The document describes the key components of an X-ray machine: 1. The X-ray tube which produces X-rays and contains a cathode and anode in a vacuum tube housed in a protective casing. 2. The operating console which controls the voltage, current, and exposure time of the X-ray tube. 3. Additional components include a high voltage transformer, collimator to control the beam, patient table, grid to reduce scattering, and Bucky device which holds the X-ray film.

1. BY: Huzaifa Atique
Sir Syed University of Engineering and
Technology

2. 1. X-Ray tube.
2. Operating Console.
3. High Voltage transformer.
4. Tube Head or Protective Housing.
5. Collimator.
6. Patient Table.
7. Grid.
8. Bucky.
9. Radiographic film

3. vacuum
Protection housing
Projectile electron

4.  It is an important component of x-ray machine
which is inaccessible as it is contained in a
protective housing.
 It is a vacuum tube.
 Early tubes were called Crook’s tube and were not
vacuum.
 Modern tubes are known as Coolidge tube and are
vacuumed.
 There are two primary parts.
 1) the cathode
 2) the Anode.

5.  It is an apparatus in X-Ray machine that allows
to control the x-ray tube current and voltage.
 The Console Controls: -
 Line compensation.
 kVp.
 mA.
 Exposure time.

7.  It have 5 further parts:
1. Line compensator.
2. Auto transformer.
3. Current source.
4. Voltage source.
5. Exposure time.

8.  Most machine are designed to operate at 220
volts while some will work with 110 volts or
440 volts
 The power company often cannot provide
exactly 220 volts at all times.
 Because of variations in power distribution to
the hospital and in power consumption by the
various sections of the hospital, the voltage to
the x-ray unit may vary by 5%, which will
result in large variations in x-ray output.

9.  The power supplied to
x-ray machine is
delivered to a special
transformer called an
Autotransformer.
 It works on the
principle of
electromagnetic
induction but is very
different from
conventional
transformer.

10.  It has only one winding and one core.
 The single winding has number of
connections, or electric taps.
 The purpose to use the Autotransformer
is to overcome induction losses.
 Its value ranges from 0 to 400V.

12.  X-ray console have adjustments labeled major
kVp and minor kVp.
 By the combinations of these two, we can get
the required kVp.
 The low voltage becomes input to the high
voltage step up transformer.
 The kVp meter is placed across the output
terminal of autotransformer.

14.  The tube current, the number of electrons
crossing from the cathode to anode per second
is measured in milli Amperes (mA).
 The quantity of electrons is determined by
filament temperature.
 The filament normally operates at currents
between 3 and 5 A.
 The Tube Current is controlled through a
separate circuit called the filament circuit.
 The transformer used for filament is step
down .

15.  It consists of a mechanical or electronic device
whose action is to make and break the high
voltage across the tube on the primary side of
the high voltage section.
 There are five types of timers:
 Mechanical Timers
 Synchronous Timers
 Electronic Timers
 mAs Timers
 Phototimers.

16.  The high voltage transformer is a step-up
transformer.
 There will be more winding on the secondary side
compared to the primary side.
 The ratio of windings is referred to as the turns
ratio.
 The only difference between the primary and
secondary waveforms is the amplitude.
 The turn ratio for most x-ray high voltage
transformers is between 500 and 1000.
 The primary voltage is measured in volts, and
secondary in kilovolts.

18.  X-ray tube is always mounted inside a lead-lined
protective housing that is designed to:
 Prevent excessive radiation exposure.
 Prevent electric shock to the patient and operator
(technologist)
 Incorporates specially designed high-voltage
receptacles.
 Provides mechanical support for the x-ray tube
and protects it from damage.
 Some tube housings contain oil in which the
tube is bathed.
 Some tube housings contain a cooling fan to
air-cool the tube.

19.  When properly designed, they reduce the level
of leakage radiation to less than 100 mR/hr
at 1 meter when operated at maximum
conditions.

21.  The Collimator is attached to the x-ray tube
below the glass window where the useful beam
is emitted.
 Lead shutters are used to restrict the beam.
 Its purpose is to minimize field of view, to
avoid un necessary exposure by using lead
plates.

22.  By virtue of function and material, collimator
and grid are same but they have different
location.
 It is made up of lead.
 It is located just after patient.
 It is used to destroy scattered radiation from
the body.

24.  Some of the X-Rays entering the body of a
patient are actually scattered and no longer
travel in a straight line, this scattering can
cause blurring of X-Ray image.
 The rays which are at 90’ can be passed .

25.  A Bucky is a component of x-ray units that
holds the x-ray film cassette and moves
the grid during x-ray exposure. The motion
keeps the lead strips from being seen on the x-ray
picture.
The name refers to Dr. Gustave Bucky who
invented the use of filter grids in 1913.

26.  Two types of x-ray photon are respnsible for
density, contrast and image on a radiograph.
 Those that pass through the patient without
interacting and those that are scattered in the
patient through compton interaction.
 Together these x-rays that exit from the patient and
intersect the film are called Remnant x-rays.
 Film Construction
 Radiographic Film has two basic parts.
 Base
 Emulsion
 Most film has two layers of emulsion so it is referred to as
Double Emulsion Film

27. • The emulsion is the heart of the film. The x-rays
or light from the intensifying screens interact
with the emulsion and transfer information to
the film.

28.  Thank you