SOURSE OF CRUDE DRUGS.

Crude drugs are the drugs, which are obtained
form natural sources like plant, animals,
minerals & they are used as such as they occur
in nature without any processing except,
drying & size reduction.
VIKAS INSTITUTE OF
PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

PHARMACOGNOSY
 The word pharmacognosy is derived from two latin words,
 Pharmakon means medicine (drug) and
 Gignosco means to acquire knowledge.
 Pharmakon = medicine (drug) gignosco = to acquire
knowledge of something
VIKAS INSTITUTE OF

Pharmacognosy
 “Pharmacognosy is systematic study of crude
drugs obtained from natural origin like plant,
animal and minerals.
 Pharmacognosy can be defined as branch of science
which involves detail study of drugs obtained from
natural origin including name, habitat, collection,
cultivation, macroscopy, microscopy, physical
properties, chemical constituents, therapeutic
actions, uses and adulterants.”
VIKAS INSTITUTE OF

Sources of drugs of natural origin
 Plants
 Animals
 Minerals
 Marines
 Plant tissue culture
 Synthetic and semi-synthetic sources
 Micro-organisms sources
 Recombinant DNA technology
VIKAS INSTITUTE OF

PLANT SOURCES
 Plant source is the oldest source of drugs.
 Most of the drugs in ancient times were derived from
plants.
 Almost all parts of the plants are used i.e. leaves, stem,
bark, fruits and roots etc.
Leaves:
 The leaves of Digitalis purpurea are the source of
Digitoxin and Digoxin, which are cardiac glycosides.
 Leaves of Eucalyptus give oil of Eucalyptus, which is
important component of coughsyrup.
 Tobacco leaves give nicotine.
 Atropa belladonna gives atropine.
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Leaves
 The leaves of Digitalis purpurea are the source of
Digitoxin and Digoxin, which are cardiac glycosides.
 Leaves of Eucalyptus give oil of Eucalyptus, which is
important component of cough syrup.
 Tobacco leaves give nicotine.
 Atropa belladonna gives atropine.
VIKAS INSTITUTE OF

Flowers
 Clove gives eugenol . Used in toothache ; in dentistry.
 Vinca rosea gives vincristine and vinblastine
 Rose gives rose water used as tonic.
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Fruits
 Senna pod gives anthracine, which is a purgative
(used in constipation)
 Calabar beans give physostigmine, which is
cholinomimetic agent
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Seeds
 Seeds of Nux vomica give strychnine, which is a CNS
stimulant.
 Castor seeds give castor oil.
 Calabar beans give physostigmine, which is a
cholinomimetic drug.
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Roots
 Ipecacuanha root gives emetine, used to induce
vomiting as in accidental poisoning. It also has
amoebicidal properties
 Rauwolfia serpentina gives reserpine, a hypotensive
agent.
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Bark:
 Cinchona bark gives quinine, quinidine, cinchonine
and cinchonidine, which are antimalarial drug.
Stem:
 Kalmegh – conessine, holarrhimine, holarhidine-
Antidysentric drug.
VIKAS INSTITUTE OF

Animal Sources
 Pancreas is a source of insulin, used in treatment of
Diabetes.
 Sheep thyroid is a source of thyroxin, used in
hypertension.
 Cod liver is used as a source of vitamin A and D.
 Blood of animals is used in preparation of vaccines.
 Cochineal (dried full grown female insects) consist of
carminic acid used as colouring agent for foods, drugs
and for cosmetic products.
 Honey and bees wax from Apis mellifera.
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Mineral Sources
 I. METALLIC AND NON METALLIC SOURCES:
 Iron is used in treatment of iron deficiency anemia.
 Mercurial salts are used in Syphilis.
 Zinc is used as zinc supplement. Zinc oxide paste is
used in wounds and in eczema.
 Iodine is antiseptic. Iodine supplements are also used.
 Gold salts are used in the treatment of rheumatoid
arthritis.
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II)MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES:
 Fluorine has antiseptic properties.
 Borax has antiseptic properties as well.
 Selenium as selenium sulphide is used in anti dandruff
shampoos.
 Petroleum is used in preparation of liquid paraffin.
Sources of drugs of natural origin
 Earth substances: Kaloin, chalk, talc, bentonite,
asbestos, fueller’s earth, kieselguhr……..
VIKAS INSTITUTE OF

PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
 Tissue culture is in vitro cultivation of plant cell or
tissue under aseptic and controlled environmental
conditions, in liquid or on semisolid well-defined
nutrient medium for the production of primary and
secondary metabolites or to regenerate plant.
 This technique affords alternative solution to problems
arising due to current rate of extinction and
decimation of flora and ecosystem.
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Applications of plant Tissue culture
 Production of Phytopharmaceuticals
 Biochemical Conversions
 Clonal Propagation (Micro-propagation)
 Production of Immobilized Plant Cell Sources of drugs
of natural origin
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Synthetic/ Semi synthetic Sources
 I. Synthetic Sources: When the nucleus of the drug from
natural source as well as its chemical structure is
altered, we call it synthetic.
Examples include Emetine Bismuth Iodide
 II. Semi Synthetic Source: When the nucleus of drug
obtained from natural source is retained but the
chemical structure is altered, we call it semisynthetic.
 Examples include Apomorphine, Diacetyl morphine,
Ethinyl Estradiol, Homatropine, Ampicillin and Methyl
testosterone.
Most of the drugs used nowadays (such as antianxiety drugs,
anti-convulsants) are semisynthetic forms.
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Microbiological Sources:
 Penicillium notatum is a fungus which gives penicillin.
 Actinobacteria give streptomycin.
 Aminoglycosides such as gentamicin and tobramycin are
obtained from streptomycis and micromonosporas.
 Recombinant DNA technology:
 Recombinant DNA technology involves cleavage of DNA by
enzyme restriction endonucleases. The desired
 gene is coupled to rapidly replicating DNA (viral, bacterial
or plasmid)
 The new genetic combination is inserted into the bacterial
cultures which allow production of vast amount of
 genetic material.
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Organized Drugs
 The morphological plant parts or the entire plant itself can
be called as an organized drugs.
 Organized drugs consist of the organised cellular structure
in the form of anatomical features.
 Organized drugs comprise those crude drug materials
which represent a part of the plant and are, therefore, made
up of cells.
 Leaves - Senna, Adulsa, Datura.
 Flowering part - Clove
 Bark - CinchonaWood - Sandalwood, Quassia
 Seed - Nux vomica Root - Rauwolfia.
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Unorganized Drugs
 The unorganized drugs do not have the morphological
or anatomical organization.
 These includes products like plant exudates as gums,
oleogum, oleogum resin, plant lattices like that of
opium, aloetic juices like aloes or dried extracts of
black and pale catechu, agar, alginic acid, etc.
 Other products like essential oils, fixed oils, fats and
waxes obtained from vegetable or animal.
 These products may be solid, semisolid or liquid and
the physical, chemical and analytical standards may be
applied for testing their quality and purity.
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Difference between
Organized & Unorganized drugs
ORGANIZED DRUGS UNORGANIZED DRUGS
 Cellular structure present
 Organized drugs are part of plant, animal
like, fruits, seeds, and roots etc.
 Microscopic/histochemical evaluation is
used to identify.
 They are solid in nature.
 Ex. Clove, Fennel, Dill, digitalis.
 Cellular structure is absent.
 Unorganized drugs are obtained from
parts of plant & animal by extraction,
distillation incision, expression or
exudates, sécrétion etc.
 Physical parameters such as density,
viscosity, refractive index, optical
rotation & chemical test are used to
identify.
 They are solid, semi solid, or liquid.
 Ex. Lemon oil, Starch, Catechu.

Classification of unorganised drug
 Dried juices
 Dried extracts
 Gums & Mucilage
 Oleoresins & Oleo- gum- Resin

Dried juices
 The juices obtained from fleshy leaves (aloes) or
 from the stems of the trees (kino).
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Latex
 It is a product present in special tissue of plant
 It is white, aqueous, suspension, the suspended
particles are protein, sugar, minerals, alkaloid,
resin, or starch.
 Under microscope-small particles of oil globules. e.g.
opium, papain.
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Dried extracts
 Obtained by extracting the part of plant with desired
solvents or distillation followed by concentration.
e.g. Agar, black catechu.
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Gums & Mucilage
 Gums: Amorphous substances, pathological products
produced when the plant under unfavourable
conditions or injured.
 Mucilage: Thick, gluey substance produced by most
plants.
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Oleoresins & Oleo- gum- Resin
 Oleoresins
Homogenous mixture of volatile oil & resin.
e.g. Oleoresin of Ginger.
Oleo- gum- Resin
Homogenous mixture of volatile oil, gum & resin.
e.g. Myrrh, Asafoetida.
VIKAS INSTITUTE OF

GUMS MUCILAGE
 Gums are produced by plant when it
injured ,diseased or by a process "
Gummosis“
 Gum is produced outside the plant
cell.
 Gums are soluble in water to form
adhesiven solution.
 Gums are made up of sugar, salts of
uronic acid
e.g. Gum acacia, gum Tragacanth .
 Mucilage is the normal products of
plant growth.
 Mucilage is produced inside the cell.
 Mucilage are not soluble in water,
they form slimy solution with water.
 Mucilage is made up of ester &
Sulphuric acid.
e. g. Mucilage is present in Agar,
Senna, Isapgol

SOURSE OF CRUDE DRUGS.

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SOURSE OF CRUDE DRUGS.