaic material for solar cell
production is silicon. Mono crystalline, poly crystalline, and super crystalline
photovoltaic cells are the different types of solar cells. Polycrystalline cells are
made up of multiple tiny crystals, whereas monocrystalline cells are made up of a
homogenous substance formed from a single silicon crystal. Monocrystalline
solar cells are slower and more expensive to produce than polycrystalline solar
cells, but they have a better electrical conversion efficiency. They are referred to
as second generation thin film solar cells.
Solar cells are constructed by depositing one or more thin layers of photovoltaic
material onto a substrate such as glass, metal, or plastic. When compared to
silicon-based photovoltaic cells, amorphous silicon is a non-crystalline,
disordered structural version of silicon with a 40-fold higher absorption rate. Thin
film technology.Half the price of silicon photovoltaic cells and is more flexible in
nature. Compared to other thin film solar cell materials such as Copper Indium
Selenide (CISVCopper Indium gallium Selenide (CIGS) and Cadmium Sulphide
(CdsyCadmium Telluride), amorphous-based photovoltaic panels have a greater
efficiency (CdTe).

16. 9
Concentrator photovoltaics are photovoltaic systems that generate electricity
using lenses and curved mirrors. Sunlight is focused on small yet highly efficient
multi-junction solar cells via mirrors and lenses. Multiple p-n junctions made up
of various semiconductors produce electricity at different wavelengths of light in
multi-junction solar cells. Polymer and organic photovoltaic cells are constructed
from polymers and are used as an alternative material for solar cells because of
their mechanical flexibility, low manufacturing costs, and light weight, however
they have lower efficiency than crystalline and thin film photovoltaic cells.
Organic photovoltaics, according to Lizin et al. (2013), are the best performing
photovoltaics, are environmentally beneficial, and use less material. Convectional
solar cells, according to Gunes et al. (2008), are constructed of non-organic
materials such as silicon and have a high electrical efficiency but are very
expensive and require an energy-intensive processing technique. Organic solar
cells are cheap and easy to make, however their performance can be limited.
Hybrid solar cells combine organic and inorganic components to produce low-
cost, high-efficiency solar cells. Amorphous undoped intrinsic silicon, B-doped
silicon, and P-doped silicon hybrid bilayer structures to manufacture and analyse
them (3-hexylthiophene). A low-cost solar cell based on a scmiconductor created
between a photo-sensitized anode and an electrolyte, known as a photo
electrochemical system, is known as a dyc-sensitized solar cell. Regan and
Gratzel (1991) were the first to create this sort of solar cell, which consists of five
major components. a mechanical support coated with transparent conductive
oxides; a sensitizer absorbed onto the surface of the semiconductor, an electrolyte
containing redox mediator, and a counter electrode capable of regenerating the
redox mediator such platine, as described by Nazeeruddin et al. (2011)

17. 10
demonstrated low-cost platinum free counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar
cells with an electrical conversion efficiency of 410 percent, compared to 3.9
percent for dye-sensitized solar cells.
1.5 How Does Temperature Affect Photovoltaic Performance?
The effect of temperature on the performance of photovoltaic panels was first
described by Wysocki J Joseph and Rappaport Paul (1960), who investigated
photovoltaic conversion performance at temperatures ranging from 0°C to 400°C
using photovoltaic materials with bandgaps ranging from 0.7-ey to 2.4-ev. It has been
discovered that materials with a larger band gap have the best conversion efficiency.
The maximum conversion efficiency of solar panels switched to materials with a
greater band gap as the temperature of the panels climbed. Photovoltaic panels collect
80 percent of solar energy, of which 5-20 percent is utilised for electricity generation,
according to Helden et al. (2004). Photons with less energy than the band gap are not
absorbed by active solar cell material, according to Luque and Hegedus (2011). These
photons are reflected back from the front side of the photovoltaic panel after reaching
the back surface of the solar cell. Heat is generated by photons absorbed on the rear
surface of a solar panel. Photons with energies above the band gap produce a single
electron-hole pair. Heat is generated in crystal lattice by excess energy between
photon energy and band gap. Internal recombination and ohmic losses transform
portion of the energy transmitted to electron-hole pairs into heat, according to
Radziemska, 2009. Each solar cell has its unique photon energy threshold beyond
which energy conversion does not occur. Longer wavelength photons do not produce
electron-hole pairs in the cell, but instead dissipate their energy as heat.

18. 11
At the Setagaya location of Tokyo, Igari et al. (1994) investigated the rate of
degradation of amorphous silicon photovoltaic modules by exposing crystalline
silicon photovoltaic modules to 85°C ambient conditions. After 100 days of exposure,
rapid deterioration was discovered. Berman et al. (1995) conducted an experimental
study in the Negev desert of Israel, where they kept 189 Solarex SX-146 solar
modules in a mirror-enhanced, grid-connected photovoltaic system for five years.
After five years, it was discovered that the mean maximum power value of browned
photovoltaic panels had decreased by 9% when compared to new photovoltaic
modules, and the PV panel's ethylene-vinyl-acetate (EVA) layer had changed to
yellow-brown from blue at the start of the test. The delamination of the EVA layer
resulted in a 1% loss in solar panel electrical efficiency each year. After five years of
exposure in an experimental environmental field, Akhmad et al. (1997) found that the
electrical efficiency of mono-crystalline photovoltaic cells had declined to 4.8 percent
and the electrical efficiency of poly-crystalline solar cells had dropped to 2%.
Fig 1.7 variation of open circuit voltage with junction temperature

19. 12
1.6 Increasing Photovoltaic Panel Efficiency with Cooling
Part of the solar energy that is not converted into electricity by photovoltaic cells
generates heat, according to Vokas et al. (2006), resulting in a reduction in electrical
efficiency and thermal 10 Photovoltaic cells are degrading. As a result, photovoltaic
cell cooling is critical, and it must be an integrated part of the solar panel in order to
reduce the impact of high temperatures on photovoltaic cell performance. Various
approaches have been devised and explored experimentally, mathematically, and
conceptually, however optimum cooling of solar panels is dependent on photovoltaic
cell material, thermal cooling system designs, and climatic circumstances. According
to Royne Anja (2005), solar panels can be cooled using either passive or active
cooling approaches. Passive cooling refers to heat extraction without the usage of
additional energy, whereas active cooling refers to heat extraction from any system
using an external source of energy. Hydraulic cooling of photovoltaics and a hybrid
photovoltaic/thermal system are the other two techniques of cooling photovoltaic
panels.
1.7 Different Types of HIPV/T (Hybrid Integrated Photovoltaic/Thermal
System)
 Photovoltaic/thermal system based on water
 Photovoltaic/thermal system based on air
 Photovoltaic/thermal system based on refrigerant
 Photovoltaic/thermal system based on heat pipes
 Phase-change material photovoltaic panel (PV-PCM)

20. 13
1.7.1 Photovoltaic thermal system with water Based:
A metal absorber plate is mounted to the underside of the photovoltaic panel in a
water-based PV/T module, comparable to a water-based solar thermal collector. As
shown in Fig. 1,9, the absorber plate is connected to metal tubes that are put beneath
it in a parallel or serpentine tube arrangement through which water flows.
Fig 1.9 water-based photovoltaic thermal system
1.7.2 Photovoltaicthermal system based on air:
The top and bottom positions of a solar air bused PVT system are naturally or
mechanically ventilated air channels from which hot air is supplied, comparable to a
solar air heater. As shown in Fig. 1.10, fins or metal ribs are affixed to the absorber
plate inserted below the solar module. Air removes the heat from the panel and keeps
it cool.

21. 14
Fig 1.10 Air-based photovoltaic thermal system
1.7.3 Photovoltaic/thermal system based on refrigerant:
As shown in Fig. 1.11, evaporation coils are inserted beneath the photovoltaic module
through which the refrigerant passes, allowing the refrigerant to be evaporated by
extracting its heat. The compressor raises the pressure of the vapour and delivers it to
the condenser. The heat produced by the condenser unit can be used for a variety of
reasons.
Fig 1.11 Refrigerant-based photovoltaic thermal system.png

22. 15
1.7.4 Photovoltaic thermal system with heat pipe:
The evaporator section (evaporator), the adiabatic section (adiabatic), and the
condensed section (condenser) are the three sections. The evaporator section consists
of one side of an array of heat pipes embedded behind the photovoltaic panel, and the
other end of the heat pipe is the condenser section, which releases heat to the passing
fluid. As shown in Fig. 1.12, cold fluid from the condenser unit returns to the
evaporator section via an adiabatic section. Correspondingly, the photothermal efficiency
firstly increases from 44.04% to 45.60% andthen decreases to 45.28% with the length
of heat pipe condenser section increasing from 4 mmto 20 mm; while the photovoltaic efficiency
continues to increase from 9.99% to only10%. method of dissipating solar photovoltaic heat based on
the technology of micro-heat-pipe
array and the utilization of photovoltaic-cell waste heat. an innovative building
integrated heat pipe photovoltaic/thermal (BiHP-PVT)system, which offers electricity generation,
services water pre-heating
Fig 1.12 heat pipe-based photovoltaic thermal system
Solar thermal systems have the advantage of being able to use more of the incoming
sunlight than photovoltaic systems. In a traditional PV collector, 65 percent of

23. 16
incident solar radiation is wasted as heat, whereas solar collectors absorb over 95
percent of incoming solar radiation. Absorbed However, because to inefficiency, all
of this absorbed energy is not transformed to useable energy. Losses and
inefficiencies Commercial solar thermal collectors have low collection efficiency.
Solar collectors made of crystalline photovoltaic material have a cost that is typically
more than double that of crystalline photovoltaic solar collectors. A common solar
array. A solar collector array, a thermal refrigeration system, and a thermal
refrigeration system are the four essential components of a thermal refrigeration
system. To transmit energy between a storage tank, a thermal refrigeration unit, and a
heat exchange system component, as well as the chilled area The solar array is chosen
based on the temperature. Refrigeration system requires. Flat plate collectors,
evacuated tube collectors, and low concentration concentrating collectors can all be
employed in the 60-100C temperature range. Due to the high cost of solar trackers,
concentrating collectors are not used for residential use. The thermal storage tank is
chosen based on the type of store material and the intended temperatures. The low
environmental impact and high specific heat of water are the key reasons for its
selection.
Absorption
An absorption refrigerator is one that employs a heat source to power the cooling
system (e.g., solar, kerosene-fueled flame, waste heat from factories, or district
heating systems). Where energy is unpredictable, expensive, or unavailable, where
compressor noise is an issue, or where surplus heat is available (e.g., from turbine
exhausts or industrial processes, or from solar plants), absorption refrigerators are a
popular alternative to traditional compressor freezers. LiBr (Lithium Bromide) and
NH3 (Naphthalene) are the two most common absorption cycles (Ammonia

24. 17
Hydrogen). The key difference between them is the refrigerant and absorbent
chemicals used. LiBr is the absorbent and water is the refrigerant in a LiBr system.
Water is now the absorbent and NH3 is the refrigerant in an NH3 absorption system.
In both circumstances, an absorber and a generator take the role of the compressor (in
a traditional vapour compression system). The absorber, which is attached to the
evaporator, receives the concentrated absorbent. Vapour (of relatively high pressure)
travels to the LiBr/water absorber after refrigerant is boiled off in the evaporator
(removing heat from the chilled region). The mixture is then sent to the generator,
where solar heat is used to boil the refrigerant away. The high-pressure refrigerant
vapour then flows to the condenser, where heat is rejected to the environment and the
refrigerant is condensed back into a liquid. The liquid refrigerant is returned to the
evaporator, where it can be used to absorb heat from the chilled chamber, effectively
closing the loop.
Fig 1.13 Solar Photovoltaic Absorption Refrigeration System.
Figure 2 depicts the solar-powered system under consideration. Solar radiation is
captured by a parabolic trough collector (PTC) with a tubular receiver and utilised to

25. 18
heat the desorber of an absorption cooling system. According to Fernandez-Garcia et
al., typical aperture width and length are 1 to 3 m and 2 to 10 m, respectively. For
solar-powered cooling systems. In the scenario under investigation, a single 2.9m by
10m trough is likely to be used. The collector is assumed to be aligned East-West,
facing South, and inclined at a constant angle of 30 throughout the day. These fixed
collector restrictions offer the benefit of removing moving parts from the system,
lowering acquisition and operating costs for this small-scale application.
According to Sharma et al., the East-West orientation of the PTC gives a 6 percent
lower energy availability for the investigated latitude than the North-South
orientation. Nonetheless, it is preferable here since it provides the building with
greater mechanical stability on windy days. In terms of the fixed tilt, the value was
chosen so that the aperture plane intercepts the greatest beam radiation around noon.
Liquid water is used as a heat source inside the tubular receiver. The current trend is
to lower operating costs. One approach in this regard is to use a fluid that can serve as
both a heat collector and a thermal storage medium. Water can be used as a working
fluid for temperatures up to 220 C, according to technical literature; the reported
operating pressure in this case is 10 kgf/cm2 (9.8 bar); a pressurised expansion tank is
used to maintain the pressure of circulating water in the closed system, allowing
water to expand with rising temperature.
Nitrogen is used to control pressure changes. The disadvantage of employing water as
a working fluid is that it necessitates the use of a high-pressure hot water storage tank
and extra safety precautions. Pressure should be monitored on a regular basis, and
safety relief valves should only be set by trained personnel. Sensors should also be
added to the system to defocus the trough from its current position if the water

26. 19
temperature exceeds the maximum permissible limit of 220 C. A high-quality, heavy-
duty steel tank should be employed. According to manufacturers, commercial ones
are composed of austenitic stainless steel 304, 316, 316 L, or 316 Ti.
As a result of the absorbed solar energy, the water enters the receiver tube at
temperature Tfi and departs at a higher temperature Tfo. The hot water enters a
storage tank after departing the receiver (ST). A particular mass flow rate of ST water
leaves the tank after thoroughly mixing with the existing water and heats the
ammonia-water solution inside the vapour generator (at state 2 of Temperature TG,in,
in Figure 2) of a traditional one-stage absorption cooling system (ACS). The term
"classical" refers to the system's basic configuration, which includes the absorber,
desorber (vapour generator), condenser, evaporator, throttling valves, liquid pump,
and all other necessary connecting devices. As a result of the heat exchange process
in the desorber, initial ammonia vapours exit the vapour generator at state 3 and feed
the absorption system's refrigerating component, causing the evaporator to cool. The
remaining ammonia-free solution exits the vapour generator at state 7, goes through
the throttling valve, and enters the absorber, where it recombines with the ammonia
vapours exiting the evaporator (at state 6). The temperature TG,o of the mass flow
rate of water leaving the vapour generator and returning to the storage tank is now
lower.
Thermodynamic Modeling of the System
The thermodynamic model entails using the First Law of Thermodynamics to
describe the entire system and its components. The system of equations is completed
by the heat exchange laws of conduction, convection, and radiation. For each
computing stage, a mathematical model is supplied, including: 1. the parabolic trough

27. 20
collector (PTC); 2. the fully mixed storage tank (ST); and 3. the absorption cooling
system (ACS).
For the sake of this investigation, the following broad assumptions are made:
i. for the ambient and solar radiation data, clear sky conditions are assumed;
ii. a time-dependent cooling load (see Figure 1) is applied;
iii. the thermal inertia of the ACS and PTC is minimal in comparison to that of the
storage tank. As a result, the unstable model is solely taken into account for the
storage system.
iv. The system's other components are modelled in steady-state conditions,
and a fully mixed storage tank is taken into account. As a result, TG,in =
Tf,in each time.

28. 21
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
A solar-powered refrigerator is a refrigerator which runs on electricity provided by
solar energy. Solar-powered refrigerator are able to keep perishable goods such as
meat and dairy cool in hot climates, and are used to keep much needed vaccines at
their appropriate temperature to avoid spoilage. Solar-powered refrigerators may be
most commonly used in the developing world to help mitigate poverty and climate
change. In developed countries, plug-in refrigerators with backup generators store
vaccines safely, but in developing countries, where electricity supplies can be
unreliable, alternative refrigeration technologies are required. Solar fridges were
introduced in the developing world to cut down on the use of kerosene or gas-
powered absorption refrigerated coolers which are the most common alternatives.
They are used for both vaccine storage and household applications in areas without
reliable electrical supply because they have poor or no grid electricity at all. They
burn a liter of kerosene per day therefore requiring a constant supply of fuel which is
costly and smelly, and are responsible for the production of large amounts of carbon
dioxide. They can also be difficult to adjust which can result in the freezing of
medicine. The use of Kerosene as a fuel is now widely discouraged for three reasons:
Recurrent cost of fuel, difficulty of maintaining accurate temperature and risk of
causing fires.
2.1 RESEARCHS ON REFRIGERATION BASED PHOTOVOLTAIC
SYSTEM
Solar Mechanical Method, the mechanical power required to drive the compressor is
generated by solar driven heat power cycle. Rankine cycle is the heat power cycle

29. 22
considered for this process. In Rankine cycle, fluid is vaporized at an elevated
pressure by heat exchange with a fluid heated by solar collectors. A storage tank can
be included in this process to provide some high temperature thermal storage. The
vapor flows through a turbine or piston expander to produce mechanical power. The
fluid exiting the expander is condensed and pumped back to the boiler pressure where
it is again vaporized. The efficiency of the Rankine cycle increases with increasing
temperature of the vaporized fluid entering the expander. Whereas, the efficiency of a
solar collector decreases with increasing temperature of the delivered energy. High
temperatures can be obtained by employing concentrating solar collectors that track
the sun’s position in one or two dimensions.
Fig.2.1- Solar Mechanical Method
The disadvantages of using solar trackers are cost, weight and complexity of the
system. If tracking is to be avoided, evacuated tubular, compound parabolic or
advanced multi-cover flat plate collectors can be used to produce fluid temperatures
ranging between 100°C – 200°C. Both intensity of solar radiation as well as
difference of temperature between entering fluid and ambient govern the efficiency of
solar collector. The efficiency of such a system is lower than solar electric method

30. 23
using non-concentrating PV modules. Solar Mechanical is advantageous only when
solar trackers are used but, the use of such systems is limited to large refrigeration
systems only i.e.atleast 1000 tons. (refer fig. 2)
The disadvantages of using solar trackers are cost, weight and complexity of the
system. If tracking is to be avoided, evacuated tubular, compound parabolic or
advanced multi-cover flat plate collectors can be used to produce fluid temperatures
ranging between 100°C – 200°C. Both intensity of solar radiation as well as
difference of temperature between entering fluid and ambient govern the efficiency of
solar collector. The efficiency of such a system is lower than solar electric method
using non-concentrating PV modules. Solar Mechanical is advantageous only when
solar trackers are used but, the use of such systems is limited to large refrigeration
systems only i.e.atleast 1000 tons. (refer fig. 2)
2.2 Research based on Solar Thermal Method
The main advantage of using Solar Thermal Method is that they can utilize more of
the incoming sunlight than photovoltaic systems. In a conventional PV collector, 65%
of the incident solar radiation is lost as heat whereas in solar collectors over 95% of
the incoming solar radiation is absorbed. But all of this is absorbed energy is not
converted to useful energy due to inefficiencies and losses. Collection efficiencies for
commercial solar thermal collectors are generally more than double that of crystalline
photovoltaic solar collectors. A typical solar thermal refrigeration system consists of
four basic components - a solar collector array, a thermal storage tank, a thermal
refrigeration unit and a heat exchange system to transfer energy between components
and the refrigerated space. Selection of the solar array depends upon the temperature
needed for refrigeration system. Generally for temperature range 60-100C, flat plate

31. 24
collectors, evacuated tube collectors and concentrating collectors of low
concentration can be used. Concentrating collectors are avoided for residential
purposes due to high cost of solar trackers. Selection of the thermal storage tank
depends upon the type of storage medium and the temperatures desired. Water is
mainly selected for its low environmental impact and high specific heat.
Desiccant
A desiccant system is usually an open cycle where two wheels turn in tandem – a
desiccant wheel containing a material which can effectively absorb water, and a
thermal wheel which heats and cools inward and outward flows. Warm, humid,
outside air enters the desiccant wheel where it is dried by the desiccant material.
Next, it goes to the thermal wheel which pre-cools this dry, warm air. Next, the air is
cooled further by being re-humidified. When leaving, cool, conditioned air is
humidified to saturation and is used to cool off the thermal wheel. After the thermal
wheel, the now warm humid air is heated further by solar heat in the regenerator.
Lastly, this hot air passes through the desiccant wheel so that it can dry the desiccant
material on its way out of the cycle. Pre-packaged desiccant is most commonly used
to remove excessive humidity that would normally degrade or even destroy products
sensitive to moisture. Some commonly used desiccants are silica gel, activated
charcoal, calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, montmorillonite clay, and molecular
sieves.
Absorption
An absorption refrigerator is a refrigerator that uses a heat source (e.g., solar,
kerosene-fueled flame, waste heat from factories or district heating systems) to
provide the energy needed to drive the cooling system. Absorption refrigerators are a

32. 25
popular alternative to regular compressor refrigerators where electricity is unreliable,
costly, or unavailable, where noise from the compressor is problematic, or where
surplus heat is available (e.g., from turbine exhausts or industrial processes, or from
solar plants). In absorption, two mainly used cycles are- LiBr (Lithium Bromide) and
NH3 (Ammonia Hydrogen). The main difference between them is which substances
are used as the refrigerant and absorbent. In a LiBr system, LiBr is the absorbent and
water is the refrigerant. In an NH3 absorption system, water is now the absorbent and
NH3 is the refrigerant. In both cases, the job of the compressor (in a conventional
vapour compression system) is replaced by an absorber and a generator. Concentrated
absorbent enters the absorber, which is connected to the evaporator. When refrigerant
is boiled off in the evaporator (removing heat from the refrigerated space), vapour (of
relatively high pressure) then moves to the LiBr/water absorber where it is absorbed.
Next, the mixture moves to the generator where solar heat is supplied to boil off the
refrigerant. High-pressure refrigerant vapour then travels to the condenser where heat
is rejected to the surroundings to condense the refrigerant back to liquid. Liquid
refrigerant goes back into the evaporator, where it can be used again to take in heat
from the refrigerated space, which completes the loop. (refer fig.3)

33. 26
Fig.2.2- Ammonia-water absorption refrigeration system
Adsorption
In this cycle, solar heat is directed to a sealed container containing solid adsorbent
saturated with refrigerant. Once this reaches the proper temperature/pressure the
refrigerant desorbs and leaves this container as pressurized vapour. That is, the
vapour has been compressed with thermal energy. This vapour then travels to a
condenser where it turns to liquid by rejecting heat to the surroundings. Expanded,
low-pressure liquid refrigerant then flows over the evaporator which pulls heat from
the conditioned space to boil off the refrigerant. The refrigerant vapour can then be
adsorbed again by the cool adsorbent material easily at night. Although there are
similarities between absorption and adsorption refrigeration, the latter is based on the
interaction between gases and solids. The adsorption chamber of the chiller is filled
with a solid material (for example zeolite, silica gel, alumina, active carbon and
certain types of metal salts), which in its neutral state has adsorbed the refrigerant.An
absorption refrigerator is a refrigerator that uses a heat source (e.g., solar, kerosene-

34. 27
fueled flame, waste heat from factories or district heating systems) to provide the
energy needed to drive the cooling system. Absorption refrigerators are a popular
alternative to regular compressor refrigerators where electricity is unreliable, costly,
or unavailable, where noise from the compressor is problematic, or where surplus
heat is available (e.g., from turbine exhausts or industrial processes, or from solar
plants). In absorption, two mainly used cycles are- LiBr (Lithium Bromide) and NH3
(Ammonia Hydrogen). The main difference between them is which substances are
used as the refrigerant and absorbent. In a LiBr system, LiBr is the absorbent and
water is the refrigerant. In an NH3 absorption system, water is now the absorbent and
NH3 is the refrigerant. In both cases, the job of the compressor (in a conventional
vapour compression system) is replaced by an absorber and a generato.
2.3 RESEARCHS ON BASED ON SOLAR COOLING PHOTOVOLTAIC
SYSTEM
Yunho Hwang et al. reviewed the solar-assisted cooling technologies based on
their COP and efficiency. Further, the implementation of collector technology
coupled with the technologies is discussed that will enhance the overall system
efficiency. The performance of the solar technologies is evaluated and results are
generated. They investigated, that the Adsorption cycle is more efficient because it
required less heat source temperature. Also, vacuum tube collectors have higher
solar collector efficiency. Future researches can help to achieve cheaper versions
of flat plate collector with greater efficiency.Albers et al. reviewed developments
on sorption cooling systems. Sorption process Solar Assisted Cooling can be
achieved by either using closed-cycle to generate cold water and further using it
fan coil units or ceilings and the heat is rejected by using a heat rejection coil, or
by using an open cycle. Both technologies are further used with chillers. Optimum

35. 28
technology combination of system and collector can be founded by considering the
cooling magnitude. Future innovations are for sure required to achieve an efficient
chiller with optimized cost.Abdul Ghafoor et al. analysed different installed solar
thermal cooling technologies based on several aspects such as COP, area of the
collector (Ac), per unit chiller capacity and volume of the storage tank (V) per unit
area of the collector. Further, the experimental data has been simulated. The
simulated COP of a combination of solar thermal collectors and sorption chillers
are greater than the experimental data. Also, the COP increases by increasing the
hot water inlet temperature of thechiller.
Fig 2.3 Schematic of absorption cycle
In Adsorption cooling system, the refrigerant is absorbed on the surface of the
solid sorbent material. The refrigerant thus forms a pair with the solid sorbent.
Some commonly used pairs are water-silica gel and water zeolite. Solar electrical
cooling systems use electricity obtained from photovoltaic panels for vapour
compression systems and thermoelectric systems. Vapour compression systems
use electricity generated by photovoltaic panel to drive mechanical compressors.
These systems have a higher COP in comparison to other systems. The solar
vapour compression cycle is represented in fig.

36. 29
Fig 2.4 Solar vapour compression cycle
Thermoelectric cooling technology uses the Peltier effect to generate cooling.
A temperature difference is created when dissimilar electrodes connected with a
semiconductor are given voltage. One side of the plate produces cooling and the
other side produces heating. Thermoelectric cooling is less efficient than the
compressor-based cooling systems.Alazazmeh et al. compare absorption and
adsorption cooling technologies and the COP range can be referred from it. Prieto
et al. discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these technologies.
Consideration of advantages can reflect the potential of the technology in fulfilling
the required demand. Absorption cooling technology has higher maintenance
issues due to more moving parts, and higher chances of corrosion.
Salman Ajib et al. discusses the pros and cons of using liquid and solid desiccant
systems. The Solid desiccant system is a non-corrosive technology with low
maintenance. Considering performance parameter, liquid desiccant technology
dominates over solid desiccant technology in terms of COP.
Gagliano et al. investigate that the desiccant technology is about 40% more energy
saver and it saves about 150% energy than the conventional vapour compression
system.
1. In table 4, a comparison between Solar Thermo-electric (Peltier) cooling system

37. 30
and Solar Vapour compression cooling system ismade.Jatin Patel et al. found that
the COP of thermoelectric cooling can be increased by multistage TE module.
Research indicates that the COP can be increased to 1.2151 by using a 3 stage TE
module. Also, thermoelectric cooling does not contribute to the depletion of the O-
zone layer due to absence of refrigerants. TE cooling can be a great scope of
further research to enhance its COP up to the level of the conventional vapour
compression system. Also, cost optimisation can be effective for further
implementations.

38. 31
CHAPTER 3
PROBLEM FORMULAR AND OBJECTIVE
Electrical efficiency of photovoltaic panel drops with rise in its operating temperature
and there will be thermal degradation of if it remains in high temperature for longer
period of time Thermal degradation induces thermal stresses in PV panel which
reduces its life span Electrical efficiency of photovoltaic panel improves by lowering
its operating temperature
Hybrid integrated photovoltaic/thermal system (PV/T) is a proficient and significant
solution for taking heat from panel for refrigeration . From literature review, it has
been been carried out for evaporation coils embedded behind photovoltaic module
through which refrigerant passes and allow the refrigerant to be evaporated by
extracting its heat.
Refrigerants plays a major role in the field of refrigeration and air conditioning.
However, due to its efficient heat extraction property, several researches were
focused on the use of refrigerants in PVT technology.. Several authors have also
carried out many experimental and computational investigations on photovoltaic
technology, the evaporator coil is placed at the bottom side of PV cell, through which
low-pressure low-temperature refrigerants are passed so as give cooling effect to the
PV panel, which led to an increase in overall efficiency of PV/T collector. . The
results are shown for condenser and absorber temperature both fixed at 28°C and
refrigerant heat exchanger effectiveness at 75%. However, COP of the system
increases with the increase in evaporator temperature when other parameters are kept
constant.

39. 32
Fig 3.1 Schematic diagram of SPV Refrigerator system
It has been observed that SPV refrigerator is a good technique for a view to get better
useful work and lost work. However, Karno and Ajib simulated a vapour absorption
refrigeration system using acetone-zinc bromide solutions and reported that initially
the COP of the system increased rapidly then the increment was found to be slightly
flatter in nature with the increase in generator temperature for fixed evaporator
temperature. The results are shown for condenser and absorber temperature both fixed
at 28°C and refrigerant heat exchanger effectiveness at 75%.
“EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC
REFRIGERATION ”
3.1 OBJECTIVES
The following are the proposed objective of the research
 To design and fabricate SPV Refrigeration system.
 To compare the temperature of conventional solar panel with SPV
Refrigeration system.
 To compare the electrical efficiency of SPV Refrigeration system with
conventional solar panel.

40. 33
CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
4.1 GENERAL
To achieve the objective as stated in previous chapter, experimental investigation
was carried out with Solar photovoltaic based Refrigeration system in month of
September, The present chapter deals with details of experimental set-up and
procedure of generating experimental data.
4.2 EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP
Solar photovoltaic based Refrigeration system had designed, fabricated and
carried out its experimental investigation. Photovoltaic panel of both PV systems
resembles to each other in all aspects. Test parameters include short circuit
current (Isc), open circuit voltage (Voc), temperature of photovoltaic panels, solar
irradiation (I), had measured manually. Solar radiation was measured using
digital solar power meter. Short circuit current (Isc) was measured using ampere
meter and open circuit voltage (Voc) was measured using voltmeter. Experimental
investigation was carried out for consecutive days Major components of
experimental set up are mentioned and discussed as following:
In this experiment, 260 watts Poly Crystalline Microtek PV module is used in
system to build SPV Refrigeration system. The PV panel were characterised
outdoors in Sardar Beant Singh State University, Gurdaspur prior to integrating
refrigeration component into PV panel. Open circuit voltage and circuit current
were measured from PV panel to assure consistency in PV panel.

41. 34
Fig 4.1 SPV panel and SPV Refrigeration System Panel
In Solar photovoltaic based Refrigeration system, first copper tube dimensions
1650mm x 650mm Copper pipes are arranged behind the panel of diameter
25.4mm and eight risers of diameter 12.7mm and Two 5L Pressure cooker are
attached on the top of the panel frame, one is used as a reservoir and another as a
separator. One flexible pipe is used for making connection between reservoir and
condenser (dia ). Capillary copper tube is used for expansion, one knob is used
for supply to evaporator. A helical shaped copper tube is used as an
evaporator.The objective of this study is to experimentally investigate and identify the
most effective and efficient method of cooling. Two identical solar photovoltaic (SPV)
modules (each with 150 W/12 V) were used for the experimental investigation.The
experimental investigation was done in the tropical climate of South India (latitude
9.959°N and longitude 78.81°E). The average solar irradiance during the test period was
998 W/m2
.The performance improvements by the simultaneous cooling of rear surface
has been analysed. The two modules are kept inclined at 10° horizontally facing south.
The two modules are mounted on the roof of the building. It is very difficult to cover the
rear surface of the module with cooling water uniformly.

42. 35
Fig 4-2 SPV Refrigeration System Panel (Front and Back side)
In this experiment NH3 and diluted H2O is used as a refrigerant. The copper tube
behind the panel is used as a boiler which is thermally isolated with the help of
thermocol. Photographic view of panel showing insolation arrangement in fig .
8L of NH3 plus 3L of Dilute H2O is used and circulated in closed loop circuit for
10hrs . Heat from panel is extracted to convert liquid ammonia into vapours.
Thermocouples are used for measuring temperature.Thermocol is used to cover
or insulate all the components that are being used for process. Cello tape has been
used for cohesive purpose. Seprator has been set up in the top frame of solar
panel.

43. 36
Seives has been set inside the separator for the purpose of being sepration.
Table 4.1 List of components used
SNo. Components Dimension Quantity
1. SPV Panel 1650mm x 650mm 2
2. Copper Tube 0.5 inch (dia), 8m 1
3. Pressure Cooker 5L 2
4. Plastic Tube 0.5 inch (dia), 1m 1
5. Condenser 6.35mm (dia), 1470mm x
520mm
1
6. Capillary 2.28mm (dia), 5m 1
7. Knob - 1
8. Steel Wire Mesh - 1
9. Thermocol - 5
Ampere meter and Voltmeter are used for measuring short circuit current (I) and
open circuit voltage (Vo). Heavy duty variable resister was included in circuit for
obtaining current-voltage (I-V) curve of solar panel. Current reaches its
maximum in a short circuit when resistance is zero and when resistance is
infinite, voltage reaches its maximum in an open circuit. By varying different
values of resistance, I-V curve can be traced. In order to save electricity

44. 37
generation of photovoltaic panels and avoid over charging of battery, solar
charge controller is used.
Table 4.2 Properties of liquid Ammonia (NH3)
Chemical formula NH3(aq)
Molar mass 17.031 g/mol
Appearance Colourless liquid
Odour "Fishy", highly pungent
Density 0.91 g/cm3
(25 % w/w)
Boiling point -33.34 °C
The experimental setup was designed, fabricated and continuously operated and
recorded in real environmental conditions outdoors of Sardar Beant Singh State
University, Gurdaspur. The testing was fully operated and testing data were recorded
at interval of 30 minutes. The photographic view of the complete setup is shown in
Fig below.
4.3 Experiment Procedure
1. All the components of SPV Refrigeration as well as convectional photovoltaic
panel had placed in appropriate position so that proper working conditions
should prevail.
2. Temperature of convectional PV panel as well as Refrigeration based SPV
panel measured using thermocouple.
3. Intensity of solar radiation falling at inclined flat plate photovoltaic system
had measured by digital solar power meter and recorded manually.

45. 38
4. Open circuit voltage and circuit current had measured with multimeter at
regular interval of time and recorded manually for further utilization in
calculation.

46. 39
CHAPTER 5
RESULT
Photovoltaic panels are used for generation of electricity from solar radiation.
But with the rise in the operating temperature, efficiency drops. Efficiency can
be enhanced by extracting its heats that is by lowering the temperature of SPV
panel. In order to improve efficiency of panel two system has been fabricated
that is SPV conventional panel and SPV refrigeration system. In these system,
temperature, voltage, current, evaporator temperature has been measured and
their graph are drawn.
Fig 5.1 variation of temperature of different SPV system with solar radiation
during day time.
Fig 5.1 shows variation of temperature of convectional PV panel, SPV panel and
SPV refrigeration system with respect to solar radiation during a day. It has been
observed from figure that temperature of SPV panel and SPV refrigeration
system is less than that of convectional PV panel and maximum temperature
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0
10
20
30
40
50
9:00 9:30 10:0010:3011:0011:3012:0012:3013:0013:3014:0014:3015:0015:30
Temp without Ref Temp with Ref Solar Radiation

47. 40
reduction is 38% with SPV panel and 49.8% with SPV refrigeration system. The
variation of temperature is because of heat is being extracted from PV panel and
utilized by solar thermal attachment.
Fig 5.2 variation of voltage of different SPV system with solar radiation
during day time.
Fig 5.2 shows variation of voltage (Vo) of convectional PV panel, SPV panel and
SPV refrigeration system with respect to average solar radiation during a day. It has
been observed from figure that V of SPV panel and SPV refrigeration system is more
than that of convectional PV panel. Maximum increment in voltage is 5V with SPV
panel and 5.25V with SPV refrigeration system.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
9:00 9:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00 15:30
Voltage without Ref (V0) Voltage with Ref (V) Solar Radiation

48. 41
Fig 5.3 variation of temperature of different SPV system with solar radiation
during day time.
Fig. 5.3 shows variation of short circuit current (I) of convectional SPV panel and
SPV refrigeration system with respect to average solar radiation during a. It has been
observed from figure that I of SPV panel and SPV refrigeration system is more than
that of convectional PV panel and maximum difference in current is 2.5A with SPV
panel and 3.25A with SPV refrigeration system. The variation of Ie is because of heat
is being extracted from PV panel and utilized by solar thermal.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0
3
6
9
10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00
Current With Ref Current without Ref Solar Radiation

49. 42
Fig 5.4 variation of temperature of different SPV system with solar radiation
during day time.
Fig 5.4 shows variation of mean temperature of conventional panel with respect
to solar radiation during a day.
It has been observed that the temperature of evaporator is start decreasing (i.e
cooling) at noon and again start increasing afternoon by some amount. Ambient
temperature can be measured by theromcouples which furthure connected to
selector switch. The main reading showed on such device. Mean temperature of
thermocouple can be measured. Usuallysix thermocouples has been used for
carry out mean temprarture reading. One such thermocouple is attached to the
evaporator for reading.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
9:00 9:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00 15:30 16:00
Mean Temperature Ambeint Temperature

50. 43
Fig 5.5 variation of temperature of different SPV system with solar radiation
during day time.
Fig 5.5 shows variation of mean temperature and evaporator temperature of SPV
refrigeration system with respect to solar radiation during day time. It has been
observed that the mean temperature of SPV refrigeration system is decreased by
some amount as compared with conventional panel.
And also observed that the temperature of evaporator is start decreasing (i.e
cooling) at noon and again start increasing afternoon by some amount.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
9:00 9:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00 15:30 16:00
Ambeint Temperature Evapurator Mean Temperature

51. 44
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
6.1 CONCLUSION
After carrying out thorough research and analysis in the field of solar powered
refrigeration systems, we can conclude that implementing a solar refrigeration system
is one of the best ways of achieving efficiency and ensuring that environment
conservation is upheld. There is need to carry out more research in this field since the
available literature cannot satisfactorily help in implementing more sophisticated
solar refrigeration units that can be able to handle huge tasks. Using solar energy to
provide the driving force for the refrigeration system is a big achievement in the field
of designing solar appliances and equipment’s. It is not only cheap but also helps in
reducing energy consumption from the natural grid and also reducing environmental .
The following conclusion have been drawn:
1. It has been observed at temperature of SPV panel with refrigeration system is
less than of conventional photovoltaic panel.
2. It has observed that electrical efficiency of SPV panel with refrigeration
system is higher than that of conventional PV panel.
3. The temperature of the evaporator decreasesat noon and then, start increasing
slightlyafter noon and till evening on each day.
6.2 FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
Although results of the present investigation give realistic view of performance of
the SPV refrigerator. Future scope of work are as follows:
1. Food Processing Industries
2. Ice making Purposes
3. Air conditioning of solar car

52. 45
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