This document discusses the effects of global warming on agriculture production and adaptation strategies. It begins with an introduction to global warming, greenhouse gases, and the causes of global warming from both natural and human factors. It then examines the impacts of rising temperatures on crop yields for various crops in India. The document outlines some adaptation and mitigation strategies farmers can adopt, such as using drought-resistant crop varieties, conservation tillage practices, and crop diversification. It concludes that global warming poses risks to Indian agriculture but that proactive adaptation can help minimize negative impacts.

1. JAWAHARLAL NEHRU KRISHI VISHWA VIDYALAYA
JABALPUR (M.P.)
Seminar Incharge
Dr. M.L. Kewat
Major Advisor
Dr. Girish Jha
Presented by
Akash Sonkusale(160111001)
M.Sc. (Ag) final year
EFFECT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON AGRICULTURE
PRODUCTION AND ADAPTATION

2. EFFECT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON AGRICULTURE
PRODUCTION AND ADAPTATION

3.  Introduction
 What is global warming?
 Greenhouse gases or greenhouse effect
 causes of global warming
 natural causes
 anthropogenic causes
 Relative GHG emissions
 Contribution of CO2 emission to global warming
 Global temp. trend
 Changes in temperature and rainfall projected for India
 Interactive effects of global warming on crop
production
 Effect of elevated conc. of CO2 for crop growth
 Effect of elevated Carbon dioxide for crop yield
 Increased CO2 and insect-pest
 CO2 and Round-up
 Some effects of global warming on agriculture
 Adaptation and mitigation strategies
 Conclusion
CONTENTS

4. Mankind is in need of an equitable standard of living like adequate
food, water, energy, safe shelter and a healthy environment for present
as well as future generations. But casual acts of human race, such as
emission of greenhouse gases by burning fossil fuels and deforestation
has increased the earth’s average surface temperature, which is defined
as global warming. It is proved that the warming on the earth’s surface
over last 50 years is mostly due to the anthropogenic activities-
1. It is predicted that the global mean surface temperature will likely be
in the range of 0.3-0.7°C for the period 2016-2035.
2 .Нis rise in temperature may cause various changes such as sea level
rise, melting of snow sheets and change in rainfall pattern and
drought in agriculture may also affect the agricultural production
Hence, globalwarming can be considered as the major Detecting
parameter in changing the earth’s Climate.
Introduction

5. Global Warming
Source: IPCC
 Global warming is the
increase in the average
measured temperature of
the Earth's near-surface air
and oceans since the mid-
20thcentury, and its
projected continuation.
 The average global air
temperature near the
Earth's surface increased
0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32
°F) during the 100 years
ending in 2005.

6. Greenhouse Gases
The atmosphere is made of 78% Nitrogen and 21% Oxygen.
But these gases don’t trap heat and cause global warming or
climate change.
The gases which trap heat make up less
than 1% of the atmosphere! They are
called the ‘greenhouse gases’.
The main greenhouse gases are:
 Carbon dioxide
 Methane
 CFC
 Nitrous oxide
 Ozone
 Water vapour
Human activity
increases the
amount of these
gases in the
atmosphere

7. Causes of greenhouse gases
■ These gaes are released when we drive cars,
burn wood or coal, large power plants.
Source-www.slideshare.warmingppt

8. ■ Deforestation-
(cutting down of
forests) is also a
reason for the
greenhouse gases
because fewer
trees means less
carbon dioxide
converted to
oxygen.
Source-www.slideshare.warmingppt

9. Global warming and greenhouse effect
Now, when accumulation of these greenhouse gases grows, more
heat gets trapped into the atmosphere and as a result few heat
escapes backs into the space and it heat ups the earth surface.
Source-www.slideshare.warmingppt

10. Causes of Global Warming
■ Top 4 Natural Causes of Global Warming
■ Top 7 Man-Made Causes for Global Warming

11. Top 4 Natural Causes of Global
Warming
Forest Fires
Permafrost
Water
Vapor
Sunspots

12. 1. Forest Fires:
Source-www.slideshare.warmingppt

13. 2. Permafrost:
Source-www.slideshare.warmingppt

14. 3. Sunspots:
■ According to the Environment Protection Agency,
sunspots are increasing global temperature
■ Sunspots restrict the passing of solar plasma, which
in affect gives off radiation.
Source-EPA

15.  According to NASA, two-thirds of the gases stuck in the
thick blanket is in the form of water vapor.
 This hitch in tow effect means rising temperature, rising
vapor.
 The water vapor is unable to escape, and thus results
in globalwarming
 NASA continues to work on water vapor solutions to
reduce their effect on global warming.
4. Water Vapor
Source-www.slideshare.warmingppt

16. Top 6 Man-Made Causes for Global
Warming
1.Man-induced Deforestation
2.Fossil Fuels
3.Landfills
4.Overpopulation
5.Mining
6.Fertilizer use

17. 1. Man-induced Deforestation:
Source-www.slideshare.warmingppt

18.  Pollution whether it is vehicular, electrical or
industrial is the main contributor to the global
warming. Everyday billions of vehicles release
various gases into the atmosphere.
 This causes earth to warm up and increase its
average temperature.
Source-www.slideshare.warmingppt
2.Fossil Fuels

19.  When we throw garbage out of
our house it goes to landfills.
 Landfills are those big chunks of
garbage that stink and can be
seen in so many places around
the world.
 The garbage is then used by big
recycling companies to make
some useful products out from it.
 Most of the time that garbage is
burnt which releases toxic gases
including methane into the
atmosphere.
Source-www.slideshare.warmingppt
3.Landfills:

20. 4. Overpopulation
5. Mining
Source-www.slideshare.warmingppt

21. 6. Fertilizer Use
Source-www.slideshare.warmingppt

22. Contribution of CO2 emission to global warming
 CO2 is the most important GHS
constitute 70% of total
emission.
 Deforestation or depletion of
land resources are adding
much more of CO2 in
atmosphere.
 Leads to warming of the
surface and lower atmosphere
by increasing the greenhouse
effect.
 Burning of fossil fuels, land
clearing, and agriculture.
Agriculture
14%
Industry
19%
Residential
and
Commercial
building
8%
Transportation
13%
Power
26%
Waste and
waste water
3%Land-use
change and
forestry
17%
Source- U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,2015

23. Global temperature trend
Note that these are surface temperatures and mostly overland. The
temperature in upper levels may be different, even reversed.

24. Rising CO2 iscorrelated with this rise in temperature
Source- U.S. National climatic data centre, 2001

25. Changes in temperature and rainfall
projected for India
Year/
Scenarios
Season Temperature change
(0C)
Rainfall Change (%)
Lowest Highest Lowest Highest
2020s Annual
Rabi
Kharif
1.0
1.08
0.87
1.41
1.54
1.17
2.16
1.95
-1.81
5.97
4.36
5.10
2050s Annual
Rabi
Kharif
2.23
2.54
1.81
2.87
3.18
2.37
5.36
-9.92
7.18
9.34
3.82
10.52
2080s Annual
Rabi
Kharif
3.53
4.14
2.91
5.55
6.31
4.62
7.48
-24.83
10.10
9.90
-4.50
15.18
14-04-2018 25
Source - (Lal et al., 2001)

26. Heat Wave Damages
Damages Custard Apple is tolerant to
High temperatures
Andhra Pradesh
20 lakhs birds died in May & June
2003
Total Loss by 27 Crores
Continuous higher temperatures during critical growth stages of rabicrops
reduces the crop yields considerably
Live stock :
Heat wave can reduce a milk yield by 10-30% in first lactation and 5-20% in second and third
lactation periods in cattle and buffaloes it also effect the growth , puberty and maturity of
crossbreed of cows and buffaloes
Fish : Mortality of fish lings in shallow water ponds . Reduction in fish catch in the water
bodies due to movement of fish into the deeper layers

27. •.
 Carbon dioxide can be one of a number of limiting factors that,
when increased, can enhance crop growth.
 A plant takes in atmospheric Carbon dioxide during the
photosynthesis process, utilizes the carbon to build the plant.
 Increased levels of Carbon dioxide have a positive impact on
plant growth such as wheat, rice and soybeans.
 Effect of elevated conc. of CO2 for
crop growth

28. 330 ppm
(normal)
330 ppm
(normal)
400 ppm 500 ppm 600 ppm
Maximum
leaf area
index
5.22 +1.9 +8.5 +11.1
Biomass
yield (kg/ha)
12495 +1.1 +6.1 +7.7
Grain yield
(kg/ha)
7563 +1.5 +6.6 +8.7
Effect of CO2 increase on growth
and yield of rice
Deviation from normal%
(Hundal and PrabhjyotKaur, 1996)

29.  The expected rise in CO2 conc. from 390 to 550 ppm by the
middle of this centuary will have significant impact of crop
productivity.
 Experiments under optimal conditions show that doubling
the atmospheric CO2 conc. increases leaf photosynthesis
by 30%-50% in C3 plant species and 10%-25% in C4
species.
Effect of elevated Carbon dioxide
for crop yield

30. CO2
conc.(ppm)
Suboptimal Optimal Suboptimal Optimal
330(base
value)
3112 3837 _ _
440 3695 4630 19 21
550 4327 5687 39 48
660 4876 6465 57 68
Stimulated grain yield
(kg /ha)
Change (%) from base
suboptimal and
optimal yield
Change in simulated wheat yield due to
varying CO2 conc. Under optimal and
suboptimal (stressed) moisture conditions
(Pandey et al., 2007)

31. Generally, effects will be indirect through host
plant changes.
Increased CO2 may cause chemical changes in
host plant tissue that result in increased feeding.
Feeding stimulation of several pests by
increased simple sugars in soybean.
Increased C:N ratio requires increased feeding
to fulfill metabolic N needs.
Increased CO2 and insect-pest

32. CO2 and Round-up
Ambient CO2 Future CO2
Increasing CO2 reduces herbicide efficacy
Ziska et al.,2004

33. Crop Potential**
grain yield
kg ha‐1
CO2 effect
on yield
Temperatur
e effect on
yield
Sorghum 2753 n/a ‐16%
Maize 2125 n/a ‐16%
Groundnut 1979 +8% ‐31%
Pigeonpea 1230 +6% ‐3%
Impact of global warming on average
potential grain yield of sorghum, maize,
groundnut and pigeon pea
14-04-2018 Source- Kalra et al.,2008

35. Adaptation Strategies
Agronomic adjustment suggested at growers level are:
Adoption of late maturing crop varieties.
Switching of cropping sequence.
Early sowing.
Adjusting timely field operation.
Conserving soil moisture.
Adoption of improved irrigation techniques.
Shift to drought resistance varieties.
Crop diversification.
Tree based farming system, especially in culturable
wastelands.

36. Mitigation strategies
 Agro- forestry systems
 Resource conservation technologies
 Enriching soil organic matter
 Biofuels

37. Intercropping has a higher biological
efficiency than sole cropping (usually at
least 30%, if farmers intercrop), because of:
1. Better buffering against climatic
extremes
2. More efficient use of resources (light,
nutrients, water)
3. Less problems with pests and diseases Sorghum + red gram
Pearlmillet + G’nut
Sorghum + Cowpea37
(A) More use of Intercropping

38. (B) Tillage and mulching
Conventional tillage leaves less than 30 %
crop residue.
Conservation tillage leaves more than 30 %
crop residue
Source- Wander,2011

39. (C) More use of water harvesting
techniques
39
Runoff water managementInsitu water management

40. (D) Agri-Insurance
14-04-2018 40
 Protection against risk of production loss due to
drought, floods, etc.
 State sponsored so far,
 Covers risk for the entire insured area.

41. Conclusion
Global warming is a reality
Indian agriculture is likely to suffer losses due to heat,
erratic weather, and decreased irrigation availability
Adaptation strategies can help minimize negative
impacts
These need research, funding and policy support
Costs of adaption and mitigation are unknown but
likely to be high; costs of inaction could be even
higher
Start with ‘no-regrets’ adaptation options.

42. Our take-home message…
Each of us must take steps to protect
our Earth's climate.