2. •To enable your reader to follow up the references and find the book or
journal article in a library or online.
•To enable an examiner or your lecturer to check the accuracy of the
information.
•To show that you have read widely a range of evidence or opinions.
•To avoid plagiarism (using someone else’s ideas as your own).
Why is referencing important?
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3. • Citation – The in-text indicator that tells your reader you are quoting from or
referring to another source.
• References – All the sources cited in your work (quoted, paraphrased or
summarized).
• Bibliography – All items used to produce your piece of work (whether cited or
not – eg background reading). Rarely used in engineering.
Referencing Terminology
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4. Include source in
Reference List
Cite it
Cite it
Place Double Quotes
around the text “…”
and Cite it
Yes
Yes
Yes
Include source in
Reference List
Include source in
Reference List
Do I cite?
Is it a
Quote
Is it a summary of ideas?
Is it someone
else's idea?
Have you paraphrased?
Yes Cite them Include sources in
Reference List
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5. Author-Date (Harvard) & Numeric referencing
References
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The population recovering is notable because
the bottleneck of the 1980s reduced genetic
variability [2] and captive breeding affected
various phenotypic traits [3]. Further
endangered vertebrates commonly ex hit
“slow life” history strategies, [4,5], pro bla
population increase, unlike the 35% annual
in
6. Vancouver Referencing Style
• Vancouver is a specific style of numeric referencing.
• Each reference is given a number as it is cited in the text. The number given
becomes the unique identifier for that reference, and so if it is cited again
later in the text, it will still have the same number. The first reference cited
will always be number 1 and numbers are allocated sequentially.
• The number is either given in square brackets [1] or superscript1 .
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7. References
In the Reference List at the end of your assignment, you should list
items in numerical order based upon the numbers allocated in the text.
This should be labelled References.
Ensure you use consistent spacing, indenting, punctuation and
emphasis (bold, italic, etc).
In Microsoft packages formatting
can be done by selecting the text,
right-clicking on paragraph.
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8. Book
Roberts J. Structural Eurocodes: extracts from the
structural Eurocodes for students of structural design.
3rd ed. London: BSI; 2010.
Author(s)
Year of
publication
Book Title
Place of
Publication
PublisherEdition
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9. eBook
Arya C. Design of structural elements: concrete, steelwork,
masonry and timber design to British standards and
Eurocodes [Internet]. London: E & FN Spon; 1994 [cited
2017 Oct 26]. Available from:
http://www.dawsonera.com/abstract/9780203926505
Author(s)
Year of
publicationTitle Place of Publication Publisher
Type of
Medium
Date of Citation Availability
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10. Edited Book
Brockenbrough RL, Merritt FS, editors. Structural steel
designer’s handbook. 2nd ed. London: McGraw-Hill; 1994.
Author(s)
Year of
publication
Book Title
Place of
Publication
PublisherEditions
Editor(s)
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11. Chapter/Paper in a book
Thompson GE. Corrosion and filming behaviour of
aluminium and its alloys. In: Driver JH, Dubost B, Durand
R, Fougeres R, Guyot P, Sainfort P, Suery M. Aluminium
alloys: their physical and mechanical properties. Zurich:
Transtec Publications; 1996. p. 95-106
Author(s)
of Chapter
Title of
Chapter
Place of
Publication
Title of
Book
Author(s)
of Book
Year of
Publication
Page
Number
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12. Journal Article
Lim DH, Nawy EG. Behaviour of plain and steel-fibre
reinforced high-strength concrete under uniaxial and
biaxial compression. Mag Concrete Res.
2005;57(10):603-610.
Author(s)
Location
(Pagination)
Journal
Title
Volume IssueDate of
Publication
Article
Title
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13. Journal Article Online
Afshan S, Garner L. The continuous strength method for
structural stainless steel design. Thin-Walled Struct
[Internet]. 2013 Jul [cited 2017 Oct 26];68:42-9. Available
from:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S02638
23113000396
Author(s)
Location
(Pagination)
Journal
Title
Volume
Issue
Date of
Publication
Article
Title
Date of
Citation
Medium
Availability
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14. Things to Remember
Books: take your information from the title page and the back of the
title page, not the cover.
Journal articles: take your information from the first page of the article.
Cite a PDF as a print article, even if you read it online. Cite an article as
an online article only if you read it online (eg as a web page or similar).
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15. Things to Remember - Authors
• If no personal author is identifiable, use the name of the organisation
responsible for the source.
• Multiple authors: if there are up to six authors they should all be
listed, but if there are more than six then list the first six authors
followed by ‘et al’.
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16. Things to Remember – Journal Titles
Official Vancouver rules:
Abbreviate significant words in a journal title and omit other words,
such as articles, conjunctions, and prepositions.
Capitalize all remaining title words, including abbreviations.
The Journal of Biocommunication becomes J Biocommun
The Journal of the National Cancer Institute becomes
J Natl Cancer Inst
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17. Things go remember - Capitalisation
It has been estimated that there are over 20,000 medical journals, and over two
million articles published each year[1]; and that a doctor practicing general
medicine would need to read 19 articles every single day in a year just to keep
abreast with the publications.2
We have used both
superscript and brackets
here for illustration. Use
one style only throughout
your document.
e.g.
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Capitalise the first word in the title of a book or article.
Capitalise proper nouns, initialisms and acronyms.
18. Things go remember - Punctuation
Citation numbers are placed outside full-stops and commas, but inside
colons and semicolons.
Do not leave a space between the last word or punctuation mark that
precedes the reference number.
It has been estimated that there are over 20,000 medical journals, and over two
million articles published each year[1]; and that a doctor practicing general
medicine would need to read 19 articles every single day in a year just to keep
abreast with the publications.2
We have used both
superscript and brackets
here for illustration. Use
one style only throughout
your document.
e.g.
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19. Things to Remember – Place and Publisher
Where more than place is given, prefer the UK location if given;
otherwise use the first place mentioned.
If the place of publication is not given but you can reasonably infer the
location, enter the place in square brackets e.g. [Cardiff]. Otherwise
use [place unknown]. Similarly, if the publisher cannot be found or
inferred use [publisher unknown].
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20. Referencing Tools
• There are referencing software packages available
• EndNote is available on University PCs or via the internet as EndNote Basic
(previously EndNote Web)
• If you are using EndNote, then select the VANCOUVER Swansea style to format
your references.
• The Mendeley plug-in is available from the Desktop PC but is not supported by the
library
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21. Further Information and Guidance
Brief Guide
Full Guide
Swansea University Library have created their own
Vancouver Referencing Guides. The short guide is available
in print format from the carousel in the Bay Library.
Electronic copies are available from the Engineering Library
Guide.
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22. Further Information and Guidance
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7256/
The Swansea University Library Guide to
the Vancouver Style is based upon Citing
Medicine.
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23. ‘5 days of EndNote’ is an open online course for Swansea University students. The course is available from our Blog (27th
November to 1st December)
pulse.swan.ac.uk
You will learn how to create/import, organise and share references; create bibliographies and use EndNote
within Microsoft Word to insert citations and reference lists in your assignments.
There will also be an Endnote ‘Breakfast Bites’ on Wednesday, 7th February 8.15 – 8.50. More information will
be sent to you nearer to the date.
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24. Any Questions?
The Bay Library
Swansea University
T +44 (0)1792 505500
E engineeringlib@swansea.ac.uk
http://libguides.swansea.ac.uk/engineering
Follow us on Twitter @SUEngLib
Find us on Facebook at www.facebook.com/SwanseaUniLib
engineeringlib@swansea.ac.uk
College of Engineering Library Team
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25. Vancouver Referencing Style
• Vancouver is a numeric system.
• Each reference is given a number as it first appears in the text. The number
given becomes the unique identifier for that reference, and so if it is cited
again later in the text, it will still have the same number. The first reference
cited will always be number 1 and numbers are allocated sequentially.
• The number is either given in square brackets [1] or superscript1 .
In Microsoft packages select text,
right click, select Font and then
place a tick in the Superscript box
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26. Planning
Whenever you read anything (book or article) it is worth noting down
all the details, a summary of the key points, and direct quotes that may
be of use. It is also useful to make a note of where you obtained the
book or article from, so that you can easily re-locate it if you need to
refer back to the original text again.
Most library databases offer features to bookmark titles or give you a
citation.
http://ifind.swansea.ac.uk
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27. Quoting
Direct quotations are rarely used in Vancouver Style.
• You should include the page number in the superscript in-text citation
when directly quoting the exact wording of a source, please see the
section above regarding the formatting of page numbers included in
citations.
• Short direct quotes are enclosed within quotation marks.
• Quotes longer than 4 lines should be indented in a block, without
quotation marks and in reduced type.
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28. Paraphrasing
• Paraphrasing is expressing the written thoughts of published
authors in your own words.
• Usually it is a detailed account of one thought/idea from a single
source.
• It should generally by cited in the text as well as included in the
bibliography
e.g.
Research indicates [1] that the number of duplicate papers being published is
increasing.
Recent research1 indicates that the number of duplicate papers being published is
increasing.
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29. Summarising
• A summary is a brief account of the main ideas of an information source
(or sources) that you write in your own words.
• It is a way to include the ideas of others in your writing.
• All summaries from information sources must be acknowledged in your
writing and reference list.
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30. Summarising in Vancouver
If you want to cite several pieces of work in the same sentence you will
need to include the citation number for each piece of work.
Use a Hyphen to link numbers which are inclusive.
Use a comma where numbers are not consecutive.
e.g.Several studies [6-9,13,15] have examined
the effect of congestion charging in urban
areas.
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31. Things to Remember - Dates
• If no publication date is given, look for the date of copyright and use
that; place a c in front of the date e.g. c1995.
• If you are able to estimate or infer the date enter the year followed by
a ? in square brackets, eg.. [1999?].
• If no date can be found or estimated use [date unknown]
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32. Things to Remember
Sometimes the year of publication may not be included, government
departments are poor at including the date on their publications. If no
date is recorded then the reference needs to state [date unknown].
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