1. Libra de gramatica
CARMELTIA HUSKINS

2. Table of Contents
 Present
 Stem Changers
 Irregular “yo”
 Saber vs. Conocer
 Reflexives
 “Se” Impersonal
 Diphthongs with accents
 Verbs like uir/guir, cer/cir, ger/gir
 Hace + Time + Que + Presente
 Imperfect

3. Present
To use the present tense of a regular verb, replace the ar/er/ir ending with a
conjugated ending .
“Ar” “Er”
Yo- O Yo- O
Tu- As Tu- Es
Ud. El/ella– A Ud. El/ella- E
Nosotros- Amos Nosotros- imos
Uds. Ellos/ as- Uds. Ellos/ as-
An En
Ir Estar Ser Dar
• Voy • Estoy • Soy • Doy
• Vas • Estas • Eres • Das
• Va • Esta • Es • Da
• Vamos • Estamos • Somos • Damos
• Van • Estan • Son • Dan

4. Stem Changers
All stems change except for Nosotros
O -> UE
E -> IE E -> I
Pensar Poder Pide
-Pienso -Puedo -Pido
-Piensas -Puedes -Pides
-Piensa -Puede -Pide
-Pensamos -Podemos -Pedimos
-Piensan -Pueden -Piden

5. Irregular “Yo”
Irregular verbs that the yo form is different from the rest
• Tener- Tengo
Go Verbs
• Oir- Oigo
• Hacer- Hago
• Caer- Caigo
• Decir- Digo
• Dirigir- Dirigo
G-J
• Proteger- Protejo
• Escoger- Escojo
• Recoger- Recojo
C - Zc
• Obedecer- Obedezco
• Conocer- Conozco
C -Z
• Torer- Tuerzo
• Vencer- Venzo
• Ejercer- Ejerzo
• Cocer- Cuezo

6. Saber vs. Conocer
Both mean “to know” something.
Saber
Saber -Se
-Sabes
• To know something, like a fact -Sabe
-Sabemos
or some type of information Saben
Conocer
Conocer
• To be familiar with something
-Conozco
or someone. -Conoces
-Conoce
-Conocemos
-Conocen

7. Reflexives
What the action is being reflected upon.
Me - Myself Nos- Ourselves Acostarse: To go to bed
-Me Acosto
Se- Himself, Herself, -Te Acostas
Yourself, Se -
Yourselves, Themselves
Itself
-Se Acosta
-NosAcostamos
Te - Yourself Llamarse: To be called -Se Acostan
Levantarse: To get up
Ponerse: To put on
Cansarse: To get tired
Sentarse: To sit down

8. “Se” Impersonal
Not one specific thing or person is being specified. Very general.
Passive • This tells what
Voice- happened to the subject
of the sentence without
Se habla naming one specific
person or thing.
Espanol
• This shows that an
Reciprocal action is being
Action- Nos performed by one or
more people or things.
Vemos

9. Diphthongs with Accents
When a weak and a strong vowel or two weak vowels combine to create a single syllable.
Enviar – To ski
• Envio
• Envias
• Envia
• Enviamos
• Envian
More verbs like Enviar
• Esquiar – To ski
• Continuar- To continue
• Graduarse – To graduate
• Hacia

10. Verbs like… uir/guir, cer/cir, and ger/gir
Coger Exigir Decir
-Cojo -Exijo -Digo
-Coges -Exiges -Dices
-Coge -Exige -Dice
-Cogemos -Exigimos -Decimos
-Cogen -Exigen -Dicen
Conseguir Atribuir
-Consigo -Atribuyo
-Consigues -Atribuyes
-Consigue -Atribuye
-Consigimos -Atribuimos
-Consiguen -Atribuyen

11. Hace + Time + Que + Present tense
 This is used to show the length of
time that an action took place.
Que +
cuatro
Hace + estudia
anos+
espanol

12. Imperfect : This action has not been completed. There is no definite end
or beginning. Like a continuous movie.
 Trigger words Er / Ir
 Nunca – Never • Ia
 A veces – Sometimes • Ias
• Ia
 Todo el Tiempo – all of the time
• Iamos
• ian
Ar
• Aba
• Abas
• Aba
• Abamos
• aban

13. El Preterito
 Past Tense
 Has a known beginning and/or ending
 Snapshot of time
Trigger Words
*Ayer
*Anoche
*Anteayer E I
*la semanapasada AsteIste
O Io
Amos Imos
AronIeron

14. Irregulares
-Car -Gar -Zar
Que Gue Ce
Only for the yo form.
Make sure that all
spellings have an
accent mark on the e.

15. Spock
Hacer
Hice
Hiciste
Hizo
Hicimos
Hicieron

16. Cucaracha Verbs
 Andaranduve
 Conducir* conduje
 Decir* dije
 Estarestuve
 Hacerhice
 Ponerpuse
 Poderpude
 Quererquise
 Saber supe
 Tenertuve
 Traer* traje
 Venirvine

17. Snake / Snakey
 Snake = E to I
 Ex. Pedir, Venir
 Snake = O to U
 Morir
 Snakey = O to Y
 Ex. Oir
 Snakey = E to Y
 Creer

18. Comparatives and Superlatives
 Expresses differences and comparisons
Menos + Adj + Que Mas + Adj + Que

19. El Futuro
 Infinitive + E, As, Emos, An
 Vivire – YoVivire
 Immediate Future = Ir + a + Infinitive
Trigger Words
La semana
Proxima
PasadoAno
Manana
Ano

20.  Decir dir- to say
 Hacerhar- to make/ do
 Haber hab- to have
 Poderpodr- to put, place, set
 Quererquerr- to love
 Saber sabr- to leave , go out
Infinitive
 Tenertendr- to have
E
 Valervaldr- to be worth As
A
 Venirvendr- to come Emos
An