This course deals with the poetry of Afar people and general concept of poetry.

1. gSamara jaamiqata Qafar af kee feerayso^ wag exxaQadar wagBicissemQ.Kucul M/d kee SaadiqhQ.
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1hayto Mafdaga: Qadar waga/Poetry
1.1 Qadar wag maqnissookee kinnaane
Qadar-wag yaanam Ingliiz afat poetry, fransaawih afat poesie, Qarabafat shiqri, Amcaraafat
sene gitim (SnGEM) deqsita.
Qadar yaanam Qafarafat maqnisenek:- yaabak dooren yaabay xiso leeh, keefaf
leeh,ginniimeeh, iyya kinni.
Qadar, Qafar abba hayta digirway, afeytaay, gabat-ilooy, rigdee kee karambo inkih
aallek, aallewayta waaneh addat inkih geytima. Qadar,ahak naharal kah innê nah, xiso
leeh, keefaf leeh, ginniimeeh, gaaxime yaabâ kal, qad-rortah yan yaabay faxinnaan innal,
edde yaabaana hinna. Qadar gersi yaabak/kutbek elle baxsima weeloh tu gactek mexxatle
qangor xisne qaxmeqe le. Toh yaanam umman waqdi qadar qangor yaakumik-ciggiilil
daffeysak qangor dooro kee yabti mexxat akak dacrisaanam faxximta.
1.2 Qadar wag yaabak elle baxsimaweeloola
 Misinkicâ rufto le ( Imaginative skill )
 Hadala ( Creativity )
 Uguugus kee geysis le (strong feelings and thought )
 Inki madmay yab elle roora le ( Unique objectives that verse portray )
 Yabti xisoh maqaanne le ( The foot, line, meter, stanza… )
 Kaalayta kee xongolo le ( Rhythm and rhyme )
 Tekko^gabbaaqu le ( Story in verse )
 Baxxaqisso kee dudda le afeyta le (Descriptive and meaningful )
 Yabti rakiibo le ( Grammar )
 Yabti cogda le (Figurative language )

2. 2 hayto
-mafdaga
qadar wag Cogda
Qadar wag Cogdá kak yaanam macaay?
Tet abnisso elle takkem mannaay?
2.1 Cogdâ kinnaane
Cogdá, qadar wag aydaadul akkeey nabam xer waktih fan sugteeh , taniimi . Tohuk gexak mariiy
rikel, waktiliiy innah kak iyyeenimî kal, inki mablá elle haysiteenim hinna. Takkay immay, marii
rikel kak iyyem uyxaxxuurru hayneh siita fan gacisnek, cogdá kak yaanam num elle yaabaah,
elle yaktubeh yan gurra. Orbisak , numuuy isi gurrak yaktubem raq way ma taalla.
Iyyaanam faxaanam inkim takke way, numuuy isi qangoorut iyyam raq ma taalla. Too numuuy
isi gurral iyyam, tascassem cogdâ baxsay, numuuy isi qaynat kak leh iyya. Toysá, cogdá kak
yaanam num tu elle iyyaah, aba gurray, mariiy isi migda kak le.
Ceelallo
Meqe-mariino le numuy, num asgayye waah, sinaamah meqem faxat, namma numuk yaaba
innek, woo nammayak,numuuy gurral iyyam raq ma taalla.
“ Hebeli , caalat moqoy, kulli num lih meqe gexsit leh iyya” kaak iyye naharsitti.
“ Hebeli maqaaneh, kulli aracal geytima qaynat hinna. Kulli mari meqem kaak loowita,” iyye
nammeyhayti.
Tonnal , namma num dibuk hinnay, tabná numuk yaaba innaamah, woo tabanak numuuy, is
gurral axxaccele.
Toysá, num yaabek/yuktubek isi cogda lem deqsita.
Kutbeh takkuh, yaabah takku, sinaamak numuuy isi cogda akah lem, a ciggilta sidiicam, baxsa
keenik teellek sarra:-
a) Qangór meexo
b) Maxcô massoosu
c) Yabti yaakumik/ciggiili

3. gSamara jaamiqata Qafar af kee feerayso^ wag exxaQadar wagBicissemQ.Kucul M/d kee SaadiqhQ.
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Toh yaanam, qangooruk numuuy isih faxa qangara dooritaah,meexa. Maxcô maafa numuuy
innal keenik xisa. Yabti yaakumik/ciggiili,numuuy isinnal keenik le yaanama.
Xer maxcoocat xoqoysima orbiseenaa kee, ux maxcoocat xoqoysima orbiseena inki cogda mali.
Abeena, maxcok naharat haa num kee, salafat haa num inki cogda mali.
2.2 Diction:- yaanam afak yab elle tayyaaqeh, qadarah qangor kee maxcooca elle dooran
gurra kinni.
Baxxaqsa akak abtam faxxamqangoorut elle baxxaqissa cogda kinni. Koo ankacisa marallih elle
yabtah, yab elle taaxige yabti maxxaccah wale.
Poetic dictionyabti wale, qangor maqna kee gabbaaqu qadar kutbeh elle abta gurra kinni.
Wohuk ugutak diction qadaral kaxxam faxxiima. Woo akah kinnim qangor dooro kalbi yaabisso,
abina kee mablaqadarat uguugussa gexsit leemih taagah. Diction qadar abe^mabla kee yabti
weelok amakkaquk agaaradaanamduuduntah. Amo^gacsah innaamah diction yaanam inki
qadarih addat itta ceela qangor qagamqagtaamak qangor sittak baxsa bahsiisaanamkee sitta
qeedaala qangor ittalih xisaanamkinni.

4. 3hayto^Mafadaga
3. Yabti Cogdaadi ( figurative language )
Yab namma cogdak tiyak teynal yakke. Toh:-
1) Qad-rorti cogda
2) Qadár-wag cogda.
A namma cogdak faxe tiyalaay yakke,hununuh bagul hayya haak aban yab kee, addah af le
yaabay, tattabah qidak abaanah iyyah yan. Too addâ farmo le yaabay, hununuh bagul hee waana,
Qafarafat seeka-beynaan deqsita. Toh Ingliiz afat
(simile,metaphor,irony,paradox,hyperbole,personification and cliché) deqsitta qurrak /cogdaadiy,
yab qad-rortak yanu, hinnay kaadu qadaarah yanu, elle yakkeh iyya. Ta gubal tescessimeh tan
bacra gurrak/cogday, yab elle yakkek, kulli tiyah ceelallo xayyoysenno.
1. Tu tul ascassuk yaaban wak:
Cl. Tet baxi lubak innal xongola (Simile)
Tet baxi lubaakâ kal elle xayyoowaanam hinna(metaphor) meetafoor.
Qadar weelol: Cl.
Tet agarre laa silaalissa gaanibiiy,
Qaran alsa celta diifuh hela
2. Tu teetik saduh taniimil ascassuk yaaban waqdi (irony)
Cl. Udurruteh yemeete awkak,kaxxam tisissikeh yeenik.
- Yoysomme numuk, kok tiysiisem ma tana yeenik.
Qadar weelol: Cl.
Lubbi inki lubbiy ma mango
Kacnu obbal abtek is kak sahit
3. Akkale-waynaana (paradox)
- Ma yakkalaanâ kal , mallaasay marrar yakkem xayih
- Ullâ raba qambaalaanâ kal,ullat-inâ raba ma qambaalan.
Qadar weelol: Cl.
Taabakay koh walliteh,
Qunxa bar luk koo’kcine’mmay
Kacni kinnim maaxagitto

5. gSamara jaamiqata Qafar af kee feerayso^ wag exxaQadar wagBicissemQ.Kucul M/d kee SaadiqhQ.
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4. Hanná/giffoyso (Hyperbole)
Cl. - Reebuh Ayyali kot haam mali
- Acarra koqso, nee kee qaalamah radda.
- Ku abba qibnaytiinoh/loogih/ saga gide takke reyta neh qide
Qadar weelol: Cl.
Anu haadah haada,
Gali mayyuuy haada
Kusabaabah haada
Qadar weelo 2 cl
Ayro diifut manga leemih tet macelta
Alsa noorit qaxmeqeemih tet macelta
Sayyo baadal qaxmeqeemih tet magufta
5. Sahdaytisso (personification)
Cl. - “ Yi makoyti kot anee wannay, yoo targaqu duudak mananto,”
texcê yan caxá faasak.
- “ Mâ kalamâ may, Makkal yoo aguqa” yexcê yan wakri.
Qadar weelol: Cl.
Qafar kee qasa bad intii kee xammara,
Ittak nee baxsaanam akkalaay agara
Beedi nee sadaway, woh akkalaay agara
6. Itró (cliché)
Nabam gacangacsan qangarak/qangooru
- Baxam-baxsah naniih, egla fanna;
- wadir raqneh naniih, bisô-maxco fanna
- yaanam, Gawwaani gaaboynak itrok ten.F.L.L.1977I ,.L.L.1969.
Ma manoh baaxo lino intaana?
Ma migaaqal lago miqtoonuh?

6. A dagal galab kak xagne yab, elle rada laca gurrak/cogda,dibuk qad-rorta hinnay, qadaarah edde
takkeh.
7. Asta (Symbolism )
Inki qangara is hinnay dibuk gersiimih asta elle take baxxaqisso
Qadar weelol: Cl.
SorkocÔbaxak adda yoo’dde haysittem,
Kacnuk asta qoborta xer rikek ruubem
Ce 2
Bar qunxuk koo ikcineeh
Wakli sinnim koo yaabiseeh
Kacni muxxoh qobor kol ceeh
Kaxxa kacnuh koo xayyoseeh
Kacni kinim maaxagitto
Yoo tikcinem mawarsitto
Yok waagissem mawarsitto
8.Tekko^gabbaaqu (allusion)
Qadar abe inki yamixxige num/tekkoh cubbi elle yacee baxxaqisso
Cl. Lubak elle’kke kalol wakri makka intem Cammadi yayyo
Qadar weelol: Cl
Akkey caxal maacis daban,
Qafar gaade wee beedi miyan
Cl 2
Le saqak maqayyo cinteh taniih
Le fidol rammaqqa cinteh taniih
Le baxak ziyaara cinteh taniih
Dirar agbi maaminit faxxaah

7. gSamara jaamiqata Qafar af kee feerayso^ wag exxaQadar wagBicissemQ.Kucul M/d kee SaadiqhQ.
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Orobuh buxaaxi meekittama
Saqa fiddimal haak yen mara
Fido walluk aaxaguk yen mara
Xala bunkarat lukuk yen mara
Baxa mayxat bek yen mara
Sara saabunut lukuk yen mra
Qadar mixig:- Macammad Qali Farrade
Xagana
Xaganaa qawwaarisakoknakkekxagana
Xaganaaa kol koomonogannaamak xagana
Xagana koogersi marat kallakxagana
Xaganaa kol rooci meqerraamakxagana
Xagana koobeedi fidabnaamakxagana
Xagana xintooy,bohoyut raqnakxagana
Xaganaa neegasguqulutkallakxagana
Xaganaa waaliy,gitakohgenxakxagana
Xaganaa kookee kubicahsollakxagna
Xaganaa elle cabônumnekanuk xagana
Xaganaa koobeedi fidabnaamakxagana
Xagana kol nee gine rabbihxagana
Xaganaa koogubnayagal le abnakxana

8. 4hayto^Mafadaga
4.Qadar wag xisne/Structure of poetry
. Qadar elle xissiima weelo nascassek afal qadar elle yaabuke gurrak dagoomut yaabenno. Qadar
culmal akah nescessennah yaabak dooren yaabay mexxatle gurral xissiima’kkalah faxinnaan
innal fiirisaana hinna. wohuk ugut macaay iyyaanam nasmitem faxximta.
Qadar wag ugtumak sabab hununuh taha axcuk muggaaqisoonu duude waanamak tiyak
teyná, sahdaytuu kee, inkih tan gino tasgalle taama tekkek sarra. Tohih sabbatah,,sahdayti
yableh yanim kee,yasseeleqeh yanim takku,hinnay kaadu takku xiqak teneemiy, akke
wayteh iyyat yaabam kee, yaktubemik sabab,edde yaadeen xikka mali.
Too xikka kah aalle waytamak sabab macaa? Inne nee tekkek, sahdayti,kaat garayteeh
yubleemit yaabaamih fayxi le. Able waa way,yoobbem sinaamat tabsaamih fayxi le.
Toh ginok leh yan fayxiy, edde yan ayyuntak xagarak teena kaa abtah iyya (Man is a
social animal)kullumti edde yan badak iroh,akah yanu duude
waannah,sahdayti,edde yan ayyuntak iroh gacam ma bicta.
Gace kaa tekkek, toh cabboote numuy is cede waah iyyak tan teeti.
Sahdayti yableeh, yabbem ixxu lem hinnaay,ginoy edde yaaba kaadu ixxu lem hinna.
Qadar elle xissiima weeloh fan gacna waqdi, qadar xiso sidiica aracal kurrumta. Tohum
aakamaay,addafaknuu kee amo^gacsal kurruuma.aakam faxeemikiiy kawsah yan numuk afqado
hirgaah ellacaboh fanah kawisuh uguugus yakke. adda^faknul kaadu qadar kinnaane kee farmo
elle yasmiten. Ellacabol tonnah kaadu amo^gacsal qadar ittah fanah elle orba afeena kinni. meqe
qadar yaktuboonuh, fiiruk yaktubeenim faxaanam kinni qadar yasmiteenim faxximta. Toh
yaanam qadar ammunta kee madma daffeysak naktabu wayna qadarih kinnaane baarluk
agaaradaanam faxximta. Tonna kinnuk qadar abe/wiirise qadar kinnaaneh adda^fakoot ahaak
gubal tan esseroorah weelol baxxaqisam faxximta.
 Anu fiirisam faxam ma qadaraay?
 Yi qadar ayyuntah tatrusu waam ma farmooy?

9. gSamara jaamiqata Qafar af kee feerayso^ wag exxaQadar wagBicissemQ.Kucul M/d kee SaadiqhQ.
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 Yi qadar dagnak/mangak aw kaadu sissikaanek/qilsak macalem faxximta
Tohuk ellacabol qadar abe/wiirise isih faxaah, le mabla badite kal baxxaqqaa kee dudda le qadar
yaktabu duuda.
4.1 qadarwag xagorti/Parts of poetry
Qadar wag xagotri inna waqdi qadar akak xissiima lafnaba ximmooma yaanama.
 Syllable: qaraamo
 Stanza: qadar qari (amo^gacsa)
 Line: qadar rorta
 Rthym: fayyak/rammal Xongolo elle tawqe gurra
 Rhyme: qadar xongolo ginta kaalayta
 The foot: qadar afkana/qadar baaxa
 Meter: qadar rortih melleb elle yaaxigen gurra
 Words: qadar qangooru
 Grammer: Yabti rakiiboy yab elle xissima (gitat yanik ane waam elle yaaxigen gurra)
4.2 Qadar wag qaynoota /Forms of poetry
Qadar wag qaynoota mangih 3 langil kurrumta. Tohum Saare^qadar/lyric poetry, gabbaaqi
qadar/Narrative poetry kee Geysis qadara/descriptive poetry
1. Saare^qadara/lyric poetry
Cl.
Qafar meelah liyo.
Qafarre eglah liyo,
Guruftal xin liyo,
Geyto iggimak liyo,
Sumaaqah tet liyo.
 Ta qadarak taway rorta, qaraamo, qadar qari, kee farmo agaaradenno
Qafar meelah liyo,
Qafarre eglah liyo, Qaraamo liyoRhyme
Guruftal xin liyo,
Geyto iggimak liyo,
Sumaaqah tet liyo.

10.  Qadar rorti/line,/qadar qaraamo/syllable=3
 The foot: Qaf|ar Nammaya
 Qadar afkan yascasse rorti:
Guruftal xin liyo,
Geyto iggimak liyo
 Qadar farmo Nanu qafarak boola kak linom iggima yaanama
2. Geysisqadara/Descriptive poem
Yaadok anbale qellatatyaaba
Edde nan afwayakbaditnannom able, 6rorta
Ninni gabatlinommarahlownam able,Stanza1 Liyo: rhyme
Taamite kal cayi inki gorrisnam able,
Addarekal ikoytagorrisnam able, 5Rorta Qadar farmo:
Itta burutnabeedafaylisnam able Stanza2 garci nee raaqah
Bartekalahsiyaasagorrisnam able, beya yaanama
Tayse manohgadaama garrisnam able
Ceelallo2
Itro nek tangaleeh sin boolah boolatne
Sittallih noobokeeh, sin taagah qakkotne
Sittin manoh saduh xin waak xiina maraw, Stanza 1
Qafar migaq maaluh beedal kala maraw,
Sinni qaxumaaneh garu camta maraw,
Barteenim akkaluk badit xiina maraw,
Yedreenim akkaluk baacat xiina maraw,
Numtin amo^qayto siyaasah le maraw,
Khaat qagaarah amol wakti baysa maraw Stanza 2

11. gSamara jaamiqata Qafar af kee feerayso^ wag exxaQadar wagBicissemQ.Kucul M/d kee SaadiqhQ.
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Diiko nee qambaltam kassite waa maraw,
Yalli niqba dirab ariiqoh le maraw,
Magaaliyyoh abnah qaada baysa maraw,
Beedi afat yaabaanamixxigah le maraw,
Baxa mayse kalah bagu kiba maraw,Stanza 3
Ikoyta guubul’luk gaba ruuba maraw,
Makkaqak mastara sinni yabti maraw, Stanza 4
Deerok decso sinni, nuwwih rabe maraw,
Itro nek tangaleeh sin boolah boolatne!
 Qadar rorti: 5,6,7
 The foot: it|ro:2
 Rhyme:maraw
 Qadar farmo:Ittah yaabuke marakgari boolayeellekinkihboolaataanayaanama
3. Narrative poem
Cl,
Beedi yimnagremabbayokrabe carra
beedi yokcigsembaqli kakrabe barra

12. 5 haytô Mafdaga Qadar wag assokka
5.1 Qadar wag assokkih kinnaane
Qadar wag assokkih kinnaane wagsiisak, mango mari, mangom iyye. Woo marak
tangalem maggooh, angale waytam kaadu maggoh,qadar wag assokka wagsiisak
iyyeenimik keenik tangoorowem a ciggilta maxcá.
Assokki, tunkuttubeh taniimik adda tabak, raqtem celtam yascasseenim kee, makot tanim
gittoysaanama.
Raqtem yascasseenim kee, makot tanim gittoysaanam, ixxigá maleh takke makeelo
hinnay ixxigá esserta.
Qadar wag assokki, num qaybisoonuh abaanam hinna. Kaa/tet xaafoonuh abaanam kaadu
hinna. Kaak/teetik raqtê ke, kaah/teetih ascassuk, dumak aysaasuk akah yaysiise/taysiisê
innah abaanâ gideh yakke assokka usuk.
5.2. qadar wag assokki akah faxxiimaama
Qadar wag assokki akah faxxiimam sidiicaama. Wohim:-
B) Yaktube numuh
Num yuktubeemik qakuu kee kulsa yaaxigeemik, kaah taysem matana. Macah ,
wohuk wadiril aba kutbeeba kaak aysuk taysem, raq aalle waytaamih sabbatah.
T) Yakriye marah
Adda kak tabak rikê-raq kee, ceele-way-naanau, akak yifittishen kitab kee, afittishe
ween kitab, iffoysiyyah inki xaqamu mali. Yakriye marah naharsitti yayse, orbise
num dibuk hinnay, gersi marih mabla edde taniimih sabbatah.

13. gSamara jaamiqata Qafar af kee feerayso^ wag exxaQadar wagBicissemQ.Kucul M/d kee SaadiqhQ.
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S) Inkih yan feerayso-wagih dadalah
Assokki dibuk yuktube num kee, yakriye marah dibuk hinnay inkih yan feerayso-wagah
kaxxam xiqa. Macah ,mango marih mabla edde tengeleemih sabbatah.
5.3 Qadar wag assokkih abtoota
Qadar wag abtoota, amol-yardi hinnay, adda le taamoomiy, ixxigat abaanah iyya.
Woo assokka aba num ixxigah, yuktubeh yan numuk yayse num akkiiy, kay gide yaaxige
num yakkem faxximta.
Assokka abê, baaxok kulli migdal( siyaasaay, madduruuy, ayyuntiinol inkih) tekkeeh,
akkiyyat tanim inkih ceda num yakkem faxximta. Tohim nagay ceda num yakkuh,
mangom yikriye num yakkem faxximta.
Ahak naharal kah innê nah, assokka kah abaanam, num qaybisoonuu kee xaafoonu
hinnay, abah yan taama aysaasuk yaysiise gide kinniimih sabbatah, usuk xisnê kalah,
digloh abaanam hinna.
Qadar wag assokki, koo-naqabuuy,canê gacsaa kee, kuuxe-waynaanuk iroh takkeemi.
Tonnah tanim edde tengelikiiy, xisneh (constructive) yakke assokka ma deqsitay, digloh
(destructive) yakkeh yan assokka deqsite le.