This document discusses over 100 scientific terms that can be traced back to primitive Arabic roots using a set of transformation formulae. It begins with examples showing how terms like "science", "degrees", and "lexicon" can be decomposed and related to Arabic words. It then outlines the methodology involving triliteral root transformations, and lists over 100 scientific stems like "atom", "biology", "botany" that are connected to Arabic roots through various sound shifts and letter modifications. The document aims to show the Arabic origins of much of modern scientific vocabulary.

1. Arabic Origin of Scientific Terms
Syed Amaar Ahmad
Email: syed.a.ahmad@ieee.org∗
December 3, 2017
Abstract
Modern science draws its vocabulary from Greco-Latin and Germanic languages. In
this article, we show that over 100 stem words in these languages that are commonly used
in scientific terminology, can also be traced to primitive Arabic. Our derivations use a
set of formulae presented in a ground-breaking work in [1] that has remained obscure to
contemporary philology researchers. These formulae are fairly simple and allow a large
number of words from various languages to be traced to Arabic’s triliteral roots. Our
derivations show that the association of these stems to primitive Arabic is well before 7th
century CE.
1 Introduction
In 1895, Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian, India, made the remarkable claim in his
treatise Minan-ur-Rahman that primitive Arabic was the mother language from which other
languages emerged [2]. Nineteenth century German philologist Max Müller had also hypoth-
esized about a common human language [3]. More recent work by Quentin Atkinson, using
analysis of more than 500 languages, indicates that they can all be traced back to a long-
forgotten dialect spoken by human ancestors in Africa [4]. Achieving consensus on what the
original language or dialect was has proven elusive though.
Mainstream philologists do not view primitive Arabic a viable candidate as that original lan-
guage. In fact, at the time of publication of Minan-ur-Rahman, Sanskrit had been hypothesized
by some scholars as the candidate language due to being one of the oldest of Indo-European
languages [1]. However, because the triliteral roots of Semitic languages and those of Indo-
European languages were fundamentally different, it proved hard for mainstream philologists
to see any connection between these two language groups.
In the 1960s, a lesser known philologist M. A. Mazhar built upon the ideas in Minan-ur-Rahman
and developed a significant set of rules and formulae that could enable the association of words
from a diverse set of languages to Arabic triliteral roots [1]. His formulae exhibit algorith-
mic simplicity which is all the more remarkable given that this work and the pioneering claim
of Hazrat Ahmad have not been afforded due recognition by contemporary philologists. The
broader methodology pursued in these works has been to demonstrate that (i) Arabic’s gram-
matical structure is a superset of the structure in all other languages, and (ii) numerous words
∗
The author received PhD in Electrical Engineering from Virginia Tech in 2014. His interests include wireless
networks, adaptive systems, applied information theory and linguistics. He is currently working as a Research
& Development Engineer on vehicular crash avoidance through wireless communications in Metro-Detroit.
1

2. in diverse languages can be demonstrated to have Arabic origin. In pursuit of the latter prin-
ciple, the author in [1] examined a vast corpus of words from varied languages such as English,
Sanskrit, German, Japanese, Russian, Latin and Greek etc. and traced them to Arabic. The
tracing of frequently used words from a divergent pool of languages to Arabic was an outstand-
ing discovery.
Therefore, this paper underscores the line of work in [1][2]1
. Moreover, we use the formulae in
[1] to focus on frequently used modern scientific vocabulary which is often drawn from Latin,
Greek or old Germanic dialects. We build on the work of [1] to illustrate that over 100 stems,
from which hundreds of scientific terms emerge, are connected to Arabic roots. As to the pos-
sibility that primitive Arabic itself evolved from Greek or Germanic dialects, the derivations
show that Arabic roots are simpler than their complex Greek or Germanic (Indo-European)
counter-parts - thereby making that possibility highly unlikely.
In Section II we illustrate some of the principles used in transforming scientific terms to simpler
expressions. Based on these principles, in Section III, we present over a 100 terms that can be
traced to Arabic. A majority of these were derived independently of the work in [1]. Finally,
in Section IV, we provide conclusions and directions for future research.
2 Methodology
We use the comprehensive online resource [5] that provided etymological origin of the selected
terms. primitive Arabic’s oral tradition precedes its written tradition. The latter has been
preserved in the form of the Quran recorded between 610-632 AD [6]. Edward Lane’s Arabic-
English Lexicon [7] provides excellent references to the meanings of numerous Arabic roots that
also appear in the text of Quran. An online transliteration of Arabic letters is provided by [8].
We first illustrate the root derivation of a few sample terms which often appear in scientific
literature. The explanation of the broader principles follow.
1. Science
This word comes from the Greek skhizein which refers to “to split, rend, cleave”. This word
can be compressed to skyzn and then to skyn by merging zn. In Arabic ẃskyn refers to
“knief” (Lane’s dictionary [7]), which has the obvious connotation of splitting and cutting.
2. Degrees, Gradient
Terms like degrees, gradient, degrade, graduate etc. have a common Latin core gradus which
refers to “step”. Its compressed transliteration is grd which may be pronounced as jrd as g and
j are equivalent. With a transposition, jrd may be transformed into drj which in Arabic is
ék. PXdrǧh and refers to “stages upwards” [7]. This triliteral is used exactly in the sense of both
degree and grade.
3. Lexicon
It refers to “a dictionary” from Middle French and has a Greek origin lexikon (“word”). The let-
ters lexikon may also be transliterated as lksykn. By eliminating the consonant k and adjusting
1
The work in [2] was authored in Arabic.
2

3. vowel y to a, we obtain lsan which in Arabic refers to spoken word (àA‚Ëlsān ).
4. Migration
It comes from Latin migrare that means “ change of abode”. The basic consonants mgr match
with Qk. AêÓmhāǧr which has the Arabic meaning “migrant”.
5. Weight
The word comes from Old High German wegan that means “to move, weigh”. An softening of
g makes the term àPðwzn , which is Arabic for “weight”.
2.1 Triliteral Roots
For illustration, we consider a Arabic triliteral root I
.
J»ktb which originally had a meaning of
ordering or prescribing [7]. This oral connotation eventually evolved into the notion of writing
in the 7th
century CE. Augmenting it with modifications allows a diversification in the noun
meanings in the following ways around combinations of the stem ktb:
H
. AJ»ktāb (book),
éK.AJ»ktābh (writing), I
.
KA¿kātb (scribe), I
.
JºÓmktb (office, desk),
éJ. KA¾Ómkātbh (correspondence), I
. ºJƒ@āstkb (type),
éJ. J»ktybh (battalion), I
. J»ktyb
(booklet).
Similar transformations of other triliteral roots, which are the most common, provide varied
meanings (although longer roots are also possible in Arabic).
2.2 Transformation Algorithm
The following are examples of sound shifts as part of toning the sound up or down:
1. s → k,c (ex. science from Greek skhizein ).
2. j → g (ex. gamal from jamal).
3. r → l (ex. cell from Latin celare)
4. f → p (ex. philosophy pronounced with f )
5. b → p (ex. Latin ob- from Proto-Indo-European epi)
6. e, a → h (ex. eureka from Greek heureka)
7. kh → c (ex. chiro from Greek kheir)
8. t → s, r (ex. Latin politia from Greek polis or ratio from Latin reri)
Next we have a set of formulae as described in [1] (see circa pages 127-128) with a summary of
four basic rules as follows:
1. Decomposing to triliteral consonants: Arabic has 22 strong letters and 6 soft or quasi-vowel
letters. Here a target word is decomposed by removing its vowels and keeping the consonants.
2. Triliteral metathesis: A target word’s vowels are eliminated and transposition is performed
on the remaining consonants.
3. Toning up or down: A consonant’s sound in a target word is hardened or softened (example
j to g).
4. Prosthesis: The first letter of a word and the vowels are removed.
After any of the above transformations, the remainder term is compared against an array of
3

4. similar Arabic triliterals. Since numerous permutations in triliteral metathesis are possible and
individual Arabic roots can have multiple meanings [7], establishing associations requires a trial
and error approach. Formalizing a heuristical methodology requires further inquiry.
2.3 Reducing False Positives
In the subsequent derivations we have attempted to minimize false similarity between a triliteral
Arabic root and a target stem. A possibility of error is nonetheless present. A simple approach
to minimize this error is to ensure that the derived triliteral is connected using a stem’s earliest
known origin. A case in point is the word nucleus which comes from Latin nucula (“little nut”)
and is connected to Proto-Indo-European stem -kneu (“nut”). With a minor vowel adjustment,
we connect -kneu to ø
ñKnwwā which in Arabic refers to “date nut/seed”. While the translit-
eration of the triliteral and the original term may seem quite different initially, this is within
the bound established between the stem -kneu relative to nucleus.
3 Derivatives
Each target stem is traced to an Arabic root using alternative transliterations: (i) English
language characters, and (ii) an accurate pronunciation system in [8].
• Addere(Latin) “add to” - Addition, additive
addXY«֒d (Arabic: Count, enumerate)
• Aero(Greek) “air, lower atmosphere” - Aerodynamics, aerobic, air
aer→arh l'P Xryh
. (Arabic: Wind, air. Minutiae: Pre-historic Middle East city of
Jericho’s name (cognate to aero) comes from Am'P@aryh
. ā meaning fragrant in Arabic)
• Ankylos(Greek) “bent, crooked” - Angle
ankl→awjh
. ñ«֒wǧ (Arabic: Bent, crooked)
• Annus(Latin) “year” - Annual, annum
an→am ÐA«֒ām (Arabic: Year)
• Atomos(Greek) “uncut, indivisible” - Atom
atm→ htmÑ¢kh
. t
.m (Arabic: It broke, or became broken, in pieces [7])
• Avis(Latin) “bird” - Aviation, aviary
av → hva @ñëhwa֓ (Arabic: Air)
4

5. • Bios(Greek) “one’s life, way of living” - Biology, biography
bs
IªK.b֒t
¯
(Arabic: He roused him in motion or action [7]. Also used in sense of emergence
of life.)
• Botanikos (Greek) “of herbs” from botane “a plant, grass, pasture, fodder” - Botany
btn→ bstn àAJ‚.bstān (Arabic: Grove, orchard)
• Calculatus (Latin) “to reckon” - Calculate, Calculus
klkl→kl É¿kl (Arabic: Total, aggregate)
• Camera (Latin) “vaulted room” - Camera
kmrQÒ»kmr (Arabic: Tent)
• Canalis (Latin) “water pipe” - Channel, canal
knl→knh
èAJ
¯qnāh (Arabic: Tube, channel)
• Canon (Latin) “rule” - Canonical
Kn àñKA
¯qānwn (Arabic: Rule)
• Capabilis (Latin) “receptive; able to grasp or hold” - Capability, capacity
kpbl→kblÉJ.
¯qbl (Arabic: acceptable, capable)
• Casus (Latin) “a chance, occasion” - Case
ks
é’
¯qs
.h (Arabic: Story) or kz
èA’
¯qd
. āh (Arabic: Fate)
• Caudex (Latin) “tree trunk” - Code
kda→ wkdY
¯ðwqud (Arabic: Fire-wood, fuel)
• Cavea (Latin) “hollow” - Cave
kv→khf ­ê»khf (Arabic: Cave)
• Celare (Latin) “to hide, conceal” - Cellular
cl→kl
éªÊ
¯ql֒h (Arabic: Fortress)
• Celeritas (Latin) “swiftness,” (from celer) - Accelerate, decelerate
5

6. slr→sra¨Qå sr֒ (Arabic: Swift, quick)
• Chronos or khronos (Greek) “Time, a lifetime” - Chronology, chronicle
krnàQ
¯qrn (Arabic: Century)
• Circulus (Latin) “circular figure, ring” - Circle, circular, circa, circumference
srk→krs
èQ»krh (Arabic: Round)
• Con (Latin) “together, with” - Contract, contour, contain etc.
knàA¿kān (Arabic: Be, as it was. Used in sense of verb)
• Crux (Latin) “stake, cross” - Cross
krs→kos€ñ
¯qws (Arabic: Arc, bow)
• Curvare (Latin) “To bend” - Curve
krvøðQ»krwy (Arabic: Round)
• Datum (Latin) “Given” - Data
dta→da¨Xd֒ (Arabic: Let, give)
• Dis (Latin) “apart, in a different direction, not” - Disturb, describe, dislocate
ds→sd Yƒsd (Arabic: Stop, oppose)
• Duo (Greek) “Two”
du→zu ðXd
¯
w (Arabic: Expression bearing connotation of two)
• Eco (Latin) from Greek oikos “house, abode” - Ecology, economy, eco-system
oik→qa‘a
é«A
¯qā֒h (Arabic: Hall, chamber)
• En (Latin) “Near, at” - Enlarge, enmesh, enroute
in á«֒n (Arabic: About, near)
• Ephemeris (Greek) “diary, calendar”
fhmrs→fhrs€Qê¯fhrs (Arabic: Index, table of contents [7])
• Erda (Old High German) “earth, ground” - Earth
6

7. ar.d P@ard
. (Arabic: Earth, ground)
• Ergon (Greek) “work, that which is wrought, business” - Energy, organize
Erj→ Ejr Qk. @aǧr (Arabic: Wage, rent)
• Evidens (Latin) “obvious, apparent” - Evidence
vdn→ vdh l•@ðwād
. h
. (Arabic: Apparent)
• Ferre (Latin) “carry” - Difference, Infer, interference, ferry
fra→ rfa©¯Prf֒ (Arabic: Lift, raise)
• Finitum (Latin) “Come to an end” - Finite
fnt→ fna AJ¯fna֓ (Arabic: End, annihilation)
• Fissio (Latin) “to split” - Fission
fza‘¯fd
. (Arabic: To break apart)
• Fornacem (Latin) “Oven, kiln” - Furnace
frnàQ¯frn (Arabic: Oven [7])
• Fra (Proto-Germanic) “forward, away from” - From
fr ¨Q¯fr֒ (Arabic: Branches, derivatives [7])
• Frija (Proto-Germanic) “beloved, not in bondage” - Free, degrees of freedom
frj→ frg ¨Q¯frġ (Arabic: Free, at ease) or fra ¨Q¯fr֒ (Arabic: Branches, derivatives)
• Genos (Greek) “race, give birth” - Genetic, generation, genus
Jn→ Janen áJk.ǧnyn (Arabic: Embryo, in the belly [7])
• Geo (Greek) “the earth, land, a land or country” - Geology, geography, geospatial
gaiañk.ǧw (Arabic: Low ground, valley, atmosphere [7])
• Gradus (Latin) “step, walk” - Degree, grade
drg,grd→ drj
ék. PXdrǧah (Arabic: stages upwards) [1]
• Graphikos (Greek) “of or for writing, belonging to drawing” - Graphics, polygraph, tele-
graph
7

8. grf→hrf ¬Qkh
. rf (Arabic: To alter, extremities of words [7]. Also used for letter or
character)
• Gravis (Latin) “heavy” - Gravity
grv→krb H
. Q»krb (Arabic: Load) [1]
• Gyros (Greek) “Ring, circle” - Gyroscope, gyrosphere
gyrs→ dyrs→ dyra
èQK@Xda֓yrh (Arabic: Circle)
• Haima (Greek) “blood” - hemorrhoid, hemorrhage
hma→hmr @QÔgh
. mrā (Arabic: Red)
• Helix (Greek) “spiral shaped” - Helical, helicopter
hel→ehl
éÊë@ahlh (Arabic: Crescents) or as per [1]
é
®Êgh
. lqh (Arabic: Rings).
• Heureka (Greek) “I have found it” - Eureka, heuristic
ureka ½KP@aryk (Arabic: I see (discern) it)
• Homo (Greek) “belonging to two or more jointly” - Homosapien, Homogeneous
hmaAÒëhmā (Arabic: Refer to two or more persons)
• Hyper (Greek) “above, over” - Hyper, super
ebr Q.«֒br (Arabic: Across)
• Ingenium (Latin) “inborn qualities, talent” - Engineering, genius
gnák.ǧan (Arabic: Genie, hidden force)
• Isos (Greek) “equal to, same as” - Isotope, isosceles
iso→swa@ñƒswa֓ (Arabic: Equal to, same as)
• Kall (Proto-Germanic) “To call” - Call
klÈA
¯qāl (Arabic: To say)
• Kosmein (Greek) “to order and arrange” - Cosmos
ksmÕæ„
¯qsm (Arabic: Divide between, section [7])
8

9. • Kryptos (Greek) “hidden, concealed” - Encryption, Krypton
krpt→krb→kbr Q.
¯qbr (Arabic: Grave)
• Kurtosis (Greek) “curved, arching” - Kurtosis (statistical measure)
krt
èQ»krh (Arabic: Round)
• Kut (North Germanic) “To cut” - Cut
ct©¢
¯qt
.֒ (Arabic: To slash, cut)
• Kybernetes (Greek) “steersman as in guide” - Cybernetics, cyber-security
kbr QJ.»kbyr (Arabic: Elder)
• Kybos (Greek) “a cube, a six-sided die” - Cube
kb
éJ.ª»k֒bh (Arabic: Cube-shaped structure in Mecca)
• Lexikon (Greek) “word”
lkn→ lsn àA‚Ëlsān (Arabic: Spoken word)
• Lingua (Latin) “tongue” or lingere (Latin) “to lick” - Language
lnga→ lga AªËlġā (Arabic: To speak) or with lingere lngr→ lq
‡Ëlq (Arabic: To lick)
• Logia (Greek) “To speak” - Logic, biological, anthropological, mythological
lga→ lga AªËlġā (Arabic: To speak) [1]
• Lucere (Latin) “light” - Luminous, lucent
lmn→lm©ÖÏlm֒ (Arabic: Shining, resplendent)
• Maximus (Latin) “Greatest”
mksm→uksaúæ”
¯@aqs
.y (Arabic: Furthest) [1]
• Meinen (German) “think, suppose” - Meaning
mnúæªÓm֒ny (Arabic: Meaning)
• Mensura (Latin) “a measuring” - Measurement
meyarPAJªÓm֒yār (Arabic: Measure, standard)
9

10. • Mergere (Latin) “to dip, immerse” - Merge, emergence
mrjh
. QÓmrǧ (Arabic: Flow [6] verse 55:20)
• Meta (Greek) “in the midst of, in common with” - meta-data, meta-analysis
mta→maa©Óm֒ (Arabic: With, together)
• Metron (Greek) “that by which anything is measured” - Metric, meter
meyarPAJªÓm֒yār (Arabic: Measure, standard)
• Migration (Latin) “change of abode, migration” - Immigration, migratory
mgr→mhgr Qk. AêÓmhāǧr (Arabic: Migrant)
• Mittere (Latin) “to send” - Emit, transmit, mission
mtr Q¢Ómt
.r (Arabic: Descend) or mta ©JÓmt֒ (Arabic: Enrich)
• Multus (Latin) “much, many” - Multiply, multiple
mls→mlt
éÊÓmlh (Arabic: Nation, multitude)
• Narrare (Latin) “to tell, relate” - Narrative
nraøQKnry (Arabic: To record, reckon)
• Natio (Latin) “birth, origin” or nshu “be born” - Nation, international
nsh A
‚nša֓ (Arabic: To arise)
• Nodus (Latin) “knot” - Network, node, knot
nd→ekdY
®«֒qd (Arabic: Knot)
• Nucula (Latin) “kernel, little nut” from Proto-Indo-European stem -kneu (“nut”) - Nu-
cleus, nuclear
kneu→nwaø
ñKnwwā (Arabic: Date-stone [6] verse 6:96)
• Optimus (Latin) “Best” - Optimum
optm→obt→tb H
. A£t
.āb (Arabic: Good, pleasing)
• Orbita (Latin) “wheel track” - Orbital
rbt ¡.Prbt
. (Arabic: Binds (to tie horses) [7])
10

11. • Oxys (Greek) “sharp, acid” or Akrid (Oscan) “sharply” from root ak “be sharp” - Oxygen,
acid
ak→akr Q
®«֒qr (Arabic: Stab [7]) or ak→akrb H
. Q
®«֒qrb (Arabic: Scorpio)
• Particula (Latin) “little bit, grain” - Particles
prtq→rtq A
®KPrtqan (Arabic: Closed up [7])
• Philo from philein (Greek) “to love” - Philolosophy
Fil→Ulf
é®Ë@alfh (Arabic: Love)
• Phobos(Greek) “fear” - Phobia
fob→fokh→khof¬ñkh
˘
wf (Arabic: Fear)
• Phone (Greek) “sound, voice”
fn→afwh
è@ñ¯@afwāh (Arabic: mouths) or fm (singular) Õ¯fm (i.e. mouth)
• Phos (Greek) “Light” - Photon, photograph, phosphorus
fs→fz
é’¯fd
. h (Arabic: Silver, shiny)
• Polis (Greek) “city” - Policy, politics, metropolis
pls → bldYÊK.bld (Arabic: City)
• Probabilis (Latin) “worthy of approval, provable” - Probability
prb→rbmAÖß.Prbma֓ (Arabic: A root that indicates certainty of an event’s occurence [9])
• Proximus (Latin) “nearest” - Approximate
prx→brk→krb H
. Q
¯qrb (Arabic: Near, close)
• Pseudo (Greek) “false” - Pseudo-code, pseudonym
psd→khd¨Ygh
˘
d֒ (Arabic: False, deceit)
• Quanta (Latin) “as much as, how much” - Quantum
qnt→qm Õ»km (Arabic: Much, how much) or qmt
éÒJ
¯qymh (Arabic: Worth)
• Regula (Latin) “rule” - Rex, regular, regulation, regime
11

12. rjl→ rj h
. @Pra֓ǧ (Arabic: Established, rule)
• Reri (Latin) “to reckon, calculate” - Ratio, rational
raø@Prāy (Arabic: To see, discern)
• Sebun (Proto-Germanic) “Seven”
sbn→ sba©J.ƒsb֒ (Arabic: Seven)
• Sekhs (Proto-Germanic) “Six”
sk→ st
éJƒsth (Arabic: Six)
• Semantikos (Greek) “significant, giving signs” - Semantic
smntk→mntk
‡¢JÓmnt
.q (Arabic: Speech, communication) [ref. Aqrab al-mawarid via
[9]]
• Sensus (Latin) “perception, feeling” - Senses, sensory
sns→ hss
kh
. ss (Arabic: Perception, sense)
• Simulare (Latin) “imitate, like” - Simulation, similar, ensemble
sml→ msl ÉJÓmt
¯
l (Arabic: Similar, example)
• Skhizein (Greek) “to split, rend, cleave” - Science
skyzn→ ẃskyn (Arabic: Knief [7])
• Sorbere (Latin) “suck in” - Absorption
srb H
. Qåšrb (Arabic: Drink, suck in)
• Spen (Old High Germanic) “to draw, spin” - Spin
spn→kfn á®»kfn (Arabic: To wrap in shroud) [1]
• Stet (Greek) “stand upright, be stiff” - System, state
stt→skt
麃skh (Arabic: Made firm or strong [7])
• Tabula (Latin) “a board, plank” - Tablaeu, table
tbl→ tvl Èñ£t
.wl (Arabic: Long)
12

13. • Targ (Proto-Germanic) “shield” - Target
trg→drq
é
¯PXdrqh (Arabic: Shield [7])
• Tekhne (Greek) “art, skill” - Technology, technical
tkhn→tkhlq
‡Êm'th
˘
lq (Arabic: Create)
• Tele (Greek) “afar, to a distance” - Telephone, telematics
tewl ÉKñ£t
.wyl (Arabic: Distant, Long)
• Trade (Middle Low German) “track, course” - Trade
trd→trq
†Q£t
.rq (Arabic: Path, course)
• Trechan (Old High German) “to draw, trace” - Tracking, trek
trk
†Q£t
.rq (Arabic: Path, trace)
• Tropos (Greek) “a turn, direction” - Entropy
trp→trf ¬Q£t
.rf (Arabic: To turn, drive away [7])
• Turba (Latin) “turmoil, crowd” - Disturb, perturb
trbH
. Q£t
.rb (Arabic: Emotion by joy or grief [7])
• Turbo (Latin) “spinning top”
trb→trf ¬Q£t
.rf (Arabic: Turn, draw away [7])
• Typos (Greek) “a blow, dent, impression” - Type
typ→tba©J.£t
.b֒ (Arabic: Impression, print)
• Velox (Latin) “swift, speedy” - Velocity
vls→vlu ñËðwlū (Arabic: Turn back)
• Videre (Latin) “to separate” - Division
vdr→¨Xðwd֒ (Arabic: Let go)
• Vocem or vox (Latin) “voice, sound” - Voice
vks→vz ¡«ðw֒z
. (Arabic: exhort, admonish)
13

14. • Volvere (Latin) from Greek eluo “wind, wrap” - Develop, evolution, revolve, volume
wlu ñËðwlū (Arabic: To turn back, about turn)
• Wegan (Proto-Germanic) “to move, weigh” - Weight
wgn→wznàPðwzn (Arabic: Weight)
4 Conclusions
This paper is another step towards deriving the roots of modern scientific vocabulary to its
primitive origin. A logical next step will be to explore how natural language processing tech-
niques from Artificial Intelligence (AI) literature may be applied to associate words to Arabic
triliteral roots.
References
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online https://www.alislam.org/topics/arabic.
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[3] M. Müller, “Science of language,” vol. 1, p. 369, circa 1864.
[4] Q. D. Atkinson, “Phonemic diversity supports a serial founder effect model of language
expansion from Africa,” Science, pp. 346–349, Apr. 2011.
[5] D. Harper, “Etymology online,” http://www.etymology.com.
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[7] E. W. Lane, “Arabic-english lexicon,” 1863. online
http://www.tyndalearchive.com//TABS/Lane/.
[8] “ArabTex.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArabTeX/.
[9] M. M. Ahmad, “Tafsir-i-kabeer,” Ahmadiyya Publications, India, 1940. online
http://www.alislam.org/urdu/tafseer/V04[15-18].pdf.
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