Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source language text by means of an equivalent target language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction (which does not exist in every language) between translating (a written text) and interpreting (oral or signed communication between users of different languages); under this distinction

1. Translator and Interpreter
Translation ​is the communication of the meaning of a source language
text by means of an equivalent target language text. The English
language draws a terminological distinction (which does not exist in
every language) between ​translating ​(a written text) and interpreting
(oral or signed communication between users of different languages);
under this distinction, ​translation ​can begin only after the appearance
of writing within a language community.
A translator always risks inadvertently introducing source language
words, grammar, or syntax into the target language rendering. On the

2. other hand, such "spill-overs" have sometimes imported useful source
language calques and loanwords that have enriched target languages.
Translators, including early translators of sacred texts, have helped
shape the very languages into which they have translated.
AddressBazar.com is an Bangladeshi Online Yellow Page. From here you
will find important and necessary information of various ​Translator and
interpreter​ related organizations in Bangladesh.
Because of the laboriousness of the translation process, since the 1940s
efforts have been made, with varying degrees of success, to automate
translation or to ​mechanically ​aid the human translator More recently,
the rise of the Internet has fostered a world-wide market for
translation services and has facilitated "language localization".
Etymology
The English word "​translation​" derives from the Latin word translation,
which comes from trans, "across" + ferre, "to carry" or "to bring" (-latio
in turn coming from latus, the past participle of ferre). Thus translation
is "a carrying across" or "a bringing across": in this case, of a text from
one language to another.
Some Slavic languages and the Germanic languages (other than Dutch
and Afrikaans) have calqued their words for the concept of "translation"
on translatio.

3. The Romance ​languages ​and the remaining Slavic languages have
derived their words for the concept of "translation" from an alternative
Latin word, traductio, itself derived from traducere ("to lead across" or
"to bring across", from trans, "across" + ​ducere​, "to lead" or "to bring").
The Ancient Greek term for "translation", (metaphrasis, "a speaking
across"), has supplied English with "metaphrase" (a "literal", or
"word-for-word", translation)—as contrasted with "paraphrase" ("a
saying in other words", from παράφρασις, paraphrasis).
"Metaphrase" corresponds, in one of the more recent terminologies, to
"formal equivalence"; and "paraphrase", to "dynamic equivalence".
Strictly ​speaking​, the concept of metaphrase—of "word-for-word
translation"—is an imperfect concept, because a given word in a given

4. language often carries more than one meaning; and because a similar
given meaning may often be represented in a given language by more
than one word. Nevertheless, "metaphrase" and "paraphrase" may be
useful as ideal concepts that mark the extremes in the spectrum of
possible approaches to translation.
Theories
Western theory
Discussions of the theory and practice of ​translation ​reach back into
antiquity and show remarkable continuities. The ancient Greeks
distinguished between metaphrase (literal translation) and paraphrase.

5. This distinction was adopted by English poet and translator John
Dryden (1631–1700), who described translation as the judicious blending
of these two modes of phrasing when selecting, in the target language,
"counterparts," or equivalents, for the expressions used in the source
language:
When [words] appear... literally ​graceful​, it was an injury to the author
that they should be changed. But since... what is beautiful in one
[language] is often barbarous, nay sometimes nonsense, in another, it
would be unreasonable to limit a translator to the narrow compass of
his author's words: 'tis enough if he chooses some expression which
does not vitiate the sense.
Dryden cautioned, however, against the license of "imitation", i.e., of
adapted translation: "When a painter copies from life... he has no
privilege to alter features and lineaments…” This general formulation of
the central concept of translation—equivalence—is as adequate as any
that has been proposed since Cicero and Horace, who, in
1st-century-BCE Rome, ​famously ​and literally cautioned against
translating "word for word" (verbum pro verbo).
Despite occasional theoretical diversity, the actual practice of
translation has hardly changed since antiquity. Except for some
extreme metaphrasers in the early Christian period and the Middle
Ages, and adapters in various periods (especially pre-Classical Rome,

6. and the 18th century), translators have generally shown prudent
flexibility in seeking equivalents—"literal" where possible, paraphrastic
where necessary—for the original meaning and other crucial "values"
(e.g., style, verse form, concordance with musical accompaniment or, in
films, with speech articulatory movements) as determined from
context.
Interpreter (computing)
In computer science, an ​interpreter ​is a computer program that
directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting
language, without requiring them previously to have been compiled

7. into a machine language program. An interpreter generally uses one of
the following strategies for program execution:
1. Parse the source code and perform its behavior directly;
2. Translate source code into some efficient intermediate
representation and immediately execute this;
3. Explicitly execute stored precompiled code made by a
compiler which is part of the interpreter system.
Early versions of Lisp programming language and Dartmouth BASIC
would be examples of the first type. Perl, Python, MATLAB, and Ruby
are examples of the second, while UCSD Pascal is an example of the
third type. Source programs are compiled ahead of time and stored as
machine independent code, which is then linked at run-time and
executed by an interpreter and/or compiler (for JIT systems). Some
systems, such as Smalltalk and contemporary versions of BASIC and
Java may also combine two and three. Interpreters of various types
have also been constructed for many languages traditionally associated
with compilation, such as Algol, Fortran, Cobol, ​C​ and C++.
While interpretation and compilation are the two main means by which
programming languages are implemented, they are not mutually
exclusive, as most interpreting systems also perform some translation
work, just like compilers. The terms "interpreted language" or
"compiled language" signify that the canonical implementation of that
language is an interpreter or a compiler, respectively. A high level

8. language is ideally an abstraction independent of particular
implementations.
History
Interpreters ​were used as early as 1952 to ease programming within the
limitations of computers at the time (e.g. a shortage of program storage
space, or no native support for floating point numbers). Interpreters
were also used to translate between low-level machine languages,
allowing code to be written for machines that were still under
construction and tested on computers that already existed. The first
interpreted high-level language was Lisp. Lisp was first implemented in

9. 1958 by Steve Russell on an IBM 704 ​computer​. Russell had read John
McCarthy's paper, and realized (to McCarthy's surprise) that the Lisp
eval function could be implemented in machine code. The result was a
working Lisp ​interpreter ​which could be used to run Lisp programs, or
more properly, "evaluate Lisp expressions".