Writing a Literature Review - Methods - Plagerism - Citing - Vancouver Style, Nursing, Nursing Research, BSc Nursing

1. Writing a
Literature
Review
Styles of Bibliography

2. Referencing your sources
- A simple introduction
In higher education when ever you include a fact or
piece of information in an assignment or dissertation you
must also include where and how you found that piece of
information.

3. Referencing your sources
- A simple introduction
Even if you 'just know it' - it has to have come from
somewhere. This is because in higher education writing you
are not just being tested on what you know, but rather what
you are able to find out and what you think it means.

4. Referencing your sources
- A simple introduction
As a writer of research papers, you must document
any source of information which you use in your research
papers, articles, presentations and any kind of scientific
reports or experiments.

5. 3 methods
There are 3 methods of including other writer’s work
into your paper.
They are: 1. Citing (quoting) or Citation
2. Paraphrasing
3. Summarizing.

6. 1. Citation
Citation should repeat the original text word-for-
word and include a reference to the original writer of the
source document.

7. 2. Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing means retelling a passage of the
original text using your own words and sentence structures.
The author of the original must also be referenced.

8. 3. Summarizing
Summarizing means reproducing only the most
important ideas and main points of the source using your
own words. It usually summarizes a larger statement in a
form of a shorter explanation. However, the original source
must be referenced, too.

9. First DecideWhich
ApproachTo Use
You should use direct citation in a situation when the
exact wording of a passage is important, so that you can be
sure you have reproduced the original accurately.
You might also use citation if the original statement is
very well formulated and you feel it will enrich your
writing.

10. Cont…
Paraphrasing is widely used in research papers and
argumentative essays, you may reformulate it and find and
emphasize its main points.
It also helps change the stylistic characteristics of your
source, adapting it to the readers (for example, if you use it for
a presentation of some scientific paper before your class) and
omitting unnecessary details.

11. Cont…
The purpose of a summary is similar to that of a
paraphrasing, but it helps making a long text shorter,
explaining a lengthy chapter, article or a book in a brief essay
or even in a single paragraph.

12. Plagiarism
If you quote or paraphrase another author's work
without including a reference to it you are plagiarising.
Not only is it very easy to detect plagiarism using
online services like Turn It In, but it is also very easy for your
tutor to spot it just by reading your work.

13. Citing
Acknowledging within your text the
document from which you have obtained your
information.

14. Reference
The detailed description of the document from which
you have obtained your information.
Referencing is a way of demonstrating that you have
done the reading.

15. ReferenceVs. Bibliography
The terms “References” and “Bibliography” are often
used synonymously, but there is a difference in meaning
between them.

16. Reference
References are the items you have read and specifically
referred to (or cited) in your work and your list of sources at
the end of the assignment will be headed “References”

17. Bibliography
Bibliography is a list of everything you read -
whether or not you referred specifically to it .
• Normally contain sources that have been cited and also
those found to be influential, but decided not to cite.
• A bibliography gives a overview of which authors have
influenced your ideas and arguments even if you do not
specifically refer to them.

18. Why do we need
reference?
• To acknowledge others works
• To allow readers to find the original sources easily
• To get recognition & authentication of your work.
• To make the work informative. (Quality)
• To trace the intellectual development of the ideas you
present.
• To avoid plagiarism

19. Referencing Styles
To make the reference list and bibliography
consistent and easy to read across different papers there are
predefined styles stating how to set them out - these are
called citation styles.

20. Referencing Styles
Different subjects prefer to each use different styles.
The following are the most popular:
1) APA
2) MLA
3) Harvard
4) Chicago
5) Turabian
6) Vancouver

21. Referencing Styles
1) APA.-APA (American Psychological Association) is an
author/date based style. This means emphasis is placed on
the author and the date of a piece of work to uniquely
identify it.
2) MLA.-MLA (Modern Language Association) is most often
applied by the arts and humanities, particularly in the USA.
It is arguably the most well used of all of the citation styles.
3) Harvard.-Harvard is very similar to APA. Where APA is
primarily used in the USA, Harvard referencing is the most
well used referencing style in the UK and Australia, and is
encouraged for use with the humanities.

22. Referencing Styles
4) Vancouver. The Vancouver system is mainly used in medical
and scientific papers.
5) Chicago and Turabian. These are two separate styles but are
very similar, just like Harvard and APA. These are widely used
for history and economics.

23. Vancouver Style
Article: Single author
Author. Title. Name of journal. Date of publication;
volume(issue):page numbers
•Eg:Glucksman MS.Conducting business.Omni.1991;13(7):6-10
Notes
• There should be no spaces between the date, volume
number, issue number and page numbers.
• Do not use italics or underlining for the title.
• Only the first word of a journal or book title are capitalised.

24. Vancouver StyleArticle: Multiple authors
Authors. Title. Title of journal. Date of publication;
volume(issue):page numbers
Eg. You CH, Lee KY, Chey YW, Menguy R.
Electrogastrographic study of patients with unexplained
nausea. Gastroenterology .1980;79:311-4.
Notes
• When there are 6 or less authors, you must list all authors.
• If there is 7 or more authors you only list the first 6 authors
and add "et al" (et al means "and others").
• Do not use italics or underlining for the title.
• Only the first word of a journal or book title are capitalised.

25. Vancouver Style
Article: Newspaper
Author if given. Title or article. Name of newspaper
Date of edition (Year, month, day);Section if applicable
(section abbreviated to Sect.):Page/s Column number
in round brackets (column abbreviated to col.).
• Eg. Lee G. Hospitalizations tied to ozone pollution:
study estimates 50,000 admissions annually. The
Washington Post .1996 Jun 21; Sect. A:3 (col. 5).
Notes
• The details may vary depending on the layout of the
newspaper e.g. section may not be relevant.

26. Vancouver Style
Book: Single author
Author. Title. Place: Publisher. Date of publication
• Eg. Neal MJ. Medical pharmacology at a glance.
Oxford: Blackwell Scientific; 1987.
Notes
• Do not use italics or underlining for the title.
• Only the first word of a journal or book title are capitalised.

27. Vancouver Style
Book: Multiple authors
Authors. Title. Place: Publisher. Date of publication
• Eg. Rinsgiven MK, Bond D. Gerontology and leadership skills
for nurses. 2nd ed. Albany (NY): Delmar Publishers; 1996.
Notes
• When there are 6 or less authors, you must list all authors.
• If there are 7 or more authors you only lits the first 6 authors
and add "et al" (et al means "and others").
• Do not use italics or underlining for the title.
• Only the first word of a journal or book title are capitalized.

28. Vancouver Style
Dissertation or Thesis
Author(s). Title [dissertation]. Place: Publisher. Date of
publication
• Eg.Pearce MW, Schumann EH. The effect of land use on
Gamtoos estuary water quality [dissertation]. Pretoria: Water
Research Commission; 1997.

29. Vancouver Style
World Wide Web page
Author. Title. [online] Year [date the information was accessed].
Available from: URL address.
Eg.Beck J. How do you cite URL's in a bibliography?
[online] 1994 [cited 2000 Dec 13]. Available from: URL:
http://www.nrlssc.navy.mil/meta/bibliography.html
Notes
• Web sites change all the time, therefore it is very
important to include the date that you have accessed the
information.

30. Vancouver Style Citation
In-text citations
Insert an in-text citation:
o when your work has been influenced by someone else's work,
for example:
1. when you directly quote someone else's work
2. when you paraphrase someone else's work

31. Vancouver Style Citation
General rules of in-text citation:
1) A number is allocated to a source in the order in which it is cited in the text. If the
source is referred to again, the same number is used.
2) Use Arabic numerals (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)
3) Either square [ ] or curved brackets ( ) can be used as long as it is consistent.
4) Superscripts can also be used rather than brackets eg. ...was discovered.
5) Reference numbers should be inserted to left or inside of colons and semi-colons.
6) Reference numbers are generally placed outside or after full stops and commas
7) Whatever format is chosen, it is important that the punctuation is consistently
applied to the whole document.

32. Vancouver Style Citation
Scholarly Journal Articles
Follow these examples closely for all layout, punctuation, spacing and capitalization.
These general rules apply to both print and electronic articles.
1) Enter author's surname followed by no more than 2 initials (full stop).
2) If more than 1 author: give all authors' names and separate each by a comma and a
space.
3) For articles with 1 to 6 authors, list all authors. For articles with more than 6
authors, list the first 6 authors then add 'et al.'
4) Only the first word of the article title and words that normally begin with a capital
letter are capitalized.

33. Vancouver Style Citation
Scholarly Journal Articles
5) Journal Names are abbreviated (to decipher/find correct abbreviations see:
PubMed Journals Database
6) Follow the date with a semi-colon;
7) Abbreviate months to their first 3 letters (no full stop)
8) Give the volume number (no space) followed by issue number in brackets
9) Abbreviate page numbers where possible, eg: 123-29.

34. Sample Reference List
References
1. O'Campo P, Dunn JR, editors. Rethinking social epidemiology: towards a science of change.
Dordrecht: Springer; 2012. 348 p.
2. Schiraldi GR. Post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook: a guide to healing, recovery, and growth
[Internet]. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2000 [cited 2006 Nov 6]. 446 p. Available from:
http://books.mcgrawhill.com/getbook.php?isbn=0071393722&template=#toc
DOI: 10.1036/0737302658
3. Halpen-Felsher BL, Morrell HE. Preventing and reducing tobacco use. In: Berlan ED, Bravender T,
editors. Adolescent medicine today: a guide to caring for the adolescent patient [Internet]. Singapore:
World Scientific Publishing Co.; 2012 [cited 2012 Nov 3]. Chapter 18. Available from:
http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/pdf/10.1142/9789814324496_0018
4. Stem cells in the brain [television broadcast]. Catalyst. Sydney: ABC; 2009 Jun 25.

35. ThankYou